Official Statistics

1. BS STATISTICS 8th (Reg)
Department of Statistics
University of Sargodha

2. 2
1. Standard Of Living
2. Vocational Training
3. Cancer

3. STANDARD OF
LIVING
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4. DEFINITION OF STANDARD OF LIVING
The level of wealth, comfort, material goods and
necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in
a certain geographic area. The standard of living includes
factors such as income, quality and availability of
employment, class disparity, poverty rate, quality and
affordability of housing, hours of work required to
purchase necessities, gross domestic product, inflation
rate, number of vacation days per year, affordable (or
free) access to quality healthcare, quality and availability
of education, life expectancy, incidence of disease, cost
of goods and services, infrastructure, national economic
growth, economic and political stability, political and
religious freedom, environmental quality, climate and
safety. The standard of living is closely related to quality
of life. 4

5. FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO A HIGH STANDARD
OF LIVING
A high standard of living is determined by factoring a
region's gross domestic product (GDP), life
expectancy, and income into the amount of wealth,
luxury goods, necessities, and comforts available to
a certain socioeconomic group. Those who have a
high standard of living generally benefit from some
form of economic stability, have good health, and
enjoy some discretionary income. They do not lack
for food, medical care, or shelter.
 GDP is the value of all products or services
generated by the region or country where the
socioeconomic group resides. 5

6. EFFECTS ON THE STANDARD OF LIVING
Everyone is keen enough to look better, eat better, clad
better, house in better shelter, drive better two wheeler,
have better education and so on. The set of good sand
services used by people determines their standard of
living. A consumer life style is made up of the ways of
living an individual or group leads, which is distinct from
others. It reflects the extend of satisfaction that an
individual gets by use of necessities, comforts and
luxuries of life and living. The standard of living of society
is bound to be higher one, which is capable of making
available more and more goods and services so that an
average man enjoys these goods and services as they
are brought within his easy reach. Advertising has been
instrumental in influencing the customers to desire the
goods and services beyond the bare requirements of
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7. VOCATIONAL
TRAINING
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8. DEFINITION OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
Vocational education is the education which
prepares trainees for jobs and other careers at
different levels, like engineering, nursing, pharmacy
and law. It can be classified as a teaching procedural
knowledge as it is related to the old apprenticeship
learning system. It has diversified from the 20th
century and it is in industries like tourism, funeral
services and retail.
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9. IMPACT IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
'Impact' is a notion that is not very well understood in
research. Within Australian higher education, it has
been bandied about within such frameworks as
the Research Quality Framework (RQF)
and Excellence in Research for
Australia (ERA). Vocational education and training
(VET) research is not immune from these
movements, and increasingly, VET researchers need
also to be keeping a weather eye on the impact of
their research.
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10. BENEFITS VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND
TRAINING
The benefits of undertaking a school-based apprenticeship
or traineeship include:
 receiving both an education and a job
 being a step ahead of the competition for jobs
 learning the latest knowledge and skills
 getting paid while you learn
 working towards achieving a nationally recognised
qualification
 gaining hands-on experience in a real job
 gaining the skills and experience to help you go on to
tertiary study
 experiencing a great way to move from school to work
 gaining a sense of achievemen
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11. CANCER
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12. DEFINITION
 Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases
characterized by the development of abnormal cells that
divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and
destroy normal body tissue. Cancer also has the ability to
spread throughout your body.
 Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the United
States. But survival rates are improving for many types of
cancer, thanks to improvements in cancer screening and
cancer treatment.
(http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/cancer/basics/treatment/con-20032378)
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13. SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on
what part of the body is affected. Some general signs and
symptoms associated with, but not specific to, cancer include:
 Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
 Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain
 Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the
skin, sores that won't heal, or changes to existing moles
 Persistent cough
 Discomfort after eating
 Unexplained muscle or joint pain
 Unexplained fevers 13

14. CAUSES
Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells. The DNA
inside a cell contains a set of instructions telling the cell how to grow and
divide. Errors in the instructions may allow a cell to become cancerous. A gene
mutation can instruct a healthy cell to:
 Allow rapid growth
 Fail to stop uncontrolled cell growth
 Make mistakes when repairing DNA errors
These mutations are the most common ones found in cancer. But many other
gene mutations can contribute to causing cancer. Gene mutations can occur for
several reasons, for instance:
 Gene mutations you're born with. You may be born with a genetic
mutation that you inherited from your parents. This type of mutation
accounts for a small percentage of cancers.
 Gene mutations that occur after birth. Most gene mutations occur after
you're born and aren't inherited. A number of forces can cause gene
mutations, such as smoking, radiation, viruses, cancer-causing chemicals
(carcinogens), obesity, hormones, chronic inflammation and a lack of
exercise. 14

15. CANCER TREATMENTS
Doctors have many tools when it comes to treating cancer. Cancer treatment options include:
 Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible.
 Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
 Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays, to kill cancer cells.
Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed
inside your body (brachytherapy).
 Stem cell transplant. Stem cell transplant is also known as bone marrow transplant. Your bone marrow is the
material inside your bones that makes blood cells from blood stem cells. A stem cell transplant can use your own
stem cells or stem cells from a donor.
 Biological therapy. Biological therapy uses your body's immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive
unchecked in your body because your immune system doesn't recognize it as an intruder. Biological therapy can
help your immune system "see" the cancer and attack it.
 Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by your body's hormones. Examples include prostate cancer.
Removing those hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.
 Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells that allow
them to survive.
 Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer.
Other treatments may be available to you, depending on your type of cancer.
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