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NutritionNutrition
• Process by which organisms obtain and
use the nutrients required for maintaining
life
Modes of nutritionModes of nutrition
• Ways of obtaining and using nutrients
Nutrition
Autotrophic
nutrition
Heterotrophic
nutrition
Holozoic
nutrition
Saprophytic
nutrition
Parasitic
nutrition
Autotrophic nutritionAutotrophic nutrition
• make their own food (complex
organic substances) using
simple inorganic substances
– the organism  autotrophs
• e.g. Green plants
– by photosynthesis
Heterotrophic nutritionHeterotrophic nutrition
• depends on other organisms or dead
organic matters as their food sources
– the organism  Heterotrophs
• Cannot make their own food and obtain
their food in organic form
Holozoic nutritionHolozoic nutrition
• Organisms take in solid organic food from
ingesting other living organisms
• Food needs to be broken down into small
molecules (i.e. digested)
before they can be absorbed
and used by the organisms
Types of animalsTypes of animals
taking holozoictaking holozoic
nutritionnutrition
• Herbivores
– Feed on plants only
• Carnivores
– Feed on animals only
• Omnivores
– Feed on both plants and
animals
Saprophytic nutritionSaprophytic nutrition
(Saprophytism)(Saprophytism)
• Organisms feed on dead organisms or non-
living organic matter
– Saprophytes
(e.g. fungi, bacteria)
How a saprophyteHow a saprophyte
obtains its nutrients?obtains its nutrients?
Example : Mucor & Rhizopus (bread mould)
• Hyphae release
digestive enzyme into
the bread
• Enzymes digest
complex organic
molecules in bread
into simple, soluble
molecules
(extracellular
digestion )
• Digested products are
absorbed by hyphae
Mass of hyphae =
mycelium
Sporangium : produces
spores for reproduction
Importance of saprophytesImportance of saprophytes
• As decomposers
–Allow essential materials (e.g. C, N)
to be recycled in the ecosystem
Complex organic
substances
Simple soluble
compounds
Enzyme from
saprophytes
To observe Mucor
Why is it necessary to leave the moist bread
uncovered for 30 minutes ?
Ans: Because the spore of Mucor are carried by
air current. They can drop onto the bread
and then germinate.
What are the thread-like structures growing on the
surface of the bread ?
Ans: The thread-like structures are used for feeding.
They are called hyphae which can produce
enzymes for digesting the organic food.
Parasitic nutritionParasitic nutrition
(Parasitism)(Parasitism)
• Organisms (parasite) obtain organic
compounds from another living
organism of a different species (host)
–Parasite is benefited
–Host is harmed
How a tapewormHow a tapeworm
obtains its nutrient?obtains its nutrient?
• Live inside the small intestine of human
• Food in small intestine is already digested
∴Can be absorbed
directly through
the body wall of
tapeworm by
diffusion
Structural adaptationsStructural adaptations
of tapewormof tapeworm
• Head bears hooks and
suckers
– To attach itself to the
intestinal wall of the host
∴Prevent being egested by
peristalsis of intestine
Structural adaptations ofStructural adaptations of
tapewormtapeworm
• Long, flattened body
– To increase the surface area for more
absorption of digested food by diffusion
•Body covered by cuticle & secretes anti-enzyme
–To protect itself from the attack of digestive
enzymes from the host
•Each host can only house one tapeworm
because it is too long.
-To reproduce by having both male and female
reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)
Parasitic nutritionParasitic nutrition
(Parasitism)(Parasitism)
• Lose weight & become weaker
• Parasite produces toxic compounds  harm the
host
• May block the ileum
• Difficult movement of food along the intestine
• Hooks & suckers damage host’s intestinal wall
Effect on Host:
To observe a Tapeworm
Does the tapeworm have a
mouth ?
Ans: The tapeworm does not
have a mouth.
Does the tapeworm have a
digestive tract ? Why ?
Ans: No. It is not necessary for a
tapeworm to digest food
because it obtains food
directly from its host’s
ileum by diffusion.
~~ ENDEND ~~

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06 nutrition in_organisms__ar

  • 1.
  • 2. NutritionNutrition • Process by which organisms obtain and use the nutrients required for maintaining life
  • 3. Modes of nutritionModes of nutrition • Ways of obtaining and using nutrients Nutrition Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition Holozoic nutrition Saprophytic nutrition Parasitic nutrition
  • 4. Autotrophic nutritionAutotrophic nutrition • make their own food (complex organic substances) using simple inorganic substances – the organism  autotrophs • e.g. Green plants – by photosynthesis
  • 5. Heterotrophic nutritionHeterotrophic nutrition • depends on other organisms or dead organic matters as their food sources – the organism  Heterotrophs • Cannot make their own food and obtain their food in organic form
  • 6. Holozoic nutritionHolozoic nutrition • Organisms take in solid organic food from ingesting other living organisms • Food needs to be broken down into small molecules (i.e. digested) before they can be absorbed and used by the organisms
  • 7. Types of animalsTypes of animals taking holozoictaking holozoic nutritionnutrition • Herbivores – Feed on plants only • Carnivores – Feed on animals only • Omnivores – Feed on both plants and animals
  • 8. Saprophytic nutritionSaprophytic nutrition (Saprophytism)(Saprophytism) • Organisms feed on dead organisms or non- living organic matter – Saprophytes (e.g. fungi, bacteria)
  • 9. How a saprophyteHow a saprophyte obtains its nutrients?obtains its nutrients? Example : Mucor & Rhizopus (bread mould) • Hyphae release digestive enzyme into the bread • Enzymes digest complex organic molecules in bread into simple, soluble molecules (extracellular digestion ) • Digested products are absorbed by hyphae Mass of hyphae = mycelium Sporangium : produces spores for reproduction
  • 10. Importance of saprophytesImportance of saprophytes • As decomposers –Allow essential materials (e.g. C, N) to be recycled in the ecosystem Complex organic substances Simple soluble compounds Enzyme from saprophytes
  • 12. Why is it necessary to leave the moist bread uncovered for 30 minutes ? Ans: Because the spore of Mucor are carried by air current. They can drop onto the bread and then germinate.
  • 13. What are the thread-like structures growing on the surface of the bread ? Ans: The thread-like structures are used for feeding. They are called hyphae which can produce enzymes for digesting the organic food.
  • 14. Parasitic nutritionParasitic nutrition (Parasitism)(Parasitism) • Organisms (parasite) obtain organic compounds from another living organism of a different species (host) –Parasite is benefited –Host is harmed
  • 15. How a tapewormHow a tapeworm obtains its nutrient?obtains its nutrient? • Live inside the small intestine of human • Food in small intestine is already digested ∴Can be absorbed directly through the body wall of tapeworm by diffusion
  • 16. Structural adaptationsStructural adaptations of tapewormof tapeworm • Head bears hooks and suckers – To attach itself to the intestinal wall of the host ∴Prevent being egested by peristalsis of intestine
  • 17. Structural adaptations ofStructural adaptations of tapewormtapeworm • Long, flattened body – To increase the surface area for more absorption of digested food by diffusion
  • 18. •Body covered by cuticle & secretes anti-enzyme –To protect itself from the attack of digestive enzymes from the host •Each host can only house one tapeworm because it is too long. -To reproduce by having both male and female reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)
  • 19. Parasitic nutritionParasitic nutrition (Parasitism)(Parasitism) • Lose weight & become weaker • Parasite produces toxic compounds  harm the host • May block the ileum • Difficult movement of food along the intestine • Hooks & suckers damage host’s intestinal wall Effect on Host:
  • 20. To observe a Tapeworm
  • 21. Does the tapeworm have a mouth ? Ans: The tapeworm does not have a mouth.
  • 22. Does the tapeworm have a digestive tract ? Why ? Ans: No. It is not necessary for a tapeworm to digest food because it obtains food directly from its host’s ileum by diffusion.