1. Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
Suez CanalSuez Canal
World War IWorld War I
The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

2. Lesson ObjectivesLesson Objectives
You will learn:You will learn:
The Industrial Revolution and its impact onThe Industrial Revolution and its impact on
SingaporeSingapore
The opening of the Suez Canal and itsThe opening of the Suez Canal and its
impact on Singaporeimpact on Singapore

3. A New Chapter in the History of Man!!!A New Chapter in the History of Man!!!
 The Industrial Revolution may be definedThe Industrial Revolution may be defined
as the application of power-drivenas the application of power-driven
machinery to manufacturing.machinery to manufacturing.
 Britain in the 18Britain in the 18thth
CenturyCentury
 Invention of new machines:Invention of new machines: SpinningSpinning
JennyJenny (spinning machine)(spinning machine)
 New sources of power:New sources of power: Steam EngineSteam Engine
using coalusing coal
Sources : http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/industrialrev.html
http://www.bergen.org/technology/indust1.html

4. Key Question
• What were the effects of the
Industrial Revolution (IR) on
Singapore?

5. EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE
The Invention of the SteamshipThe Invention of the Steamship
- How did this benefit Singapore?How did this benefit Singapore?
Ponder these:
1) Did more people come to the region?
2) If yes, who came?
3) If they came, the main reason why they
came was to…
a) Find spouses
b) To socialize with the locals
c) Do business

6. EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE
Increase in Singapore’s TradeIncrease in Singapore’s Trade
 More Europeans sailed to the Asia –More Europeans sailed to the Asia –
why?why?
-- ships stopping at Singapore increased ->ships stopping at Singapore increased ->
trade increasedtrade increased
 Important port-of-call in the regionImportant port-of-call in the region
-- for steamships to refuel and obtain foodfor steamships to refuel and obtain food
suppliessupplies
- collection of goods from the East +- collection of goods from the East +
distribution of manufactured goods from thedistribution of manufactured goods from the
WestWest

7. EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE
Improvements in CommunicationsImprovements in Communications
Before: 4 – 5 monthsBefore: 4 – 5 months
1860s: 5 weeks1860s: 5 weeks
-> Improvement in speed of communications =-> Improvement in speed of communications =
Singapore was brought into closer contactSingapore was brought into closer contact
with Britain and the rest of the worldwith Britain and the rest of the world
Now: a few seconds (via email)Now: a few seconds (via email)

8. OPENING OF THE SUEZOPENING OF THE SUEZ
CANALCANAL

9. Man-made waterway linking theMan-made waterway linking the
Mediterranean Sea and Red SeaMediterranean Sea and Red Sea
Suez route much shorter than Cape routeSuez route much shorter than Cape route
(sea route around Cape of Good Hope)(sea route around Cape of Good Hope)
Opened in 1869, the Suez Canal soonOpened in 1869, the Suez Canal soon
becamebecame one of the busiest waterwaysone of the busiest waterways inin
the worldthe world
OPENING OF THE SUEZOPENING OF THE SUEZ
CANALCANAL

10. Suez CanalSuez Canal
Today: canal averagesToday: canal averages
about 8% of the worldabout 8% of the world
shipping trafficshipping traffic
Advantages of the Suez CanalAdvantages of the Suez Canal
- Compared with otherCompared with other
waterways, the percentagewaterways, the percentage
of accidents is almost nilof accidents is almost nil
- Navigation goes by day andNavigation goes by day and
nightnight
Suez Canal, seen from Earth orbit, courtesy of NASA

11. Key QuestionKey Question
►How did the opening of SuezHow did the opening of Suez
Canal result in a big increaseCanal result in a big increase
in Singapore’s trade?in Singapore’s trade?
“But the Suez Canal
is so far away from
Singapore, isn’t it?”

12. EFFECTS ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS ON SINGAPORE
1) Increase in Trade1) Increase in Trade

Shortened distance -> traveling time reducedShortened distance -> traveling time reduced
-> shipping cost reduced-> shipping cost reduced

More ships passing through the Straits of MalaccaMore ships passing through the Straits of Malacca
to refuel and collect food suppliesto refuel and collect food supplies
->-> Increased the importance of SingaporeIncreased the importance of Singapore
as a trading centre and as a port-of-callas a trading centre and as a port-of-call

13. EFFECTS ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS ON SINGAPORE
2) Improvements in Port Facilities:2) Improvements in Port Facilities:
Problems with the Old Harbour due toProblems with the Old Harbour due to
several reasons:several reasons:
Expansion of Singapore’s trade + arrival ofExpansion of Singapore’s trade + arrival of
more steamshipsmore steamships
->-> OvercrowdedOvercrowded – lacked port facilities to cope– lacked port facilities to cope
with increased trade activitieswith increased trade activities
->-> Boat Quay at the Old Harbour wasBoat Quay at the Old Harbour was shallowshallow
and smalland small

14. EFFECTS ON SINGAPOREEFFECTS ON SINGAPORE
Solution?Solution?
-- New HarbourNew Harbour (deep and sheltered harbour)(deep and sheltered harbour)
- Renamed Keppel Harbour in 1900- Renamed Keppel Harbour in 1900
- Could accommodate steamships and large sailing ships- Could accommodate steamships and large sailing ships
(could sail right up to the shore without scraping the(could sail right up to the shore without scraping the
bottom of the sea)bottom of the sea)
-- New wharves, docks, storehouses and machine shopsNew wharves, docks, storehouses and machine shops
were builtwere built
- Modern machineryModern machinery were used for loading and unloadingwere used for loading and unloading
goods.goods.
Therefore increased efficiency of port and enhanceTherefore increased efficiency of port and enhance
Singapore’s reputationSingapore’s reputation

15. Key QuestionKey Question
►How did World War I affectHow did World War I affect
Singapore when the war wasSingapore when the war was
fought mainly by Europeanfought mainly by European
countries in the West?countries in the West?

16. WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I::
some underlying causessome underlying causes
Competition for coloniesCompetition for colonies
Arms and naval raceArms and naval race
Alliances among the great poweAlliances among the great powe
These underlying causes
are like the gunpowder
inside the bomb, ready
to explode.

17. Acquire colonies to:Acquire colonies to:

further national securityfurther national security

enhance national prestigeenhance national prestige

obtain raw materialsobtain raw materials

gain access to markets for manufacturedgain access to markets for manufactured
goodsgoods
Competition for ColoniesCompetition for Colonies

18. Britain and
France already
in control of
most of Africa
and Asia
Very little left
for Germany
Competition for
colonies
BackBack

19. Germany
Arms and Naval Race
Germany’s ambition to expand army and
navy to rival its enemies
Kaiser Wilhelm II in an interview published in the British newspaper The
Daily Telegraph in November 1908
“Germany is a young and growing empire. She takes part in trade that is rapidly
expanding. Germany must have a powerful fleet to protect that trade. She must
be able to fight for her interests in any part of the world. Only those powers
that have great navies will be listened to with respect.”

20. Britain
Russia
France
Arms and Naval Race
Britain, France and Russia felt the threatBritain, France and Russia felt the threat
posed by an ambitious Germanyposed by an ambitious Germany
Also increased army and navy to maintainAlso increased army and navy to maintain
balance of military powerbalance of military power
The race is on!The race is on!
BackBack

21. Alliances among the Great PowersAlliances among the Great Powers
Allied Powers
• Britain
• France
• Russia
• Italy (joined after May 1915)
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
versus

22. Alliances among the Great PowersAlliances among the Great Powers
The great powers formed alliances for protection againstThe great powers formed alliances for protection against
enemiesenemies
But these alliances meant that a war between twoBut these alliances meant that a war between two
countries would soon involve their allies and become acountries would soon involve their allies and become a
bigger conflictbigger conflict

23. WORLD WAR I:WORLD WAR I:
the immediate causethe immediate cause
The spark that caused the
bomb to explode was when the
Archduke of Austria-Hungary
was MURDERED!

24. WORLD WAR I:WORLD WAR I:
the immediate causethe immediate cause
The Assassin
from Serbia -
Princip
The Victims – Archduke of
Austria-Hungary, Franz
Ferdinand, and his wife

25. World War I began!World War I began!

26. WORLD WAR I:WORLD WAR I:
Effects on SingaporeEffects on Singapore

Rush forRush for

Controls on imports and exportsControls on imports and exports

Trade threatened by theTrade threatened by the EmdenEmden

Sepoy Mutiny of 1915Sepoy Mutiny of 1915
Mission:
Attack British
trading ships
in the Indian
Ocean.
Leave S’pore
alone.
Mission:
Attack British
trading ships
in the Indian
Ocean.
Leave S’pore
alone.

27. British ordered the sepoy (Indian) regimentBritish ordered the sepoy (Indian) regiment
stationed in Singapore to depart for HK wherestationed in Singapore to depart for HK where
they might be neededthey might be needed
Rumour that the sepoys would be sent toRumour that the sepoys would be sent to
Turkey to fight against the Muslims thereTurkey to fight against the Muslims there
Mutiny (rebellion against the British) started onMutiny (rebellion against the British) started on
15 February 1915 - eve of their departure15 February 1915 - eve of their departure
- roamed the town, killing any Europeans- roamed the town, killing any Europeans
they sawthey saw
WORLD WAR I:WORLD WAR I:
Effects on SingaporeEffects on Singapore

28. Plaque found in St Andrew’s Cathedral

30. THE GREAT DEPRESSIONTHE GREAT DEPRESSION
The Great Depression took place fromThe Great Depression took place from
1930 to 1939, starting with the US and1930 to 1939, starting with the US and
spreading to the rest of the worldspreading to the rest of the world
Period of very bad business conditionsPeriod of very bad business conditions
Many factories, shops, banks had toMany factories, shops, banks had to
close down.close down.

31. THE GREAT DEPRESSIONTHE GREAT DEPRESSION

32. Christmas dinner in the home of Earl Pauley near Smithland, Iowa.
http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blygd50.htm

33. EFFECTS OF GREATEFFECTS OF GREAT
DEPRESSION ON SINGAPOREDEPRESSION ON SINGAPORE
Decrease in trade and business

America and Europe were the biggest buyers of
tin and rubber

Businesses trading in these commodities were
badly affected; some closed down while others
retrenched workers or gave pay cuts

34. EFFECTS OF GREAT DEPRESSIONEFFECTS OF GREAT DEPRESSION
ON SINGAPOREON SINGAPORE
Unemployment and hardship

By 1931, one-third of the population
was unemployed

Workers had to take pay cuts

35. EFFECTS OF GREEFFECTS OF GREATAT
DEPRESSION ON SINGAPOREDEPRESSION ON SINGAPORE
Government’s response

Passed a law in 1930 to restrict and
reduce the number of immigrants
coming to Singapore

Arranged for large numbers of
unemployed Indians and Chinese to
return to homeland

36. External Events that AffectedExternal Events that Affected
SingaporeSingapore
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution
Opening of Suez CanalOpening of Suez Canal
World War OneWorld War One
The Great DepressionThe Great Depression
These events show us that countriesThese events show us that countries
are interdependentare interdependent
Singapore was and still is affected bySingapore was and still is affected by
events that happen outside the countryevents that happen outside the country