1. i
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE REPORT
ON THE FIFTY YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE OF
TANZANIA MAINLAND
1961-2011
December, 2011

2. ii
THE FLAG OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

3. iii
THE MAP OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

4. iv
H.E DR. JAKAYA MRISHO KIKWETE
THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

5. v
H.E. DR. MOHAMMED GHARIB BILAL
THE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

6. vi
R.T. HON. MIZENGO KAYANZA PETER PINDA (MP)
THE PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

7. vii
Table of Contents
PREFACE .......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE...............................................................................................................................1
Historical Background Up To 1961 ...................................................................................................1
CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................................................3
Politics, Leadership And Legal Framework.......................................................................................3
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................11
Economic Development ...................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER FOUR ..........................................................................................................................17
Social Services .................................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................22
Culture..............................................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER SIX...............................................................................................................................28
Achievements, Challenges and the Way Forward............................................................................28
Achievements ................................................................................................................................ 28
Challenges .................................................................................................................................... 30
Way Forward ................................................................................................................................ 31
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 32

8. i
PREFACE
On 9 December 2011, Tanzania Mainland commemorates fifty years of her
independence. We thank the Almighty God for the mercy and blessings bestowed on
our country and her people during the first fifty years of independence. By His grace,
we have managed to defend our freedom and to maintain peace and tranquility.
During these fifty years, the efforts of the people of Tanzania and their leaders, have
yielded positive results in the economy, politics, leadership, legal and social services
and culture. The achievements made are also the outcome of the abundant natural
resources our country is endowed with both on and under the ground and a wide
variety of attractions which we prudently utilised for the benefit of our Nation.
In the past fifty years of independence, Tanzanians have dared to perform many
activities for the development of our country. First and foremost was the successful
but difficult struggle for independence from colonialism. We also eliminated the
colonial legacies in the political, economic, social and cultural systems and
discontinued the traditional chiefdoms for the purpose of uniting all ethnic groups into
a single nation. In 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar united and became The United
Republic of Tanzania thereby realising the concept of African unity. In addition, the
adoption of the Arusha Declaration in 1967, whose aim was to place the ownership of
the major means of production under the control of the people and to build an
egalitarian and self reliant society, was among the difficult but necessary decisions
underlying the principles of socialism and self reliance.
With regard to our relations with foreign countries, as a nation, we decided to follow a
policy of non-alignment despite pressure from the big and powerful nations of the
East and the West. With great valour, we have managed to defend our independence,
protect our borders against invasion, and insisted on making our own decisions.
During the past fifty years of independence, Tanzania Mainland has succeeded in
building the basis for a strong, stable and sustainable economy. During the period
1985-2011, the economy has been growing by an average of 5 percent per annum and
Government revenue collection has increased significantly. Economic growth has

9. ii
been the result of positive contributions of manufacturing, mining, tourism,
agriculture, land and infrastructure sectors. The growth of the economy and increase
in revenue collection has enabled the Government to expand and improve the quality
of social services such as education, health, human settlement and water which are
now available to most people.
In addition, there has been great improvements in the infrastructure sector, particularly
transportation, compared to the situation before independence. We have managed to
construct all weather roads connecting all the regions in the country, expand the
railway network including the construction of the Uhuru Railway (TAZARA), and
improve our airports and harbours. Communications has been made easy through
voicemail, internet and cellphones.
The systems which have been established and the experience gained during the past
fifty years of independence provide us a strong foundation for bigger strides in the
years ahead. The Nation is proud of the successes we achieved and the measures taken
in addressing the numerous challenges. These will serve as a useful reference point in
our future struggles for development. Strategies will be devised to enable citizens to
invest in their own development, become more self reliant, and move the country
towards middle income status.
As we commemorate fifty years of independence for Tanzania Mainland, we are
obliged to thank our leaders at all levels for their contribution to the achievements
attained. In a very special way, we acknowledge, and truly honour the Father of the
Nation, the late Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, for his distinguished
contribution to the struggle for the independence of our country, for his outstanding
leadership, and for laying a solid foundation for our Nation. We also remember and
honour the late Right Honourable Rashid Mfaume Kawawa for working hand in hand
with Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere.
I sincerely thank His Exellency Alhaji Ali Hassan Mwinyi, the second phase
President, and His Exellency Benjamin William Mkapa, the third phase President, for
their constructive efforts and patriotism in serving our Nation.
In the same vain I earnestly thank all Tanzanians for their hard work and maintenance
of peace and solidarity, which have made a vital contribution to our country’s

10. iii
development. We extend our gratitude to friendly countries and international
organizations for their cooperation and support. Our special thanks go to those
countries and organizations that have consistently supported our development efforts.
As we celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of our independence, it is time to reflect, look
forward, and formulate sound strategies for addressing the challenges ahead. As was
the case during the past fifty years, the future of the Nation is in the hands of all
citizens, especially young women and men, who together constitute the future Nation.
Tanzanians and their leaders will ensure that during the next fifty years, our Nation
remains strong and united anchored by our national fundamental principles of respect
for human dignity, freedom, progress, equality, justice, independence, unity,
nationalism and patriotism, peace and integrity. We intend to make increased use of
ICT to accelerate our economic development, strengthen national defence and
security, enhance cultural development and defend the respect and dignity of the
African people.
I take this opportunity to thank the Ministers, Regional Commissioners and all those
who participated in the preparation of this report which, I believe, contains important
historical information about the first fifty years of our independence.
Finally, I convey my best wishes to all Tanzanians during the celebrations of the fifty
years of the independence of our country. I appeal to all of you to celebrate this
occassion in true happiness, unity, peace and tranquility. Furthermore, I wish our
Nation greater prosperity during the next fifty years of our independence.
“INDEED, WE DARED, WE SUCCEEDED AND WE ARE FORGING
AHEAD”.
GOD BLESS AFRICA, GOD BLESS TANZANIA.
Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete
President of the United Republic of Tanzania

11. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Tanzania Mainland celebrates her fifty years of independence on 9th
December, 2011.
The Government has prepared a consolidated report derived from reports submitted by
Ministries, Regions, Districts and various Institutions. This consolidated report
highlights Tanzanian historical background, political, leadership the constitutional
and legal framework, economic development, social services, culture and national
identity. Furthermore, the report has underscored achievements and challenges as well
as the future prospects for the country.
The preparation of this Report was not an easy task. The Nation recognizes the
valuable contributions from different stakeholders who, in one way or another, have
participated in making this historical milestone possible. Therefore, I take this
opportunity to thank and congratulate the chief executives at different levels of the
Government and Institutions who participated in this demanding task, particularly the
Permanent Secretaries, Regional Administrative Secretaries, Council Directors and
Heads of different Institutions. My vote of thanks should also go to all Public
Servants working in Government and those working in Public Institutions, who
diligently participated in preparing their reports which provided significant inputs for
the preparation of this national report.
I sincerely convey my appreciation to members of the Committee which prepared this
National Reports. The committee has managed, through their experience and
professionalism, to consolidate the reports from different insititutions into one
comprehensive report. It is my expectation that this Report will serve as reference as
well as provide vision for all Tanzanians and future generations. I also strongly urge
employees in the public service, private sector as well as civic organization workers in
general, to play their part by working efficiently and effectively so as to contribute to
the development and prosperity of our nation in the coming fifty years.
We have Dared, we Succeeded and we are Forging Ahead.
Phillemon L. Luhanjo
CHIEF SECRETARY

12. vi
INTRODUCTION
December 9th
, 2011 will be the 50th
anniversary since Tanganyika, now Tanzania
Mainland, attained independence. This part of Africa had been a home to various
indigenous societies since ancient times, but towards the end of the 19th
century it was
invaded and ruled by colonialists from Europe. The colonial rule, which lasted for
seventy six years, destroyed the pre-existing political, economic and social systems of
the colonised societies. The colonial state established new principles and systems that
were oppressive, exploitative and discriminative. Colonialism also negatively affected
African people’s cultures. Due to the misery they suffered under colonialism, the
people of Tanzania Mainland fought for their rights through welfare associations,
labour organisations, cooperative unions and political parties, and eventually regained
their independence in 1961.
Principles and Aspirations in Nation-Building
The advent of independence opened up an opportunity for the leadership of the
nascent nation, under the leadership of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, to
identify and articulate appropriate fundamental principles and aspirations to guide the
nation-building effort. These fundamental principles, which were widely disseminated
during the early years of independence, included respect for human dignity,
freedom, equality, human rights, development, nationalism and patriotism,
unity, peace, self-reliance, and integrity. Concepts about these principles were
initially conceived during the period of independence struggles, and some of them
were actually proclaimed in the constitution of the Tanganyika African National
Union (TANU), the Party that led the country to independence. In pursuing the task of
identifying and articulating these principles, the founding leaders of the nation were
guided by awareness of the world’s situation at that time, the prevailing conditions
after colonialism, as well as citizens’ expectations that emerged during the struggle for

13. vii
independence. Efforts to articulate and disseminate the nation’s fundamental
principles and aspirations continued throughout the first decade of independence.
Implementation and Enhancement of the Nation’s Principles
The first fifty years of Tanzania Mainland independence have been marked by efforts
to implement and further strengthen the nation’s principles and aspirations as outlined
above. This has been the responsibility and duty of the Government and citizens
during all the four post-independence phases of the nation’s central leadership. A
period of fifty years is long enough for a country to review its history, assess its
achievements and challenges since independence and reflect on its future directions.
This exercise serves to document the nation-building efforts made so far, to educate
the current and future generations, to build hope and optimisim for a better future.
Having realised the importance of this kind of documentation, the Government made
arrangements for major sectors to report on the achievements made and the challenges
encountered in the efforts to bring about development in accordance with the nation’s
principles. These reports were prepared at ministerial and regional levels. A special
committee of experts appointed by Government then used the reports, together with
information from other sources, to prepare a consolidated national report as hereby
presented.
Structure of the Report
This report is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is about the country’s
environment and history up to 1961. The chapter outlines the unique environmental
features of the country and highlights the major administrative, economic and social
transformations undergone from ancient times to 1961, when it gained independence.
Chapter Two presents the nation’s fundamental principles and aspirations, symbols,
political stature, leadership, administration, and laws. It briefly elaborates on the
nation’s fundamental principles as mentioned above and shows how they link and
interrelate with each other. The nation’s main symbols, that is, the flag, the coat of

14. viii
arms, the Independence Torch and the national anthem are briefly explained. The
chapter also elaborates on the development efforts made in the areas of political
relations, leadership and administration during the three major epochs of the country’s
post independence history, namely the Nation Building period (1961-1966), the period
of Socialism and Self-Reliance (1967-1985) and the epoch of neo-liberal reforms
(1985-2011). The chapter ends with a section highlighting the achievements made and
challenges encountered during the successive periods.
Chapter Three concerns issues on economic development and provides detailed
elaborations on the role played by this sector in the implementation of the nation’s
principles and aspirations. The chapter highlights the development efforts made,
through self-reliance, to combat ignorance, disease and poverty and improve people’s
livelihood. In explaining these efforts, the chapter elaborates on the various policy
innovations and development plans adopted, the achievements made in their
implementation during the first fifty years of independence and the downturns
experienced.
Chapter Four covers social services and provides details of measures taken by the
Government in collaboration with the people, in providing and enhancing services in
the fields of education, healthcare, water supply and human settlements and housing.
Achievements attained and challenges encountered have also been highlighted.
Chapter Five is about the efforts undertaken since independence to sustain and
promote Tanzania’s culture. The chapter explains the meaning and major pillars of
Tanzania’s culture, which include its history, the Swahili Language, arts, customs and
traditions, sports and games, leisure and entertainment and the press. It also explains
the role played by culture in the struggle for liberation.
Chapter Six concludes the report with an overview of the achievements gained by
Tanzanians since independence in the implementation of the nation’s fundamental
principles and aspirations in all the spheres of national development. The chapter also

15. ix
outlines the challenges encountered along the way and the measures taken to address
them. The final section of the chapter projects the nation’s development vision for the
next fifty years.

16. 1
CHAPTER ONE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND UP TO 1961
Tanzania Mainland has been shaped by natural forces which formed her physical
features, a colonial history which defined her borders a well as deliberate efforts
towards nation building by the citizens and their leaders since attaining independence
in 1961. This country, which is on the east coast of the African continent, is located
just south of the equator bordering the Indian ocean to the east, while on its mainland ,
it shares a border with Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi, The democratic Republic of
Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya.
Tanzania Mainland has been a hub for human settlement for many centuries. Its
physical features include grasslands, mountains and a diversity of lowlands. It is
further endowed with unique and world renowned features, such as Lake Tanganyika,
which is the longest lake in the world and second deepest in the world, Mount
Kilimanjaro which is the highest stand- alone mountain in the world and the
Ngorongoro crater which is one of the world wonders. The Serengeti plains which
hold a large number of wildlife, is believed to be the origin of humankind. Tanzania
Mainland has abundant natural resources including fertile land, minerals and precious
stone, a variety of wildlife and unique marine life.

17. 2
Mount Kilimanjaro
Communities which inhabited Tanzania Mainland before 1961 had different types of
economic, governance and cultural systems. These systems changed overtime as a
result of internal forces as well as integration with people from different parts of the
world. During the 19th
century, this part was invaded by colonialists, beginning with
the Germans and later the British.
Colonial rule, which lasted for 76 years, usurped the power to govern from the people,
subjecting them to an oppressive political system and developed an exploitative
economic system. The colonial regime, in collaboration with missionaries, established
such social services as education and health. However, these services were of poor
quality and were provided on a discriminatory basis. Consequent to all this, when the
country attained its independence, it inherited a weak economy, limited and
discriminatory social services and very few professionals to manage key development
sectors.

18. 3
CHAPTER TWO
POLITICS, LEADERSHIPAND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The second chapter focuses on the nation’s fundamental principles and identity as well
as politics, leadership and legal systems under which Tanzania Mainland has operated
in its fifty years of independence. Since attaining independence in 1961, Tanzania
Mainland, later the United Republic of Tanzania has adhered to specific fundamental
political philosophies and principles which have shaped the country’s leadershipship
style, legal structures and public policies. The nation’s fundamental principles are
human dignity, freedom, progress, human equality, justice, independence, unity,
patriotism and nationalism, peace and ethical conduct.
These principles are inseparably intertwined and they are inextricably linked.
Tanzania Mainland has made deliberate efforts to create a political, leadership and
legal systems which empowers the citizenry to determine their own destiny,
safeguards the rule of law, human rights and justice; and adheres to the principles of
democracy and ethical conduct. Moreover, the system has articulated and defined a
foreign policy that commensurates with the nation’s fundamental principles of
national sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence.
In addition, specific measures have been undertaken to ensure that Tanzania Mainland
acquires its own identity, among the community of nations, symbolised by the
national flag, national emblem, national anthem and the Uhuru torch.

19. 4
Lieutenant Alexander Nyirenda hoisting the National Flag and placing the
Uhuru Torch on the peak of Mount Kilimanjaro on 9th
December 1961.
The main challenges encountered in the political, leadership and legal spheres since
independence have been categorised under three major phases, namely the Nation
Building period, (1961-1966); Ujamaa and Self Reliance (1967-1985) and
Liberalization phase (1986-2011). The salient challenges were, to build One Nation
out of 120 ethnic goups, to sustain national fundumental principles, to establishing
governance structures and systems and to formulate policies to govern foreign affairs
and international cooperation.

20. 5
During the Nation Building period, the major thrust was on the establishment of a
political system which embraced the principles of equality and human dignity;
eliminating all forms of discrimination and tribalism and establishing one a one party
democracy. In the spirit of Pan-Africanism and African unity, the Republic of
Tanganyika and the People’s Republic of Zanzibar united to establish the United
Republic of Tanzania. Furthermore, development of a national framework to govern
foreign relations and international cooperation was emphasized.
Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere and Sheikh Abeid A. Karume signing the legal
instruments for the Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on 26th April 1964.
In the leadership and legal spheres, the government deliberately abolished the system
of traditional rulers (chiefs) in order to pave way for nation building. Similarly, the
Africanization policy was implemented to transform a colonial type civil service into a
national civil service that was patriotic and committed to run the government
machinery diligently. The government pursued specific policies aimed at attaining
self-sufficiency in human resource requirements in the civil service. Furthermore,
administrative, defense and security organs which had a national character were
established. The administrative machinery as well as legislative and legal systems
underwent reforms in order to redefine their roles and functions, behaviour and
attitude of public servants, in line with a different working environment

21. 6
In the era of Socialism and Self-Reliance, Tanzania resolved to build a socialist
society on the basis of the principles of African socialism and existing conditions in
the country. The Arusha Declaration which was promulgated in 1967 clearly defined
the country’s ideology from which the vision and road map were derived. In this
period, the ruling party, TANU, was strengthened and assumed supremacy over the
organs of state. It meant that roles and responsility undertaken by government were
under the auspices of the Party. On different occasions, TANU issued Guidelines to
direct political affairs and state functions. In 1977 TANU and ASP merged to form
one political party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), which was a landmark event in the
political history of Tanzania Mainland.
In 1972, the country pursued a policy of “decentralization” where regional authorities,
on behalf of central government, administered and managed development activities in
the region. It was asumed that, people at grassroot level will participate in their
development activities. For that reason, local government authorities were abolished.
However, the local government system was re-introduced again in 1982 to facilitate
peoples’ participation in development. A permanent Constitution of the United
Republic of Tanzania was enacted in 1977 and it was amended in 1984 to include a
clause on basic human rights and also limited the tenure of the Presidency to two
terms of five years each. Unfortunately, during this period, specifically from 1978 to
1979, Tanzania was forced into a war with Uganda following the invasion and
occupation of part of its territory by the Ugandan forces led by Dictator Idd Amin
Dada. The Tanzania Peoples Defense Forces (TPDF) in collaboration with the
citizens fought gallantly and won the war.
The major and critical political, economic and social transformations occurred during
the period of Liberalism. There was a shift from state controlled economy to market-
driven economy and a change from one party system to multiparty political system.
The electoral system was reformed to make it more accessible and transparent.
Enabling institutional and legal frameworks were put in place to facilitate the

22. 7
implementation of the new economic model. By 2011, 18 political parties had been
fully registered and had participated in several elections, including presidential and
parliamentary elections. CCM won all Presidential elections held since 1995. Many
changes have taken place in politics and administration. The number of non-state
institutions, including the civil society organizations, trade unions and cooperative
unions, has increased. Similarly, an enabling environment to facilitate their smooth
functioning and autonomy has been created. The structure of government was
changed to facilitate the creation of Executive Agencies and by 2011 there were 33
established executive agencies. The number of women in leadership positions has
significantly increased from 1,495 (30.6 percent) in 2005 to 2340 (35.9 percent) in
2011.
In addition, a conducive environment has been created to encourage private sector
participation in development. Some parastatals have been privatized; remuneration
for public service employees has improved, and ethical conduct in public service
delivery has been promoted and enforced. The structure of regional administration has
been improved, including the expansion of regions from 10 in 1961 to 21 in 2011 and
local government councils have increased from 67 in 1961 to 133 in 2011. In addition,
the new regional administrative structure was introduced in 1997, changing the
regional administrative machinery from playing an executive function to that of
consulting, facilitation, minitoring and evaluation.
The Constitution was also amended to allow the re-introduction of multi-party system
in Tanzania. That went in tandem with the enactment of new laws and amendment of
existing laws to create a conducive environment for building and sustaining a liberal
democratic system. The Judiciary services were expanded quantitatively and
qualitatively. The number of judges and magistrates has increased, for example, the
number of judges of the Court of Appeal increased from 5 in 1979 to 15 in 2011,
among whom 5 are females. Similarly, the number of High Court judges has increased
from 7 in 1961 to 61 in 2011 among whom 34 are female. Commercial, Land and
Labour divisions of the High Court have been established and more facilities and
resources have been allocated to courts in order to enhance efficiency.

23. 8
H.E. President Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete with judges who
were sworn in, most of them being women.
The powers of Parliament and representation have been strengthened in the past fifty
years. The same has been witnessed in local government councils where the number
of councillors has increased and positive results are seen in the increased number of
female representative in Parliament and local government councils. The number of
Members of Parliament has increased from 269 in 1995 to 357 in 2011. At the same
time the number of female Members of Parliament has increased from 45 in 1995 to
126 in 2011.
The defence and security forces have been empowered and equipped and deployed in
peace keeping missions. Over the years reforms aimed at improving efficiency in the
armed and security forces have been initiated and implemented. The reforms have
included the establishment of the National Defence College, increasing people’s
participation and awareness in defence and security, through community policing and
joint defence programmes. The prison services have also been improved qualitatively
and quantitatively.
In the fifty years of independence, some Tanzanians have held high positions in
regional and international organisations like the United Nations, World Bank, African

24. 9
Union and East Africa Community. Among the notable achievements of Tanzania’s
participation in the East African Community has been the increase of exports by
Tanzania to other EAC partner states from USD 96.4 in 2005 to USD 454.29 in 2010
as well as employment opportunities and co-operation in education and health
sectors, defence and security.
Leaders of the East African Community in one of their meetings, April 2011
Tanzania has effectively participated in conflict resolution and reconciliation in
different African countries which were experiencing conflicts and violence such as
Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Madagascar,
Comoro and Cote d’Ivoire. Tanzania has been in the forefront in the establishment of
different institutions of the African Union such as; the African Parliament, African
Court of Justice and Peace and Security Council with the aim of strengthening,
promoting and protecting justice, equality and peace in Africa. Tanzania has ratified
all treaties and protocols of the African Union to demonstrate her commitment to
promote democracy, human rights and good governance.

25. 10
In the past fifty years of independence Tanzania has recorded tremendous
achievements in the political, leadership and culture fields. However, there are several
challenges which have emerged that have been and need to be addressed. It is
therefore imperative to adopt sustainable strategies aimed at enhancing the nation’s
fundamental principles and values which include freedom, unity, peace, equality and
the union. Deliberate interventions will be undertaken to strengthen ethical behaviour
in leadership, public service and the society in general. Achievements that have been
attained in expanding democracy and human rights as well as development in other
fields will be enhanced in order to ensure the improvement of the quality of life of
each Tanzanian. There is need for every Tanzanian to wisely and positively utilise
democratic rights available to maintain and safeguard the nation’s fundamental
principles and values.

26. 11
CHAPTER THREE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
This section of the report describes the state of the economy of Tanzania Mainland
since attainment of independence in 1961. During the fifty years of independence
fundamental economic reforms and their impact, together with the associated policies,
plans and strategies implemented in the fight against poverty, ignorance and disease
have been elucidated in this report. The economic achievements attained are clearly
evidenced by the 6% average economic growth rate which, according to statistics
published in the 2010 World Economic Outlook, places Tanzania Mainland among the
20 countries of the world whose economies are growing rapidly.
Government revenues have increased from Tshs. 1.4 billion in 1961 to Tshs. 500
billion per month in 2010. The revenue increase has been utilised to expand social
services, especially primary and secondary education, universities and implementation
of major development projects, such as the construction of the Mkapa Bridge, and the
Lake Victoria project that supplies water to Shinyanga and Kahama. The average
GDP per capita increased from US$ 34 in 1961 to US$ 545 per annum in 2010.
Inflation has been controlled to a level of not more than 10 percent over the past 15
years. Foreign exchange reserves increased by more than 1000 percent in the last 15
years.
Remarkable progress has been made in the communication sector in terms of the
increase in the number telephone network sevice providers. The number of
Customers has increased from 90,198 in 1995 to 20,771,487. These improvements in
the telecommunications sector had a multiplier effect on the contribution of other
sectors into the economy. For example, financial services are now readily available to
the rural areas. The introduction of automatic teller machines (ATM) in the cities of
Tanzania Mainland has enabled banking institutions to establish hour cash deposits

27. 12
and withdraw services as necessary. Mobile phone network providers have made it
possible for their customers to send money to or receive money from people living in
urban and rural areas.
The network of paved roads has expanded to 6,385 kilometres and that of gravel roads
to a total of 84,800 kilometres in 2010. This is an outstanding achievement compared
to the situation in 1961 when the country had only 1,300 kilometres of paved road and
29,500km of gravel roads. In addition, the railway network has increased from 2,300
km at independence to 4,460 kilometres in 2010.
Table No: 6 The Road Network during 1961-2011
No. Type of Road
1961 1995 2005 2011
TarmacRoads
(km)
Gravel/Muram
Roads(km)
TarmacRoads
(km)
Gravel/Muram
Roads(km)
TarmacRoads
(km)
Gravel/Muram
Roads(km)
TarmacRoads
(km)
Gravel/Muram
Roads(km)
1. Main Roads 1,300 1000 2,985 7,315 4,330 5,970 5,036 7,750
2. Regional Roads - 13,500 210 24,490 327 24,373 841 20,444
3. District Roads - 15,000 385 49,615 500 49,500 508 56,606
Total 1,300 29,500 3,580 81,420 5,157 79,843 6,385 84,800
Source: Ministry of Infrastructure
Employment in the industry sector has increased from 20,000 workers to 560,406
workers in small scale industries and to 92,000 in large scale industries. The
contribution of the industrial sector has increased to 9 percent compared to only 2.3
percent in 1961. Implementation of the integrated hides and skins and leather sector
development strategy in the country has been successful, where by the processing of
hides and skins increased from 6,038,000 square feet in 2005 to 37, 305, 215 square
feet in 2009.

28. 13
Research in agriculture has enhanced productivity, increased farmer’s income and the
economy as a whole. Research centres have been empowered and equipped to
undertake the role of training in agricultural service. Betwee 1995 and 2010 a total
of 604 youth were trained to certificate and diploma levels. Productivity in irrigated
rice increased on average, from 2 tons to 7.5 tons per hectare; onions from 13 to 26
tons per hectare; tomatoes from 5 to 18 tons per hectare and maize from 1.5 to 4 tons
per hectare. Efficiency of water use in irrigation projects with improved infrastructure
increased by 30 to 45 percent compared to between 10 to 15 percent for projects with
traditional irrigation schemes.
As a result of the policy reforms, investment in the mining sector increased sharply,
especially, after the opening of six large scale gold mines and one of tanzanite.
Expansion of the mining industry has provided opportunities for increased mineral
exploration and mining, construction of roads and improvement of social services in
the area around the large mines. There was an increase in employment and by 2010, a
total of 5,496 Tanzanians were employed in large mines and approximately 1.5
million are small scale miners. Government revenue taxes from large scale mining
companies was Tshs. 840 billion in 2010. This sector plays an important role in
foreign exchange earnings. Besides the role to administer and supervise natural
resources, antiquities and environment, the Government, recognises the potential
increase in the GDP which can be derived through proper management of natural
resources and antiquities. Tourism can greatly contribute to economic growth and
significant achievement has been made. The number of tourists who visited Tanzania
increased considerably from 81,821 in 1985 to 782,699 in 2010. Revenue from
tourism increased from US$ 164.9 million in 1985 to US$ 1159.82 million in 2010. In
recent years, the tourist industry contributed 17 percent of GDP. In establishing the
necessary infrastructure for this sector, 54 airports have been built together with
25,627 kilometers of access road network to facilitate tourists to visit different
national parks. Services have also been improved in the tourist industry in order to
attract more clients.

29. 14
Similarly, forestation and wildlife conservation has improved, secondary forests have
increased from 14 to 16, while natural forests have increased from 597 to 802. Further
reserved forests increased from 9 to 28. Wetlands forests, which did not exist before,
have now increased to 44 and national parks are 15 in total. The Government has
successfully established 33 wildlife management areas. In addition, 2,328 villages,
equal to 22 percent of all villages in the country, are under the participatory forest
conservation plan and managing 4,122,500 hectares, which is 12 percent of all forests
in the country. A total of 16 new forests have a road network of 2,700 km and 530
buildings. Similarly, the Government has established 1,687 “Malihai” clubs in
primary and secondary schools. The aim of introducing these clubs is to create
awareness on the importance of conservation to the community.
With regard to environment, a legislation was enacted to establish namely the
National Environment Management Council and National Land Use Commission.
These were established in 1983 to advise Government on management and
conservation of environment and land use. These institutions became operational in
1984 under the Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism. Currently,
environmental management is under the Office of the Vice President. The National
Environment Policy was developed and adopted in 1977. In order to implement the
policy effectively , environment Act cap 119 was passed by Parliament in 2005. The
act, among others, enforces the preparation of environment management plans and
carrying out of environmental impact assessments. Similarly, various regulations
have been developed to ensure that the environment is appropriately conserved and
managed.
The volume of fishing increased from 278,093.20 metric tons in 1984 to 347, 157.000
metric tons in 2010. The 414,111 tons of fish harvested in 1990 indicates that the
fishing industry can make a much bigger contribution to the economy. In 2010,
Tanzania Mainland had 163,601 fishermen who harvested nearly 90 percent of all the
fish catches in the country. This is more than 400 percent compared to the
performance of 40,000 fishermen who were in the same business in 1970 it is

30. 15
estimated that 4.0 million people currently depend on fishing activities in their daily
lives.
The private sector can give an impetus to the country’s economic growth. Investment
will increase the gross domestic product and create employment for many Tanzanians.
In response to this opportunity, the Government has established an enabling
environment for trade and investment to facilitate the private sector to play its
important role in national economic growth. Government has developed and begun
implementing reform programmes to create a conducive Environment for Investment
and Trade. The implementation of the program has resulted in more simplified
procedures for registering business, paying taxes, transfer of title deeds of fixed
property, registration of land title deeds and reduction of roadblocks.
In 1998 the Private Sector Foundation was established to unite the private setor on
issues of common interest such as; developing long-term plans, managing and
promoting a sustainable process of negotiations between the Government and the
private sector and thus encouraging resourceful competition designed to promote
production and business activities and fostering economic growth in general. The
organization comprises of various stakeholders in the private sector from the
association of agricultural traders, the confederation of industrial owners, association
of bank owners, and the association of stakeholders in the fishing industry. By the
year 2010, this institution included 99 association. This Foundation was established
for coordinating issues of the private sector, including commercial disputes, to assist
private sector stakeholders in getting professional, financial and institutional
assistance. The institution supports stakeholders in private industry to have one voice
on key issues concerning their development. The biggest challenges to the economy
include the rising prices of goods and services caused by increase in oil prices in the
world market the depreciation of the Tanzania shilling and unreliable electricity
supply. Other challenges include climate change that has affected weather patterns
causing droughts in many areas and thus jeopardising food security. Similarly, an
economic growth rate which is not commensurate to the increasing population growth

31. 16
rate, expanding employment opportunities for the youth are created and reducing
poverty are major challenges to the economy. Another challenge relates to the
availability for capital in economic activity in various sectors, especially agriculture.
Furthermore, accessibility of collateral for loans to enable enterpreneurs to borrow
money for economic activities is critical to sustaining the achievements made and
accelerating economic development.

32. 17
CHAPTER FOUR
SOCIAL SERVICES
Social Services which are a basic necessity for a good and healthy life for every
human being include health, social welfare, community development, education,
water, shelter and housing. Availability of these services is an indicator of human
development and social wellbeing of societies and nations. However, in every society
there are groups of people who due to historical reasons or physical nature cannot
easily access those services without being supported. These groups known as
vulnerable groups, include people with disabilities, the elderly, children and the poor.
Based on the principles of human rights, human dignity and equality, these groups
should be assisted to access these basic human needs.
Before independence, the colonial government provided social services to a few
citizens based on discrimination. These services were offered to colonial rulers,
workers in plantation, public servants and employees of religious faith based
organisations. After gaining independence, the system of social services delivery was
changed to ensure accessibility by the majority of citizens.
In an effort to improve health provision, various health colleges were established to
increase the number of health professionas in the country. The information available
indicates that, until 2010, the nation had 7,343 medical physicians, compared to 610 in
1961. Parallel to the increase of health professionals, the government also constructed
five national referral hospitals, seven zonal referral hospital, 33 referral hospital at
regional level, 92 district hospitals, 687 health centre and 5394 dispensaries.
Similarly, modern diagnostic equipments have been installed in many health facilities
to improve the quality and timeliness of health care delivery. Accessibility of such
modern diagnostic equipments has reduced the costs of referring patients abroad.

33. 18
MRI Machine installed at Muhimbili National Hospital CT – Scanner installed at Muhimbili National Hospital
The biggest challenge in the health sector is the availability of adequate health
professionals and infrastructure such as hospital buildings and more modern
diagnostic equipments. Another challenge is the reduction of unplanned pregnancies
through increasing accessibility to family planning services and safe motherhood
education to all citizens in rural and urban area. By improving reproductive health
services, women will be empowered to participate effectively in economic activities.
Similarly, increased accessibility health care services to vulnerable groups such as the
elderly, people with disabilities and children is another major challenge.
Efforts to enable citizens to access clean and safe water have been undertaken by the
government and hence increasing the number of people who have access to clean and
safe water in rural areas from 6 percent to 57.8 percent in 2011 and from 25 percent
in 1961 to 86 percent in urban areas during the same period. Furthermore, the
construction of dams has increased nearly 20 times more, from dams that can store
255.1 million cubic meters before independence to 5.2 billion cubic meters in 2011.
The availability of water for domestic and industrial use and irrigation has increased
productivity dramatically in different sectors.

34. 19
The President of the United Republic of Tanzania, His Excellency Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete,
inspectingthe Water Project from Lake Victoria to Kahama and Shinyanga towns, May 30, 2009
However, despite the achievements made in providing clean and safe water to citizens,
a rapid increase in population growth of 4.5% in urban and 2.3% in rural areas, and
the growth of economic and social activities have increased the consumption of water
in the country. Dar es Salaam which is the hub of industries is experiencing a unique
challenge of rapid population growth of about 8% which is higher than the national
average urban growth of 4.5% per year, and hence creating high demand for water.
More efforts are, therefore, required to ensure that all citizens in rural and urban areas
access clean and safe water.
Conservation of water sources and sustainable use of natural resources will be
strengthened and given high priority to maintain biodiversity of the nation. Similarly,
environment and water resources conservation will be strengthened to ensure that the
country has reliable water sources for both domestic and industrial use, generation of
energy and irrigation. In addition, Local Government will be empowered through

35. 20
decentralization by devolution to effectively implement, supervise and manage water
projects in collaboration with the private sector.
Various initiatives to improve the quality of education have been undertaken to
eradicate ignorance, expanding educational opportunities and training of manpower
in various fields to meet the the country’s increasing human resource demand. Such
initiatives include Adult Education, Universal Primary Education, Primary Education
Development Plan (PEDP) and Secondary Education Development Plan (SEDP). The
implementation of these initiatives has increased enrolment in primary from 486,470
students in 1961 to 8,419,305 in 2010 and secondary school from 11,832 in 1961 to
1,638,699 in 2010. The ratio between boys and girls in primary school stood at 1:1
and secondary schools at 1:0.8 in the year 2010. Similarly, teacher to student ratio
has improved to 1:51 for primary school and 1:46 for secondary schools in 2010. The
national objective is to reach the standard ratio of teacher to student ratio of 1:40 for
both levels of education.
The government in collaboration with the private sector and faith based organisations,
has established higher learning institutions aiming at filling the manpower gap in
order to meet the growing demands and challenges of science and technology. As a
result of the expansion, the number of students in higher learning institutions
increased from 14 in 1961 to 110,078 in 2010. These achievements notwithstanding,
more higher learning institutions will be established to increase enrolment and to
ensure that all students with minimum qualifications are admitted. The main objective
is to be self-sufficient in human capital and to meet the growing demand of skills and
expertise in the country.
Education infrastructure, teaching aids and equipment will be increased to meet gaps
and to improve efficiency and quality of education in the country. Similarly, curricula
will be reviewed and improved at all levels of education to enable graduands to
acquire self employment skills. Pass rates at all levels will also be improved to ensure

36. 21
the nation acquires highly qualified manpower that meets national demand and
modern technologic challenges.
Primary School Students in Class.
In conclusion, demands for social services are increasing rapidly due to the rapid
growth of the population from 9 million people in 1961 to 45 million in 2010.
However, in collaboration with the private sector, the government will strive to
provide quality social services that are commensurate with the rate of population
growth.

37. 22
CHAPTER FIVE
CULTURE
Culture is a nation’s identity, a society’s way of life, its attitude towards life and the
way of doing things that distinguishes them from other nations. Important pillars of
culture include customs and traditions, language, art, entertainment and recreation,
sports, and history which form systems of production, administration, ideologies and
beliefs.. In the history of Tanzania Mainland, culture has passed through three broad
periods: pre - colonialism, colonial and post-colonial (independence). Therefore, as
Tanzania Mainland celebrates 50 years of independence, it is important to review now
culture has changed and developed over time.
Prior to colonialism, cultures in societies were based on their economic activities,
social relations, religious beliefs, taboos and interaction with neighboring
communities. Those relations were maintained by customs and traditions. The levels
of economic development of most societies, except for the hunter gatherers,
communities were similar and were based on ownership of land and its utilization.
Land was owned by a clan, and clan members used it according to their ability to
cultivate it. Every clan had a leader, who supervised the distribution of land among
clan members. Within the clan, land was allocated to households and in most
communities it was inherited through a male child. During this period, the first
priority in family life, clan and society was children. The fundamental objective of
child upbringing was to ensure that children grew up within the customs and traditions
of the community. The family and the clan were the first tutors to inculcate values in a
child. The child was taught all the basic skills in material production, ethical values
and good behavior, such as, for example; obedience and respect for elders, especially
old people.

38. 23
When Arabs arrived at the East African Coast between 700-800 A.D, for purposes of
ordinary trade and later for slave and ivory trade, they found indigenous people
communicating in a language that is today’s Kiswahili . Many kiswahili words were
borrowed from Arabic and other foreign languages including Portuguese, Hindi,
German and English. For instance, the words “shule” and “meza” for “school” and
“table” are of German and Portuguese origins respectively while “chai” for “tea” is of
Hindi origin.
In Pre – Colonial societies, art was used in ritual performance related to health or
appeasement of ancestors who looked after the welfare of the living. It was also used
in ceremonies marking rites of passage, such as male circumcision, initiation for girls
into adulthood, marriage and finally death. Some ceremonies and traditional dances
were held in great secrecy and those who were not involved were prohibited even to
watch. Each society had its own forms of art works that differed slightly or greatly
from one society to another.
Before the advent of foreigners, work and art were closely linked. While cultivating,
fishing, grinding or pounding cereals, people sang songs which eased their tasks and
relieved them of the drudgery of repetitive movement. Story telling was a means of
recording history and passing it on for prosterity, as well as of teaching children and
youths the customs and traditions of the clan and ethnic group. The Sports were for
entertainment of participants and the community after work; physical body
development and building stamina as a way of keeping fit for individual and
community self defence. In addition, sports displayed potential talents of members
from other and promoted cordial relations between communities. The community also
allocated grounds for different types of sports close to their residences.
During the colonial period, education aimed at destroying or eliminating the desire of
children to identify themselves with their community. Religious instruction for

39. 24
children tended to alienate them from their families and their communities, causing
tension and sadness in many families.
With regard to language, the German government opted to use Kiswahili as the
official language of administration. Britain took over the administration of
Tanganyika in 1918 when Germany lost the war and its colonies were put under the
mandate of the League of Nations. Britain continued using Kiswahili for both official
and social communication. However, English was elevated and given more
prominence. Speaking good English was considered a sign of advancement and
civilisation. However, Kiswahili remained a medium of instruction from primary to
middle schools, while English became the media of instruction in advanced classes..
In the colonial era, art was used to, defend the interests of the colonial system.
Traditional art was not valued by colonialists and was regarded as“uncivilised”.
Instead, Western forms of art, particularly music, film and English literature were
introduced to Africans as the ultimate in civilisation. Foreign sports and games such
as football, hockey, netball, and boxing were also brought in by colonialists. Athletics
were common in many societies before the coming of foreigners, but it was
reintroduced in the western way and standardised. Again the meaning of entertainment
changed completely and people began to regard entertainment as a luxury, which was
not associated with other activities in the society as it was in the past.
After independence, the upringing of children was influenced by the formal education
system and the social economic position of respective families. Children from high
economic status families imitated, as much far as possible, the lifestyles of European
and Arabic cultures, or a combination of both. For all groups of Tanzanians,
globalisation has brought misconceptions amongst some of the people, especially the
educated and those benefiting from the system, who believe that, African customs
and traditions are a constraints to their development. Their driving force is acquisition
of material wealth, and a luxurious life associated with technological conveniences
especially television, video, internet and social networking contacts (facebook and

40. 25
twitter) films and the like. This is a challenge that needs to be addressed in the next 50
years to come.
Kiswahili has continued to grow despite several challenges. Efforts to promote
Kiswahili aimed at, not only, uniting the people, but building a society based on
fundamentals of Tanzanians cultural values, in order to restore honour, dignity and
respect, values that were compromised by colonialism. Kiswahili was first used
officially in the first Parliament after independence, and eventually became the
medium of instruction for all subjects in primary schools. It was declared that all
public organizations and government ministries use Kiswahili as the official language
of communication. Kiswahili has been used to promote economic development, art,
campaigns against HIV/AIDS and for mobilising support for African liberation
movements and other countries where people were fighting for their freedom.
Taking into account the importance of Kiswahili and a population of more than 150
million users around the world, it has been accepted as one of the official languages of
the African Union and the United Nations. In Tanzania, unlike in the past, musicians
nowadays find no reason to use foreign languages in their songs because most of their
fans prefer Kiswahili to English or other languages. Through Kiswahili they are able
to communicate effectvely with their audience and the community at large.
In the past 50 years of independence, great successes have been achieved in promoting
and developing Tanzania arts and culture. One of the most important art works are the
Makonde carvings and Tingatinga paintings which have become very popular and
have made Tanzania famous worldwide.

41. 26
A Tingatinga style painting.
Art has been an important source of income for the artists, their families and art
dealers. Although it is difficult to quantify, business from Makonde art has
contributed significantly to the national economy. In sports, immediately after
independence, the government of Tanzania Mainland declared the intention to revive,
reinforce and develop sports. By 2011, there are over 30 games and sports being
played at national level compared to only 10 at independence. These sports have given
opportunities to Tanzanians interested in sports to show their ability and talents.
Tanzanian culture faces many challenges as the tide of globalisation and liberalisation
encroaches more and more on all aspects of culture. Traditions, especially those
concerning child upbringing and youth who are the cornerstone for developing a

42. 27
strong and proud nation are being challenged and even discarded. The biggest
challenge of all is how to inculcate the spirit of patriotism among all citizens,
especially among the youth, so that they feel proud and value their own customs and
traditions.

43. 28
CHAPTER SIX
ACHIEVEMENTS, CHALLENGES AND THE WAY FORWARD
Achievements
During fifty years of independence, Tanzania has recorded significant achievements
as explained in detail in chapters one to five of this report. The most important
achievement is the people’s ability to free themselves from German and British
colonial rule and to successfully safeguard their freedom. Priority has been directed
towards building a united nation guided by the fundamental principles of dignity,
freedom, progress, equality, justice, independence, unity, patriotism and nationalism,
peace and integrity.
Great efforts were directed at promoting democracy and laying the foundations for
good governance, the rule of law and protecting the rights of all citizens. In terms of
the economy, emphasis has been placed on eradicating poverty and improving the
living standard of every Tanzanian.
Efforts to build a stable and sustainable economy have focused on the development of
all sectors of the economy covering agriculture, manufacturing, mining, livestock,
fisheries, infrastructure, energy, tourism as well as enhancing the skills and knowledge
of human capital. As outlined in chapter three, most economic indicators show
considerable success in improving the lives of Tanzanians. Tanzania Mainland has, at
different times, dared to adopt new economic models in an attempt to combat
emerging development challenges.
The 1967 Arusha Declaration put Tanzania on the world map for daring to adopt a
new ideological and economic model, different from those of the great and powerful

44. 29
nations in order to liberate her people from exploitative and oppressive systems. The
country did not hesitate to revise economic models in response to challenges arising
from internal and external forces, as was the case when Tanzania changed her policy
to facilitate private sector investment.
Social services have expanded considerably since independence. As described in
chapter four of this report, primary education enrolment reached 95.4 percent by 2010,
a success for which Tanzania received special recognition by the United Nations for
advancing the Millennium Development Goals in education. Similarly, access to
secondary school education has expanded significantly. Health services, in terms of
prevention and treatment of diseases currently reach the majority of the people in the
country.
Tanzania Mainland has fought hard to effectively combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic
and managed to reduce the infection rate from 13 percent in 1990 to 5.7 percent in
2008. A big national campaign is underway to eradicate malaria. Substantive water
supply and infrastructure improvement projects have facilitated the distribution of
clean and safe water to many people in urban and rural areas.
Tanzanians are proud of a culture they have developed that makes them consider all
Tanzanians as brothers and sisters, regardless of ethnic origin, religion, race or gender.
Human dignity and equality take priority in social relations. Kiswahili language has
greatly helped in bringing about national unity, making Tanzania unique in the world
for managing to develop a single indigenous national language, despite the existence
of more than 120 ethnic languages.
The arts, such as the Makonde carvings and Tingatinga paintings have also placed
Tanzania Mainland on the world map. The media have been in the forefront in
promoting nationalism and democracy. In general, Kiswahili languge, the media, arts
and sports have been important tools in raising awareness and educating the society,

45. 30
as well as portraying a national image of unity, patriotism and solidarity.
Challenges
As described in chapters one to five, the country has experienced various challenges in
every sector of development. One big challenge relates to how Tanzania will ensure
the sustainability of national unity is protected in the face of formidable economic,
political and social forces from within and outside the country. In combating such
forces, however, Tanzania is determined to stand firm to ensure the fundamental
principles of dignity, freedom, progress, equality, justice, independence, unity,
patriotism and nationalism, peace and integrity are adhered to. This will be possible
through strengthening democracy and good governance, ensuring justice for all
citizens and putting emphasis on the ethical conduct of leaders and citizens in general.
Other challenges include the need to ensure the economy continues to grow and is
sustained through increased productivity in all sectors, as well as to expand
employment opportunities and availability of capital and securities to the public.
Economic instability caused by changes in the world market, declining exchange rate
and high inflation are issues which will be assessed carefully in policy, planning and
development strategies.
Although social services have expanded significantly over the past fifty years of
independence, some Tanzanians still do not have access to such services. As such,
efforts will be made to ensure education, water, housing, and health care are available
and affordable to all Tanzanians.
Globalization and imperialism pose a serious threat to Tanzanian culture. Patriotism
built over the years through customs, socialization, Kiswahili language, arts, media
and sport, is now grappling with the influence of the cultures of powerful nations and
the impact of globalization. Tanzanians will be vigilant to ensure that while they

46. 31
emulate what is beneficial from globalization, the cultural fundamental principles of
Tanzania shall be protected and enhanced.
Way Forward
Tanzanians will continue to protect and maintain their freedom and the fundamental
national principles, which are dignity, equality, justice, progress, patriotism, unity,
peace, ethical integrity and independence. Efforts will be directed towards
strengthening the nation and improving systems, structures and instruments of
leadership and governance guided by the obligation to meet the basic needs of
citizens. The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania will continue to be
protected and national security, cooperation and solidarity strengthened. Tanzania also
will continue to forge and maintain cooperation with other nations, based on the
concept of Pan Africanism as well as respect and comply with ratified protocols of the
United Nations.
In the economic sphere, conducive policies and strategies towards improving the
livelihood of farmers and workers, will be put in place with a view to developing a
people owned and competitive economy which will enable the country to be
sustainably self- sufficient. An enabling environment, policies and strategies to
transform the country into a middle income economy will drive economic
development plans.
In the next fifty years, social services will be expanded through the provision of
adequate professionals and infrastructure in health, education, water and shelter from
village to nation level. Tanzanian culture, based on the nation’s fundamental
principles, will continue to be fostered and promoted in all fields including customs,
traditions, arts, language, sports and the media. Kiswahili language will be further
developed and spread inside and outside the country to facilitate improved
communication, increased employment opportunities and the stimulation of
development. Arts and sports will be developed to enhance their contribution towards

47. 32
marketing and developing the nation. The media profession will be enhanced, with a
focus on the principles of professionalism, ethics and adherence to the rule of law to
enable all citizens, in urban and rural areas, to use the media for their education,
information dissemination, entertainment and to improve the quality of their lives.
Conclusion
The Report has described the socio-political situation in 1961 when Tanzania became
independent and has discussed cross-cutting issues, major developments in each sector
highlighting the significant achievements, challenges and initiatives taken to address
them. The report has elaborated on achievements realised in politics, administration
and justice, economy, provision of social services, development and protection of
culture. Major succeses have been attained in strengthening national unity based on
national fundamentals and principles of respect to humanity, dignity, unity, equality,
peace, solidarity and stance position in International Affairs. Tanzania Mainland is
renowned for her unwavering respect of human rights, a front liner in national
liberation struggles in Africa, a safe home for refugees and an active member for
peace nagotiations. Tanzania is an island of peace and a united country based on
democratic principles.
During the next fifty years Tanzania will continue to implement the National Vision
2025 to enable her become a middle income economy. Future plans will be based on
the following objectives; increased productivity and production in agriculture,
livestock and fisheries to ensure national food security and surplus for export;
improved production of cash crops to raise the incomes of the farmers and peasants; to
ensure self sufficieny in professional and skilled human resources to meet the
requirements of all sectors and to improve social service delivery. Major economic
infrastructure and utilities will be further developed including alternative sources of
energy to meet the local demand and surplus for export; improvement of road
network, railway, ports, air and water transportation. The industrial sector will be
grow at a much higher rate in order to promote value addition and productivity;

48. 33
expansion and development of the toursim industry in order to attract more tourists
and the development of science and technology especially the application of ICT, in
socio-economic development.
The First Five Year Development Plan (2011/12 - 2015/16), aims at achieving the
following macro-economic targets: the national economy is projected to grow at an
average annual rate of 8 – 10 percent, inflation rate will be controlled so as not exceed
five percent; value of exports will increase by 23 percent of Gross Domestic Product,
foreign reserves will be able to sustain more than six months of import requirements;
collection of internal government revenue will be 19 percent of GDP; per capita
income will increase to an average of USD 650 per annum and the budgetary
dependence on development partners will decline from 25% to less than 10 percent.
These expectations can be achieved through close collaboration between the
Government and the people of Tanzania, the private sector and civil societies in the
implementation of the plans. This should be done in tandem with continued efforts to
build a strong foundation of patriotism, unity, peace and stability, prudent use of
natural resources, appropriate policies and leadership based on legal and democratic
principles and human rights.
Tanzanians, as a people, know where they came from, where they are and the way
forward.
“We Dared, We Succeeded, We are Forging Ahead”

49. 34
NATION ANTHEM
Mungu Ibariki Afrika,
Wabariki Viongozi wake,
Hekima, Umoja na Amani,
Hizi ni Ngao zetu,
Afrika na Watu wake,
Ibariki Afrika,
Ibariki Afrika,
Tubariki Watoto wa Afrika.
Mungu ibariki Tanzania,
Mungu ibariki Tanzania,
Dumisha Uhuru na Umoja,
Wake kwa Waume na Watoto,
Mungu ibariki Tanzania,
Tanzania na Watu wake,
Ibariki Tanzania,
Ibariki Tanzania,
Tubariki Watoto wa Tanzania.
God Bless Africa,
Bless its Leaders,
Wisdom, Unity and Peace,
These are our Shields,
Africa and her People,
Bless Africa,
Bless Africa,
Bless us, Children of Africa.
God Bless Tanzania,
God Bless Tanzania,
Sustain Independence and Unity,
Women, Men and Children,
God Bless Tanzania,
Tanzania and her People,
Bless Tanzania,
Bless Tanzania,
Bless us, Children of Tanzania.

50. 35
The President’s Office,
P.O. Box 9120,
DAR ES SALAAM.
Website: www.ikulu.go.tz
Email: ikulu@ikulu.go.tz