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WE WILL BEGIN IN..

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10

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9

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8

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7

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6

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5

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3

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Father of the Internet
Tim Berners-Lee

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Tim Berners-Lee
Tim Berners-Lee was the man leading the
development of the World Wide Web , the
defining of HTML -used to create web pages,
HTTP and URLs (Universal Resource Locators).

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Internet
“The internet is a network of
networks---a global communications
system that links together thousands of
individual networks”.

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Internet History
• 1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency) contracts with
BBN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman) to create
ARPAnet

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ARPANET
• 1969- Arpanet (advance research
project agency ).
• The BBN design this network for
united states department of defense.
• The military develop the ARPANET in
response to the threat of a nuclear
attack that might destroy the country’s
communication system.

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1970’ Telecommunication
• The ARPA was primarily used by the
military.
• Some of the large companies such as
IBM, and universities.
• The general population was not yet
connected to the system.
• Very few people were on line on network.

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Twenty Three Nodes, 1972
• The ARPA was international
• With nodes in Europe at the university
college in London, and royal radar
establishment in Norway.
• RAY Tomlinson, invented E-mail, Who
worked at BBN.

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UUCP, 1976
• At &T BELL labs developed UNIX to UNIX
copy. 1977, UUCP was distributed with
UNIX.

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USENET, 1979
• User network (USENET) was started by
using UUCP to connect Duke university
and the university of north Carolina at
chapel hill. News groups emerged from
this early development.

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1980s Telecommunication
• Transmission protocol/Internet protocol
(TCP/IP), a set of governing how
networks making up the ARPANET
communicate was established.
• As the internet grew the domain name
system (DNS) was developed.

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CSNET, 1980
• The computer science network (CSNET)
connected all university computer science
department in the united states.
• CSNET joined the ARPANET in 1981.

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BITNET,1981
• The because its Time Network formed at
the university of new York and connected
to Yale university.

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TCP/IP
1983
• The united states defense
communications agency required that
TCP/IP be used for all ARPANET hosts.
• Since TCP/IP was distributed at no
charge.
• This allow the internet to grow quickly as
all connected computers were now
speaking g the same language.

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World Wide Web 1991
• The World wide web created by Tim
Berners –Lee.
• As a simple way to publish information
and make it available on the internet.
• The WWW publicly available In 1992

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Mosaic 1993
• Mosaic a graphical browser for the web,
released by Marc Andreessen and several
other students at the university of Illinois.

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Netscape Communication 1994
• The company called the Netscape
Communications, by Marc Andreessen
and Jim Clark, released Netscape
Navigator, a web browser that captured
the imagination of everyone who use it.

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• Yahoo 1994
• Java 1995
• Microsoft discovers the Internet, 1995
• Internet courses offers by colleges, 1995
• Over 55 Million Nodes, 1999
• “ I LOVE YOU” Virus, 2000
• Wireless Devices, 2001

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World Regions
Internet Usage,
Latest Data
% Population
( Penetration )
Usage % of
World
Usage Growth
2000-2007
Africa 33,545,600 3.6 % 2.9 % 643.1 %
Asia 418,007,015 11.3 % 36.2 % 265.7 %
Europe 321,853,477 39.8 % 27.9% 206.2 %
Middle East 19,539,300 10.1 % 1.7 % 494.8 %
North America 232,655,287 69.5 % 20.2% 115.2 %
LatinAmerica/
Caribbean
109,961,609 19.8 % 9.5 % 508.6 %
Oceania /
Australia
18,796,490 54.5 % 1.6 % 146.7 %
WORLD TOTAL 1,154,358,778 17.6 % 100.0 % 219.8 %
WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICSWORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS

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ASIA
Population Internet Users, Internet Users, Penetration
( 2007 Est.) (Year 2000) Latest Data (% Population)
Afganistan 27,089,593 - 300,000 1.10%
Korea, North 23,510,379 -- -- --
China 1,317,431,495 22,500,000 144,000,000 10.90%
Japan 128,646,345 47,080,000 86,300,000 67.10%
India 1,129,667,528 5,000,000 42,000,000 3.70%
Korea, South 51,300,989 19,040,000 34,120,000 66.50%
Indonesia 224,481,720 2,000,000 20,000,000 8.90%
Vietnam 85,031,436 200,000 15,760,702 18.50%
Taiwan 23,001,442 6,260,000 14,500,000 63.00%
Philippines 87,236,532 2,000,000 14,000,000 16.00%
Malaysia 28,294,120 3,700,000 13,528,200 47.80%
Pakistan 167,806,831 133,900 12,000,000 7.20%
Thailand 67,249,456 2,300,000 8,420,000 12.50%
Hong Kong * 7,150,254 2,283,000 4,878,713 68.20%
Singapore 3,654,103 1,200,000 2,421,800 66.30%
Internet Usage in Asia

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How Do You Get On The Internet
You need three items to get on the
Internet:
–A computer to surf the Internet with
–An Internet Service Provider (ISP) to
provide access to the Internet
–A modem or router to hook up your
computer to the Internet via the ISP

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Also Recommended(!)
While not technically necessary it is highly
recommended your computer also have the
following when hooked up to the Internet:
– Anti-virus Software
– Firewall
– Anti-Spyware Software
– Latest Updates To Your Operating System
Your Internet Service Provider may be able to
help with these

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Today’s Goal: Internet Services
• To look at several services provided by the
Internet
– FTP
– Telnet
– WWW (Web)
– eMail
– Instant messaging
– VoIP
But first, we need to find out about the
addressing scheme used on the Internet

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Internet Addressing
• Regular post cannot be delivered unless we
write a destination address on the envelope
• Same is true for the Internet
• Regular post can be delivered at the intended
address even if the given address is not
precise. That is not the case for Internet
addressing

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203.215.177.33
www.vu.edu.pk
IP addressDNS address

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IP Address (1)
• A unique identifier for a computer on a TCP/IP
network
• Format: four 8-bit numbers separated by
periods. Each 8-bit number can be 0 to 255
• Example:
– 203.215.177.33 (IP address of the VU Web server)

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??clientclient
serverserver

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IP Address (2)
• Networks using TCP/IP route messages based
on the IP address of the destination
• Any IP addresses (as long as they are unique)
can be assigned within a PN
• However, connecting a PN to the Internet
requires using unique, registered IP addresses

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Domain Names
• IP addresses are fine for computers, but
difficult to recognize and remember for humans
• A domain name is a meaningful, easy-to-
remember ‘label’ for an IP address
• Examples:
203.215.177.33 www.vu.edu.pk
216.239.33.101 www.google.com

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DNS: Domain Name System (1)
• DNS is the way that Internet domain names are
located & translated into IP addresses
• Maintaining a single, central table of domain
name/IP address relationships is impractical
– Billions of DNS-IP translations take place every day
– The DNS-IP tables get updated continuously

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DNS: Domain Name System (2)
• Tables of DNs & IP addresses are distributed
throughout the Internet on numerous servers
• There is a DNS server at most ISPs. It converts
the domain names in our Internet requests to
actual IP addresses
• In case it does not have a particular domain
name in its table, it makes a request to another
DNS server on the Internet

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Internet Services
There are many, but we will
look at only the following:
• FTP
• Telnet
• WWW (Web)
• eMail
• Instant messaging
• VoIP

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FTP: File Transfer Protocol
• Used to transfer files between computers on a TCP/IP
network (e.g Internet)
• The files are stores on special types of server called the ftp server.
• The browser can be use to transfer files from ftp server to the client computer but it is slow
process to transfer files.
A lot of ftp client program of different software companies are available through which files can
be download from ftp server into to your local computer very easily and quickly. Similarly the
files from your commuter can be uploaded to the ftp server. These special programs are
WS_FTP and cute FTP.
• Simple commands allow the user to:
– List, change, create folders on a remote computer
– Upload and download files
• Typical use: Transferring Web content from the
developer’s PC to the Web server

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Telnet Protocol
• Using Telnet, a user can remotely log on to a
computer (connected to the user’s through a
TCP/IP network, e.g. Internet) & have control
over it like a local user, including control over
running various programs
• In contrast, FTP allows file operations only
• Typical use: Configuring and testing of a
remote Web server

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www (The Web )
• In 1991, the World Wide Web was developed by Tim
Berners-Lee as a way for people to share information.
– The hyper-text format available through his Web made the
internet much easier to use because all documents could be
seen easily on screen without downloading.
• The first browser software—Mosaic—was introduced
by Marc Andreesen in 1993, and it enabled more fluid
use of images and graphics online and opened up a
new world for internet users.
• A user may access any item on the Web through a
URL, e.g.
http://www.vu.edu.pk/cs/index.html
• Before, going any further, I like to tell about URL

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A URL (or uniform resource locator) is the unique address of any Web page on theA URL (or uniform resource locator) is the unique address of any Web page on the
World Wide Web. Here’s an example:World Wide Web. Here’s an example:
http://www.vu.edu.pk/cs/index.html
Protocol
Identifier
Server
Address
Directory &
File Name

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So, how do you get on to the
World Wide Web?

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A web browser is software that
provides access to the World
Wide Web. Internet Explorer,
Netscape Navigator, and Firefox
are some popular browsers.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF
BROWSERS
• Amaya,
• AOL Explorer,
• Arachne
• Arlington Kiosk
• Avant
• Camino
• Dillo
• Elinks
• Epiphany
• Flock
• Galeon
• iCab
• Internet Explorer,
• Internet Explorer for Mac
• KioWare
• Konqueror
• Links,
• Lynx
• Maxthon
• Mosaic
• Mozilla Firefox
• Netscape
• OmniWeb
• SeaMonkey
• Safari
• Opera
• Off By One
• K-Meleon

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How does the Web work?

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User’s
Computer
User launches the browser on his/her computer
Browser

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User’s
Computer
User types in the URL into the browser

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User’s
Computer
The browser breaks down the URL
http://www.vu.edu.pk/cs/index.html
http
Protocol
Identifier
www.vu.edu.pk
Server’s Name
cs/index.html
Directory &
File Name

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User’s
Computer
DNS
Server
Browser sends server’s name to the DNS server
Domain Name
IP Address

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User’s
Computer
Web
Server
Internet
Browser establishes a connection with the server

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User’s
Computer
Web
Server
Browser sends a ‘GET’ request for cs/index.html

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User’s
Computer
Web
Server
Server sends the requested file to the browser

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User’s
Computer
Browser displays index.html
X

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eMail
• Computer-to-computer messaging
• Inexpensive, and quite quick, but not instant!
• The most popular service on the Internet, even
more than surfing, but soon to be overtaken by
instant messaging
• Billions are sent every day

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How does an eMail system work?

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But first, the components:
• eMail client
• SMTP server
• POP3 server

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eMail Clients
• Programs used for writing, sending, receiving,
and displaying eMail messages
• Examples: Outlook, Communicator, Hotmail,
YahooMail

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SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
A protocol used to send and receive
eMail messages over a TCP/IP network

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POP3: Post Office Protocol
• A protocol used for receiving eMail messages
• A POP3 server maintains text files (one file per
user account) containing all messages received
by a user
• eMail client interacts with the POP3 server for
discovering and downloading new eMail
messages

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Sender’s
Computer
The message is prepared using the eMail client
eMail
Client

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Sender’s
Computer
SMTP
Server
The eMail client sends it to the SMTP server

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Sender’s
Computer
SMTP
Server
POP3
Server
If the receiver is local, it goes to the POP3 server

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Sender’s
Computer
POP3
Server
The receiver picks it at his/her convenience
Receiver's
Computer
SMTP
Server

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Sender’s
Computer
SMTP
Server
SMTP
Server
Internet
Otherwise, it is sent to receiver's SMTP server

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Sender’s
Computer
SMTP
Server
POP3
Server
SMTP
Server
Which forwards it to the local POP3 server

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Sender’s
Computer
SMTP
Server
POP3
Server
SMTP
Server
The receiver picks it at his/her convenience
Receiver's
Computer

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The Trouble with eMail
• Slow response times
• No way of knowing if the person we are
sending eMail to is there to read it
• The process of having a conversation through
eMail by exchanging several short messages is
too cumbersome
Instant messaging (IM) solves these problems

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Instant Messaging
• The IM services available on the Internet (e.g.
ICQ, AIM, MSN Messenger, Yahoo!
Messenger) allow us to maintain a list of people
(contacts) that we interact with regularly
• We can send an instant messages to any of the
contacts in our list as long as that contact is
online

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Using Instant Messaging (1)
• Whenever a contact in our list comes online,
the IM client informs us through an alert
message and by playing a sound
• To send an instant message to a contact, just
click on the contact in the IM client, and start
typing the message

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Using Instant Messaging (2)
• The selected contact will receive that message
almost immediately after you press ‘Enter’
• When the contact’s IM client receives the
message, it alerts the contact with a blinking
message and by playing a sound

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Using Instant Messaging (3)
• That contact then can type a response to the
received message, and send it instantly
• Several such conversations can be carried out
simultaneously, each occupying a separate IM
windows

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How instant messaging works?

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User launches the IM client
My Computer
IM Client
Internet

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IM client finds the IM server & logs in
My Computer IM Server

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It sends communication info (IP address, etc) to
the IM server
My Computer IM Server
Temporary
File

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IM server finds user’s contacts & sends him/her
the communication info for the ones online
My Computer IM Server

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IM server also tells the contacts that the user is
online; sends his/her communication info to them
My Computer IM Server
Contact’s
Computer

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My Computer IM Server
Contact’s
Computer
Now the user’s & the contact’s IM clients are
ready to communicate directly (P2P)
The IM server
doesn’t play any part
in this P2P

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My Computer IM Server
Contact
A’s Computer
As new contact’s come online, IM server informs
them about the user being online & vice versa
Contact
B’s Computer

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My Computer IM Server
Contact
A’s Computer
Multiple, simultaneous conversations are
possible
Contact
B’s Computer

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My Computer IM Server
Contact
A’s Computer
When the user logs-off, his/her IM client informs
the IM server
Contact
B’s Computer

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My Computer IM Server
Contact
A’s Computer
IM server erases the temporary file and informs
the user’s contact’s about his/her ‘offline’ status
Contact
B’s Computer

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Key Point
• Once the IM server provides the
communication info to the user and his/her
contact’s IM client, the two are able to
communicate with each other without the IM
server’s assistance
• This server-less connection is termed as a P2P
connection

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VoIP: Voice over IP
• Voice delivered from one device to another
using the Internet Protocol
• Voice is first converted into a digital form, is
broken down into packets, and then transmitted
over a TCP/IP network (e.g. Internet)

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Advantage
Much cheaper than traditional phone service
Disadvantage
Noticeably poor quality of voice as compared
with land-line phone service, but not much
worse than cell phone service

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E commerce
E commerce or electronic commerce is very important
services provided by internet through which financial
transitions are carried out over the internet, it is modern
way to carry out business on international bases. When
business is conducted with the help of computer network.
This activity is usually termed as e commerce or e trade.
Through e commerce, goods can be purchased and sold
from any where in the world. Credit cards are used for
payment. It is estimated that the size of e commerce is
growing at a rate of 25% to 30% per month in the world.
The e commerce can only be conducted on the computer
network. Therefore computer network has become the
need of every nation including Pakistan. The example of e
commerce are; online shopping, online advertising, online
banking etc.

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Other Services
• Chat rooms
• Forums
• Online Services
 Shopping
 Banking
 Games

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Video Conferencing Equipment

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Top 10 Uses
1.Email
2.Research
3.Downloading files
4.Discussion groups
5. Games
6.Education
7.Businesses
8.News and Weather
9.Job (Search & Work)
10.Shopping

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Advantages
Communication:
Information
Entertainment
Services
E-Commerce

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Disadvantages
Theft of Personal information
Spamming:
Virus threat
Pornography:

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Did you know?
The Internet Service was started by the
US military in 1969 with four computers. It
grew and in the following 10 years it
connected 200 computers in the military
and educational establishments. By 1996,
there were more than 50 million users
connected to 4 million computers. The
Internet service is available in about 200
countries.