1. Hormones, The Perfect Storm?
For Storming the Soccer Field!
“Soccer is like a stor m, you just got to get through it and weather it the best
you can” –Coach Green
· The Endocrine and Nervous system both function to achieve and maintain stability of the
internal environment. In relation to soccer, the coaches are always there to keep the internal structure of
the team functioning and to keep morale up.
· The method in which the endocrine system undergoes its function is by means of chemical
messengers sent to specific cells. In relation to soccer, the coaches send messages to the players by
means of hand signs.
Hormones:
-Structure: To classify ho rmones use their chemical structure. They can be classified simply as
Steroid or Nonsteroid.
-Function: Hormones can be identified as tropic hormones, sex hormones, anabolic hormones,
and many other functional names.
Function, Location, and Structures:
The Soccer Players
Pituitary Gland-
· Function-Crucial are the functions of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that, years
ago, it was referred to as the “master gland”
· Location- located within the skull on the ventral surf ace of the brain, it lies in the “pituitary
fossa” of the sella turcica and is covered by a portion of the dura matter called the pituitary
diaphragm.
· Structure-a small structure. It measures only 1.2 to 1.5 cm (about ½ ) inch, across. By weight
it is even less impressive - only about 0.5 g (1/60 ounce)
Pineal Gland-
· Structure- a tiny (1 cm or about 3/8 in) pine cone - shaped structure.
· Location- located on the dorsal aspect of the brain’s diencephalon region.
2. · Function- acts as a part of the nervous system ( it receives visual nerve stimuli) and as a
part of the endocrine system (it secretes a hormone)
Thyroid Gland-
· Structure- the weight of the gland in the adult is variable, but it’s around 30 g (1 oz)
· Location- in the neck , on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea, just below the
larynx
· Hormone- has two different hormones. The most abundant TH is “tetraiodothyronine”(T4) or
“thyroxine” (T3) The other is call ed “triiodothyronine”. The T4 contains four iodine atoms, and
one molecule of T3 contains three iodine atoms
Parathyroid Glands-
· Structure- there are usually four or five “parathyroid glands” embedded in the posterior
surface of the thyroid’s lat eral lobes.
· Hormone- PTH is and antagonist to calcitonin and so helps maintain calcium homeostasis.
· Location- within thyroid tissue formed by compact, irregular rows of cells
· Function- Maintain of calcium homeostasis, achieved through the interaction of the PTH and
calcitonin, is very important for healthy survival.
Adrenal gland-
· Functions: adrenal cortex parasympathetic controls diet, adrenal medulla sympathetic,
“fight or flight”.
· Located atop the kidneys.
· Hormones: aldosterone, cortisol, adrenal androgens, adrenal estrogens, epinephrine,
norepinephrine.
Pancreatic Islets-
· Function: hormone producing areas in the pancreas.
· Structure: About 2% or 3% of total mass of the pancrea s, surrounded by cells called acini.
· Hormones: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
Gonads- primary sex organs
· testes-
o structure: pair of organs within a sac of skin that hangs from the groin area of the trunk
o Function: responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and for
sperm production
3. · ovaries-
o structure: set of paired glands in the pelvis, produce several types of sex hormones
o Function: produce hormones that de velop and maintain female sexual characteristics and
maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy.
o Hormones: testosterone, estrogens, progesterone
Placenta-
o Structure: is the tissue that forms on the lining of the uterus as an interface between the
circulatory systems of the mother and developing child
o Function: stimulates development and hormone secretion by maternal ovarian tissues.
Hormone: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
1. Thymus
· Location: Mediastinum, just beneath the sternum
· Hormones produced: thymosin, thymopoietin (largely responsible for endocrine activity)
· Function: Two families of peptides that, together, are have a vital role in development of the
immune system. Thought to simulate the production of specialized lymphocytes, T cells, involved
in immune responses
2. Gastric and intestinal mucosa : Holding your nerves on the F ield
· Location: mucous in the lining of the gastro intestinal (GI) tract
· Hormones produced: gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK)
· Function: regulatory roles in coordinating the secretory and motor activities involved in
the digestion process
3. Heart of a Futbol Champ
• Location: the mediastinum
• Hormones produced: atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), secreted in the upper chamber of the
heart. Can also be known as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), atrial natriuretic peptide, or simply
atrial peptide.
• Function: Atrial cells increase their secretion of ANH in response to an increase in the stretch
of the atrial wall caused by abnormally high blood volume or blood pressure. The primary effect
of ANH is to oppose increases in blood volume or blood pressure ANH is an antago nist to ADH and
aldosterone.
5. Pancreatic Islets
Glucagon Pancreatic islets (alpha [a] cells or A cells)
Insulin Pancreatic islets (beta [b] cells or B cells)
Somatostain Pancreatis islets (delta [d] cells or D cells)
Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic islets (pancreatic polypeptide [PP] o
Target Principal Action
Adenohypophysis (somatotrophs) Stimulates secretion (release) of growth hormone
Adenohypophysis (somatotrophs) Inhibits secretion of growth hormone
Adenohypophysis (corticotrophs) Stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Adenohypophysis (thyrotrophs) Stimulates release of thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH)
Adenohypophysis (gonadotrophs) Stimulates release of gonadotrophins (FSH and LH)
Adenohypophysis (corticotrophs) Stimulates secretion of prolactin
Adenohypophysis (corticotrophs) Inhibits secretion of prolactin
General Promotes growth by stimulating protein anabolism and fat motab
Mammary glands (alveolar secretory cells) Promotes milk secretion
Thyroid gland Stimulates development and secretion in the thyroid gland
Adrenal cortex Promotes development and secretion in the adrenal cortex
Gonads (primary sex organs) Female: promotes development of ovarian follicle; simulates estro
Male: promotes development of testies; stimulates sperm product
Gonads Female: triggers ovulation; promotes development of corpus luteu
Male: stimulates production of testosterone
Kidney Promotes water retention by kidney tubules
Uterus and mammary glands Stimulates uterine contractions; stimulates ejection of milk into ma
General Increases rate of metabalolism
General Increases rate of metabalolism (usually converted to T₃ first)
Bone tissue Increases calcium storage in the bone, lowering blood Caᶧᶧ levels
Bone tissue and kidney Increases calcium removal from storage in bone and produces th
Kidney Stimulates kidney tubules to conserve sodium, which triggers the r
General Influences metabolism of food molecules; in large amounts
Sex organs, other effectors Exact role uncertain, but may support sexual function
Sex organs Thought to be physiologically insignificant
Sympathetic effectors Enhances and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic division of
Sympathetic effectors Enhances and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic division of
General Promotes movement of glucose from storage and into the blood
