Chapter%201%20&%202%20powerpoint[1]

Chapter 1 & 2

The Original Colonies and the
Beginning of Independence

The Cause and Effects of the Columbian
Exchange (1-2)

Cause: Human activities affect the
environment. The Columbian Exchange,
or the movement of plants and animals
between Europe, Asia, and Africa (the
Old World) and North and South
America (the New World) that started in
1492.

Continued;
Effects: The Columbian Exchange
dramatically changed the way people
lived. For example, the food crops
introduced into Europe and Asia from the
New World, such as beans and potatoes,
improved nutrition for the people living
there and helped support larger
populations.

Continued;
European settlers in turn brought many
new breeds of animals to the Americas.
The introduction of horses to the Great
Plains transformed native societies in that
area, changing hunting methods and
increasing mobility.

Trade across the Atlantic Ocean

Early British Colonies (1-3)
John Smith a merchant, founded
Jamestown with the funding of joint-
stock companies. Lack of farming
and disease caused the colony to fail.
Tobacco became the new crop and
required labor. Virginia began to see
an influx of indentured servants.

To work on the
tobacco
plantations,
indentured
servants were
hired.

An indenture
is a contract
or agreement.

Landowners would pay a
worker’s transportation costs to
the New World.

In exchange, the worker
promised to work on plantation
for 7 years.

Continued;
The Puritans, felt that too many Catholic
rituals were present and wanted to
“purify” or reform religion. Puritans
established the Massachusetts Bay
Colony, the first organized government in
the U.S. Under the leadership of John
Winthrop Puritans wanted to become the
model for society to follow.

Early British Colonies
Roger Williams broke from the
Puritans and established a new
colony. The colony of Providence
embraced two ideas. One, no English
settlers had no right to the land.
Second, they felt that people could
worship how they wanted.

Continued;
William Penn received a plot of land
from the King (Charles II) as payment
for a debt. He belonged to The
Society of Friends, or Quakers. The
Quakers were extreme pacifist.
George Oglethorpe, a philanthropist
gave Georgia as a gift. Originally, it
was established for debtors.

Continued;
The 16th century brought a new economic
system called mercantilism. According
to the theory of mercantilism, a nation
could increase its wealth and power in
two ways: obtain as much gold and silver
as possible and establishing a favorable
balance of trade in which it sold more
goods than bought.

England used the new economic
system called mercantilism to
get rich.

Mercantilists believed that wealth
was power.

=

Continued;
England’s Parliament tightened
control of colonial trade by passing
the Navigation Acts. All goods, had
go through England, this was the
beginning of the dissent between
colonist and the English.

Parliament passed the
Navigation Acts to
enforce the mercantile
system.

Interactive Notebook
• Columbian Exchange- Movement of
plants and animals between New and
Old World
• Indentured Servants- Worked for person
who paid way to New World
• Mercantilism- economic system, obtain
the most gold or silver also favorable
trade conditions

Response
Write a short story (1-2 paragraph) using these
words.

1. Columbian Exchange
2. Indentured Servants
3. Mercantilism

Question

Explain the causes and the effects of
the Columbian Exchange.

The Colonies Come of Age (1-4)
The South established a plantation
economy that farmed cash crops. The
primary labor force had been slaves, by
1750 the number of slaves had been
200,000 plus. They arrived as a result to
the triangular trade. In the transport
route in which slaves were brought was
known as the middle passage.

The route African Slaves took
across the Atlantic to the Americas
was called “Middle Passage”.
Passage

They were treated
cruelly, and many
died during
transport.

Some resisted
however, these actions
often resulted in
harsher treatment &
slave laws.

The slave trade was also one part of a
trading network called the “Triangle
Trade”.

Continued;
Unlike the South the North celebrated
an industrial economy. Americans
were influenced by the ideas of the
Enlightenment, a philosophical
movement that began in Europe during
the 1700s. The Enlightenment encouraged
the use of reason for the improvement of
both government and society.

Ship building was important and
bustling port cities developed.

Continued;
Colonies developed their own version of
Parliament In the form of an elected
colonial legislature that shared some
powers with a colonial governor
appointed by the king. The Virginia
House of Burgesses was one of those
colonial legislatures that contributed to
the growth of representative government
in the colonies.

Continued;
In response religious zealots
embraced the Great Awakening.
They believed that people were
further from God and they needed to
restore intensity and dedication of the
early Puritan church. This
emphasized emotion not reason.

The Second
influential
movement in the
Colonies was the
Great Awakening.

Continued;
In 1754, the French and Indian War
erupted. Between the French and
Great Britain to see would have
control over North America. At 22,
George Washington lead a militia to
remove French from fort. He lost, but
returned later.

Continued;
Britain defeated France and the war
ended with the signing of the Treaty
of Paris 1763. In addition the Native
Americans found that the British were
harder to trade with. This led to
resentment by the Native Americans.

George Washington
George Washington (1732-1799)
Washington, a Virginia plantation owner, was
an army. He served in the Virginia House of
Burgesses and the 1st and 2nd Continental
Congresses. The Continental Congress
appointed Washington as commander-in-
chief of the Continental Army. Washington
led the colonies to independence when the
British surrendered at the Battle of Yorktown.

• Triangular trade- exchange of rum,
slaves, and molasses
• Middle passage- travel route of slaves
across Atlantic
• Enlightenment- use logic not emotion
for truth
• George Washington- Leader of the
Continental Army, 1st president

Response
Write a short story (1-2 paragraphs) using
these words.

1. George Washington
2. Triangular trade
3. Enlightenment

Colonial Resistance and Rebellion (2-1)
The Sugar Act and the Stamp Act
placed heavier tax burdens on the
colonists. Individuals protested at the
Boston Customs House, soldiers fired
and some colonists were killed. The
rebels also engaged in the Boston Tea
Party.

Continued;
The Intolerable Acts created more
distance between the colonists and
Britain. One law shut Boston Harbor and
the other allowed for the quartering of
troops. As a result revolution was on the
horizon. The first battle of the Revolution
had been the Battle of Lexington.

What was the first battle of the
American Revolution?

Events leading up to the Declaration
Important events leading up to the
signing of the Declaration of
Independence included the Boston
Tea Party (1773), Enactment of the
Intolerable Acts (1774), and the
Battles of Lexington and Concord
(1775).

Significance of the year 1776

On June 7, 1776, The Second Continental
Congress charged a committee to draft a
document stating our independence. The
committee which included Thomas
Jefferson who was the primary author of
the Declaration of Independence
delivered the document. In it he asked for
protection of the “unalienable (or
inalienable) rights” of humankind.

Signing of the Declaration of
Independence

Continued;
John Locke wrote about the unalienable
(or inalienable) rights of life, liberty, and
property because most nations limited
rights to the privileged few. Before
official declaration, Thomas Paine
published Common Sense, an
influential political pamphlet used to
convince many undecided colonists.

What the three unalienable or inalienable rights

Unalienable Rights

Unalienable
Rights

Pursuit of
Life Liberty
Happiness

Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence is a
document adopted by the Second
Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It
established the 13 colonies as
independent states, free from rule by
Great Britain. The committee appointed
to write the Declaration of Independence
included Benjamin Franklin, John Adams,
and Thomas Jefferson.

The Three Unalienable
Unalienable (or inalienable) rights are
the natural rights of mankind. They are
independent of the government and are
rights that no government can deny to its
citizens. They are derived from the nature
of man and do not depend on any
constitution for their existence.

Continued;
The Declaration of Independence
guarantees three unalienable (or
inalienable) rights: life [personal security]
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
[private property]. The rights of life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
acknowledge the importance of the
individual.

Continued;

The Declaration of Independence
further states that if a person’s
unalienable (or inalienable) rights are
not protected by the government, then
the people have the right to change
the government.

Continued;
Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of
the declaration. In the Preamble, Jefferson
explained that it was necessary to list the
reasons why the colonies sought their
own government. In three sections
Jefferson outlined the reasons for the
Revolutionary War.

Who was the primary author of the
declaration of independence

• Intolerable Acts- Forcing colonists to trade
only with Great Britain
• Declaration of Independence- July 4 1776,
written by Thomas Jefferson
• Unalienable Rights- Life, Liberty, Pursuit of
happiness
• Lexington and Concord- 1st battles of
revolution

Response
Write a short story (1-2 paragraph) using
these words.

1. Unalienable
2. Declaration of Independence
3. Lexington and Concord

The War for Independence (2-2)
Grievance: The king made war against
colonials. Addressed in Constitution: Only
Congress can declare war. Grievance: The
king suspended trial by jury. Addressed in
Bill of Rights (6th amendment): the accused
shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public
trial, by an impartial jury of the state and
district wherein the crime shall have been
committed.

This Grievance addressed what
kind of trial

Continued;
Grievance: The king kept standing
armies in colonies and required that
citizens quarter British troops in their
homes. Addressed in Bill of Rights (3rd
amendment): Forbids the quartering of
troops in private homes in peacetime.

Continued;
Grievance: The king dissolved
legislatures because they opposed his
invasions on the rights of people.
Addressed in Bill of Rights (1st
amendment): Freedom of religion,
speech, press, and assembly are
guaranteed.

Continued;
Grievance: The king refused to make sure
colonial representation in Parliament was
based on the population of each colony.
Addressed in Constitution:
Representatives . . . shall be apportioned
among the several states . . . according to
their respective numbers.

Continued;
Colonies divided between Loyalists
(opposed independence) and the
Patriots (supported independence).
The victory at Saratoga helped the
Patriots secure France as an ally. The
deadly winter at Valley Forge proved
that the army was still having hard
times.

This Battle secured France as an
American Ally during the war

Place Washington’s Army spent a
hard winter

Continued;
Life during the American Revolution had
been plagued with inflation. Congress
printed more money which dropped the
value. In addition wives had to step up at
home. Winning the war came with the
help of talented European military leaders
such as the Marquis de Lafayette.

Continued;
Charles Cornwallis captured Charles
Town, South Carolina and then left for
New York. At Yorktown Cornwallis
surrendered and the Treaty of Paris, 1783
confirmed U.S. independence. The war
stimulated a rise of egalitarianism, the
belief that everybody is equal.

Battle Locations of the American
Revolution

Marquis de Lafayette
Charles Cornwallis

• Loyalists- opposed independence
• Yorktown- town where Cornwallis
surrendered to George Washington
• Patriots- supported independence
• Grievance- complaint about
something

Response
these words.

1. Grievance
2. Patriots
3. Yorktown

The Confederation and the Constitution
(2-3)
After the Revolution many people
favored Republicanism is a philosophy
of limited government with elected
representatives serving at the will of the
people. Republicanism says that the only
legitimate government is one based on the
consent of the governed and is a principle
found in the U.S. Constitution.

Continued;
As a result The Second Continental
Congress set up the Articles of
Confederation. Taking effect in 1781
the Articles gave the federal government
some power, such as making war, treaties,
and the coinage of money, but it proved
to be weak.

Question

• First Constitution in the U.S.

Federalism & Separation of Powers

One power, Federalism is the distribution
of power between a federal government
and the states within a union. The U.S.
Constitution establishes that distribution
of power. Separating the powers of
government between the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches.

Question

• This process allows for power
to be shared by the states and
the federal government

Question

This separates the powers of
government between the
executive, legislative, and
judicial branches.

Limited Government
In a limited government everyone,
including all authority figures, must obey
the laws. The U.S. Constitution defines
the limits of those in power so they
cannot take advantage of their elected or
appointed positions. In an unlimited
government, control is placed solely with
the ruler.

Checks and Balances
The U.S. Constitution authorizes each branch
of government to share its powers with the
other branches and thereby check their
activities and power. The President can veto
legislation passed by Congress, but Congress
can override the veto. The Senate confirms
major appointments made by the President,
and the courts may declare acts passed by
Congress as unconstitutional.

Question

• This allows each branch of
government to share its powers
with the others, equally.

Continued;
People were divided over issues of the
extent of power of the Constitution.
Those favoring the new form of
government, which divided power
between a strong central government and
the states, were called Federalists. Those
seeking greater power for states were
called Anti-Federalists.

Question

• Name the individuals who supported the
Constitution and those who did not.

ANS—Federalists and Anti-
Federalist
• Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton

Anti-Federalist Federalist

Federalist Papers
After the delegates to the Philadelphia
Convention finished writing the U.S.
Constitution, each state elected delegates
to a ratification convention. Ratification
was required by nine of the 13 states in
order for the constitution to take effect.

Question

• Father of the U.S. Constitution

Continued;
In an effort to sway opinion and get
the Constitution approved, three
leading Federalists wrote a series of
85 essays which explained the new
government and the division of
power.

Continued;
Published as The Federalist, the series
was written by James Madison,
Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. For
instance, The Federalist, No. 10 (1787)
defines the republican form of
government which Federalists envisioned
and the process of electing representatives
to Congress.

Bill of Rights
Many opposed the Constitution in 1787
because they believed it did not offer
adequate protection of individual rights.
The Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791, were
created to correct this. The Bill of Rights
are the first ten amendments of the U.S.
Constitution. The primary purpose of the
first 10 amendments to the U.S.
Constitution is to protect individual
freedoms and rights.

Question

• This document was ratified in 1787.

Question

• The first ten amendments to the
Constitution are called what?

The Constitution a Living Document
The U.S. Constitution is considered an
evolving document because it has roots in
earlier political documents (Magna Carta,
English Bill of Rights, Declaration of
Independence) and contains processes
that allow for change (the amendment
process).

• Ratification- official approval of law by states
• Federalism- distribution of power between federal
government and states
• Bill of Rights- 1st ten amendments to Constitution
• Constitution- The law of the land
• Checks and Balances- authorizes each branch of
government to share its powers

Response
these words.

1. Bill of Rights
2. Constitution
3. Ratification
4. Checks and Balances

Launching the New Nation (2-4)
In 1215 the Magna Carta required the
king to govern by an established rule of
law. In the same tradition, the president of
the United States is limited by the
supreme law of the land, known as the
U.S. Constitution. The powers of the
legislative and judicial branches of
government are limited by the same
document.

Question

• This document was ratified in
1787, dictates the governmental
powers, and is the law of the land.

ANS—U.S. Constitution

National Archive

Articles of the Constitution
Article 1 (Legislative Branch): The
convention agreed that Congress, which
made laws, and would consist of an equal
number of senators from each state and a
variable number of representatives from
each state based on population. The
elastic clause is here (laws necessary and
proper).

Continued;
Article 2 (Executive Branch): Article II
of the Constitution states “The executive
power shall be vested in a president of
the United States of America.” The
President would lead the executive
branch, which carried out the laws and
ensured their just application.

Continued;
Article 3 (Judicial Branch): Article III of
the Constitution states “The judicial
power of the United States shall be vested
in one supreme court.” The judicial
branch, consisting of all courts of the
United States including the highest court,
the Supreme Court, would interpret and
apply the laws, ensuring that they are just.

Question

• This article establishes the
legislative branch.

Question

• This article defines the powers of
the Executive Branch.

Question

• Article 3 defines the powers of
which branch of government.

ANS—Judicial

Supreme Court

Reasons for Articles
This new form of government distributed
the power between a central government
and the states. The system was called
federalism. Popular sovereignty is the
concept that political power rests with
the people who can create, alter, and
abolish government.

Continued;
Each of the colonists’ grievances are
listed at the end of the Declaration of
Independence. The U.S. Constitution and
Bill of Rights addresses each of those
grievances to ensure a citizens rights will
be protected in the future.

Continued;
The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for a
supreme court, federal court and district
courts. In addition the first political parties
formed. The two party system consisted of the
Federalists and the Democratic-Republican.
The Alien and Sedition acts lashed out at the
Democratic-Republican party. It increased
immigration requirements and hindered free
press/speech.

Question

• These laws suspended free speech
and press

Continued;
The structure of the U.S. Constitution
allows for adaptation based on changing
public opinion and the need to protect
individual rights. For instance, debates
over the institution of slavery raised
concerns about property and property
protection afforded by the U.S.
Constitution.

Dred Scott Case
In the decision Dred Scott v. Sandford, the
Supreme Court ruled that slaves were
property and that the Missouri Compromise,
which prohibited slavery in certain parts of the
United States, was unconstitutional in that it
deprived people of property, their slaves. As
public opinion changed, voters amended the
Constitution to free slaves, to protect their
rights, and to extend their right to vote.

Question

• What court case declared that
slaves were property, not
people?

Amendments
• Amendment 1. Freedom of speech, press,
religion, assembly, and the right to petition
the government
• Amendment 2. The right to bear arms
• Amendment 3. The guarantee that civilians
will not be forced to house soldiers
• Amendment 4. Protection against
unreasonable searches by law-enforcement
officers

Continued;
• Amendment 5. The right of a person under
arrest to know why he or she has been arrested
and to refuse to testify against himself or
herself in a court of law – due process of law
• Amendment 6. The right to a speedy trial by a
jury of one’s peers in criminal cases – right to
a public trial
• Amendment 7. The right to a trial by jury in
civil cases involving substantial amounts of
money

Continued;
• Amendment 8. Protection against excessive
bail and cruel and unusual punishment
• Amendment 9. The guarantee that rights not
specifically listed in the Constitution are not
automatically denied to the people
• Amendment 10. The guarantee that the people
and the states are to keep powers not
specifically granted to the federal government

• Articles of Constitution- Articles 1-3
establish and define the powers of
government
• Popular sovereignty- power is with the
people
• Dred Scott Case- Confirmed slaves as
property with Missouri Compromise
• Separation of Powers- branches of
government share authority

Response
these words.

1. Articles of Constitution
2. Popular sovereignty
3. Separation of Powers

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