Geothermal engineering
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Geothermal engineering
- 2. Geothermal energyGeothermal energy Sagathiya NaisargSagathiya Naisarg Prepared by
- 3. HistoryHistory Hot springs have been used forHot springs have been used for bathing at least since paleolithic times. Thebathing at least since paleolithic times. The oldest known spa is a stone pool onoldest known spa is a stone pool on China's Lisan mountain built in the QinChina's Lisan mountain built in the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC, at theDynasty in the 3rd century BC, at the same site where the Huaqing Chi palacesame site where the Huaqing Chi palace was later built.was later built. In the first century AD, RomansIn the first century AD, Romans conqueredconquered Aquae SulisAquae Sulis, now Bath,, now Bath, Somerset, England, and used the hotSomerset, England, and used the hot springs there to feed public baths andsprings there to feed public baths and underfloor heating. The admission fees forunderfloor heating. The admission fees for these baths probably represent the firstthese baths probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal power.commercial use of geothermal power. The world's oldest geothermal districtThe world's oldest geothermal district heating system in Chaudes-Aigues, France,heating system in Chaudes-Aigues, France, has been operating since the 14th century.has been operating since the 14th century. The earliest industrial exploitation began inThe earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of geyser steam to1827 with the use of geyser steam to extract boric acid from volcanic mud inextract boric acid from volcanic mud in Larderello, Italy, Italy [1]
- 4. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Geothermal energyGeothermal energy is a veryis a very powerful and efficient way topowerful and efficient way to extract a renewable energy fromextract a renewable energy from the earth through natural process.the earth through natural process. this can be performed on a smallthis can be performed on a small scale to provide heat 0 for ascale to provide heat 0 for a residential unit(residential unit(a geothermala geothermal heat pumpheat pump),or on a very large),or on a very large scale for energy production throughscale for energy production through a geothermal power planta geothermal power plant.. [2]
- 5. [3]
- 6. Generation of Electricity isGeneration of Electricity is appropriate for sources >150appropriate for sources >150oo CC Dry Steam plantsDry Steam plants These were the firstThese were the first type of plantstype of plants created. They usecreated. They use underground steamunderground steam to directly turn theto directly turn the turbines.turbines. [3]
- 7. Flash Steam PlantsFlash Steam Plants:: These are the mostThese are the most common plants. Thesecommon plants. These systems pull deep, highsystems pull deep, high pressured hot water thatpressured hot water that reaches temperatures of 360reaches temperatures of 36000 FF or more to the surface. Thisor more to the surface. This water is transported to lowwater is transported to low pressure chambers, and thepressure chambers, and the resulting steam drives theresulting steam drives the turbines. The remaining waterturbines. The remaining water and steam are then injectedand steam are then injected back into the source fromback into the source from which they were taken.which they were taken. [3]
- 8. Binary Cycle PlantsBinary Cycle Plants This system passesThis system passes moderately hot geothermalmoderately hot geothermal water past a liquid, usuallywater past a liquid, usually an organic fluid, that has aan organic fluid, that has a lower boiling point. Thelower boiling point. The resulting steam from theresulting steam from the organic liquid drives theorganic liquid drives the turbines. This process doesturbines. This process does not produce any emissionsnot produce any emissions and the water temperatureand the water temperature needed for the water isneeded for the water is lower than that needed inlower than that needed in the Flash Steam Plantsthe Flash Steam Plants ((25025000 F – 360F – 36000 FF).). [3]
- 9. Potential Geothermal regions/sources in IndiaPotential Geothermal regions/sources in India Province Surface Temp C Reservoir Temp C Heat Flow Thermal gradient Himalaya >90 260 468 100 Cambay 40-90 150-175 80-93 70 West coast 46-72 102-137 75-129 47-59 Sonata 60 – 95 105-217 120-290 60-90 Godavari 50-60 175-215 93-104 60 With India’s geothermal power potential of 10,600 MW, the following are the potential sources/ regions where geothermal energy can be harnessed in India. [4]
- 10. Different GeothermalDifferent Geothermal Energy SourcesEnergy Sources Water ReservoirsWater Reservoirs: As the name implies: As the name implies these are reservoirs of hot underground water.these are reservoirs of hot underground water. There is a large amount of them in the US, butThere is a large amount of them in the US, but they are more suited for space heating than forthey are more suited for space heating than for electricity production.electricity production. Natural Stem ReservoirsNatural Stem Reservoirs: In this case a: In this case a hole dug into the ground can cause steam tohole dug into the ground can cause steam to come to the surface. This type of resource iscome to the surface. This type of resource is rare in the US.rare in the US. Geopressured ReservoirsGeopressured Reservoirs: In this type: In this type of reserve, brine completely saturated withof reserve, brine completely saturated with natural gas in stored under pressure from thenatural gas in stored under pressure from the weight of overlying rock. This type of resourceweight of overlying rock. This type of resource can be used for both heat and for natural gas.can be used for both heat and for natural gas. [Wiki]
- 11. PROGRESS OF GEOTHERMALPROGRESS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGYENERGY Geothermal electricityGeothermal electricity generationgeneration is currently used in 24 countries,is currently used in 24 countries, [1][1] while geothermal heating is usewhile geothermal heating is use inin 7070 countriescountries [2][2] current world wide installedcurrent world wide installed capacity iscapacity is 1017510175 megawatts, withmegawatts, with the largest capacity in the unitedthe largest capacity in the united states(states(30863086 mw).mw). [3][3] the emission intensity ofthe emission intensity of existing geothermal electric plants isexisting geothermal electric plants is on averageon average 122122 kg ofkg of co2co2 perper megawatt hour of electricity, aboutmegawatt hour of electricity, about one eighth of a conventional coalone eighth of a conventional coal fired plantfired plant produces 4 times theproduces 4 times the energy that they consume.energy that they consume. [6]
- 12. Harmful effect of GeothermalHarmful effect of Geothermal Extracting large amounts of waterExtracting large amounts of water can cause land subsidence, and thiscan cause land subsidence, and this can lead to an increase in seismiccan lead to an increase in seismic activity. To prevented this the cooledactivity. To prevented this the cooled water must be injected back into thewater must be injected back into the reserve in order to keep the waterreserve in order to keep the water pressure constant underground.pressure constant underground. Power plants that do not injectPower plants that do not inject the cooled water back into the groundthe cooled water back into the ground can release Hcan release H22S, the “rotten eggs”S, the “rotten eggs” gas. This gas can cause problems ifgas. This gas can cause problems if large quantities escape becauselarge quantities escape because inhaling too much is fatal.inhaling too much is fatal. [wiki]
- 13. Costs of Geothermal EnergyCosts of Geothermal Energy 1)1) Costs highly variable by sitCosts highly variable by sit 2)2)Dependent on many cost factorsDependent on many cost factors 3)3) High exploration costsHigh exploration costs 4)4) High initial capital, low operating costsHigh initial capital, low operating costs 5)5)Fuel is “free”Fuel is “free” 6)6) Significant exploration & operating riskSignificant exploration & operating risk 7)7)Adds to overall capital costsAdds to overall capital costs 8)8)““Risk premium”Risk premium” [wiki]
- 14. Indirect CostsIndirect Costs Availability of skilled laborAvailability of skilled labor Infrastructure and accessInfrastructure and access Political stabilityPolitical stability Indirect CostsIndirect Costs Good: 5-10% of direct costsGood: 5-10% of direct costs Fair: 10-30% of direct costsFair: 10-30% of direct costs Poor: 30-60% of direct costsPoor: 30-60% of direct costs [wiki]
- 15. Geothermal ProspectsGeothermal Prospects Environmentally veryEnvironmentally very attractiveattractive Attractive energyAttractive energy source in rightsource in right locationslocations Likely to remain anLikely to remain an adjunct to other largeradjunct to other larger energy sourcesenergy sources Part of a portfolio ofPart of a portfolio of energy technologiesenergy technologies Exploration risks andExploration risks and up-front capital costsup-front capital costs remain a barrierremain a barrier [7]
Notes de l'éditeur
- Costs of geothermal electric power are very dependent on the character of the resource and project size. The unit costs of power currently range from 2.5 to over 10 US cents per kilowatt-hour while steams costs may be as low as US$3.5 per tonne. Major factors affecting cost are the depth and temperature of the resource, well productivity, environmental compliance, project infrastructure and economic factors such as the scale of development, and project financing costs.
- Indirect CostsIndirect costs vary significantly depending on the location of the site, its accessibility, level of infrastructure and expatriate requirements. Approximate Indirect costs have been given based upon three different categories of project locations. Location A, is typical project site in a developed country. Infrastructure is in place, skilled labour is available and port facilities and a major city relatively close by. Indirect costs are about 5 - 10% of direct costs. Location B is a typical project site in a more remote area of a developed country, or in an area of a developing nation where infrastructure is of a good standard, there is a pool of skilled labour and the nation enjoys political and social stability. Indirect costs are about 10-30% of direct costs. Location C is a typical project site in a more remote area of a developing nation, where infrastructure is poor, accessibility is difficult, skilled labour is scarce and there is the risk of political instability. Indirect costs are about 30 - 60% of direct costs.