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The  critical tradition
The critical tradition arose to
counteract the tendency of the
 other approaches to describe
  the communicative process
    without questioning the
           outcomes
The term critical school of
 communication comes from a
   group of German scholars
   known as the “ Frankfurt
  School” because they were
    part of the independent
Institute for Social Research at
      Frankfurt University
The Frankfurt school is neo-
marxist though it had rejected
the economic determinism of
     orthodox Marxism
The leading figures of the
  Frankfurt school are Max
   Horkheimer, Theodor
Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse
These scholars and their followers
  offered thoughtful analyses of
discrepancies between the liberal
  values of freedom and equality
 that leaders proclaimed and the
unjust concentrations and abuses
of power that made those values a
                myth
Critical scholars consistently
     challenged three features of
        contemporary society:
0 The control of language to perpetuate power imbalances,
0 The role of mass media in dulling sensitivity to repression,
  and
0 Blind reliance on the scientific method and uncritical
  acceptance of empirical findings.
Although diffuse and hard to
organize, this tradition brings
 one thing in common on the
            table…
…the idea that social and
  cultural arrangements are
loaded to enforce the power of
 certain stakeholders in ways
   that dominate and even
        oppress others
The critical school hope to
 move beyond feelings of
 sympathy and stimulate
  praxis – social action.
Post-
modernism
                modernism




    Post-          Post-
structuralism   colonialism
modernism
0 Marxism
0 Critical scholars attempt to name and expose
  structural oppression that may be hidden from our
  consciousness
0 Louis Althusser: ‘ideology is present in the structure
  of society and arises from the practices undertaken by
  social institutions’.
modernism
0 For Althusser: the society has repressive state
  apparatuses – the police and military, and
  ideological state apparatuses – education, religion
  and mass media.
0 The Italian Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, hegemony
  occurs in many ways in society, especially, when
  events and texts are interpreted in a way that
  promotes interests of one group over those of another.
modernism
Jurgen Habermas and the Frankfurt School:
0 the study of mass communication
0 Pioneers are: Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and
  Herbert Marcuse at the Frankfurt School of Social
  Research, 1923.
0 Contemporary scholar – Jurgen Habermas: the theory
  of the Public Sphere
modernism
0 Feminism: liberal and radical feminism
0 Liberal feminism: …that women have been oppressed
  as a group.
0 Radical feminism: …that the oppression of women
  runs far deeper than political, it is about a patriarchal
  hegemony
Postmodernism
0 Cultural studies – investigations of the ways culture
  is produced through a struggle among ideologies.
0 Feminist Cultural Studies – patriarchy as the source
  of gender oppression.
Poststructuralism
0 They opposed the idea that language structures are
  just natural forms to be used by individuals as a tool
  of communication.
0 Their goal was to “deconstruct” language in order to
  show that language can be understood, used, and
  constructed in a limitless number of ways.
0 Michel Foucault: “language creates the person”. The
  discourse of our age will shape who we are and how
  we think.
Postcolonialism
0 This scholars are devoted to understanding
  Eurocentrism, imperialism, and the processes of
  colonization and decolonization – all of the ways in
  which the colonial experience can be understood as
  an ideology of domination.
0 Neo-colonialism
0 Postcolonialism – domination, ideology, and power
  through globalization.

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The critical tradition

  • 2. The critical tradition arose to counteract the tendency of the other approaches to describe the communicative process without questioning the outcomes
  • 3. The term critical school of communication comes from a group of German scholars known as the “ Frankfurt School” because they were part of the independent Institute for Social Research at Frankfurt University
  • 4. The Frankfurt school is neo- marxist though it had rejected the economic determinism of orthodox Marxism
  • 5. The leading figures of the Frankfurt school are Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse
  • 6. These scholars and their followers offered thoughtful analyses of discrepancies between the liberal values of freedom and equality that leaders proclaimed and the unjust concentrations and abuses of power that made those values a myth
  • 7. Critical scholars consistently challenged three features of contemporary society: 0 The control of language to perpetuate power imbalances, 0 The role of mass media in dulling sensitivity to repression, and 0 Blind reliance on the scientific method and uncritical acceptance of empirical findings.
  • 8. Although diffuse and hard to organize, this tradition brings one thing in common on the table…
  • 9. …the idea that social and cultural arrangements are loaded to enforce the power of certain stakeholders in ways that dominate and even oppress others
  • 10. The critical school hope to move beyond feelings of sympathy and stimulate praxis – social action.
  • 11. Post- modernism modernism Post- Post- structuralism colonialism
  • 12. modernism 0 Marxism 0 Critical scholars attempt to name and expose structural oppression that may be hidden from our consciousness 0 Louis Althusser: ‘ideology is present in the structure of society and arises from the practices undertaken by social institutions’.
  • 13. modernism 0 For Althusser: the society has repressive state apparatuses – the police and military, and ideological state apparatuses – education, religion and mass media. 0 The Italian Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, hegemony occurs in many ways in society, especially, when events and texts are interpreted in a way that promotes interests of one group over those of another.
  • 14. modernism Jurgen Habermas and the Frankfurt School: 0 the study of mass communication 0 Pioneers are: Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse at the Frankfurt School of Social Research, 1923. 0 Contemporary scholar – Jurgen Habermas: the theory of the Public Sphere
  • 15. modernism 0 Feminism: liberal and radical feminism 0 Liberal feminism: …that women have been oppressed as a group. 0 Radical feminism: …that the oppression of women runs far deeper than political, it is about a patriarchal hegemony
  • 16. Postmodernism 0 Cultural studies – investigations of the ways culture is produced through a struggle among ideologies. 0 Feminist Cultural Studies – patriarchy as the source of gender oppression.
  • 17. Poststructuralism 0 They opposed the idea that language structures are just natural forms to be used by individuals as a tool of communication. 0 Their goal was to “deconstruct” language in order to show that language can be understood, used, and constructed in a limitless number of ways. 0 Michel Foucault: “language creates the person”. The discourse of our age will shape who we are and how we think.
  • 18. Postcolonialism 0 This scholars are devoted to understanding Eurocentrism, imperialism, and the processes of colonization and decolonization – all of the ways in which the colonial experience can be understood as an ideology of domination. 0 Neo-colonialism 0 Postcolonialism – domination, ideology, and power through globalization.