bio composite made using natural fibers with adhesive.

1. Seminar Presentation
on
Enhanced Fast Handover for Network Mobility in
Intelligent Transportation Systems
By Under Supervision of
VINEET KUMAR Dr. ARUN PRAKASH
IIIrd Semester (M.Tech) Assistant Professor, ECED
Registration No:2014CM01
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
Allahabad-211004

2. Outlines:
 Introduction
 Cognitive Radio Technology
 Network Architecture
 Cognitive Radio Network Architecture
 Spectrum Management Framework
 Spectrum Sensing
 Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
 Communication Types
 Conclusion

3. Introduction:
 CR is an intelligent device that can coexist with licensed users without
affecting their quality of service.
1) Licensed users have higher priority and are called primary users.
2) Cognitive radios access the spectrum in an opportunistic way and are
called secondary users.
 Cognitive radio is dynamic spectrum access technique that provide the
capability to share the spectrum in an opportunistic manner.
 CR is defined as a radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on
interaction with its environment.

4. Cognitive Radio Technology:

5. Network Architecture:
 Network architecture includes Network Heterogeneity, Spectrum
Heterogeneity.
 CR users are capable of accessing both the licensed portions unlicensed
band portions.
 The licensed band is primarily used by the primary network.
 Sophisticated spectrum sharing methods are required for CR users to
compete for the unlicensed band

6. Cognitive Radio Network Architecture:

7. Spectrum Management Framework:
 Challenges in CR networks-
-Interference avoidance
-Quality of service (QoS) awareness
-Seamless communication
 Functionalities used to address challenges-
-Spectrum sensing
-Spectrum decision
-Spectrum sharing
-Spectrum mobility

8. Spectrum Sensing:
 spectrum sensing techniques can be classified into three groups:
-Primary transmitter detection
-Primary receiver detection
-Interference temperature management
 Challenges:
-Interference temperature measurement
-Spectrum sensing in multi-user networks
-Spectrum-efficient sensing

9. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANET):
• A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, or VANET is a technology that uses moving
vehicles as nodes in a network to create a mobile network. VANET turns
every participating vehicle into a wireless router or node, allowing vehicles
approximately 100 to 300 meters of each other to connect and, in turn,
create a network with a wide range.
• As vehicles fall out of the signal range and drop out of the network, other
vehicles can join in, connecting vehicles to one another so that a mobile
Internet is created.
• VANET is a subgroup of MANET where the nodes refer to vehicles. Since
the movement of Vehicles are restricted by roads, traffic regulations we can
deploy fixed infrastructure at critical locations.

10. Communication Types:
• Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)
• Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I)
• Vehicle to Roadside (V2R)
Hybrid Models
• Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) & Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I)
• Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) & Vehicle to Roadside (V2R)

11. Communication Types:

12. Conclusion:
CR networks are being developed to solve current wireless network
problems resulting from the limited available spectrum and the inefficiency
in spectrum usage. CR networks, equipped with the intrinsic capabilities of
cognitive radio, will provide an ultimate spectrum- aware communication
paradigm in wireless communications.

13. Thank You…….