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By: Esther P., Namroo A., Kristin N.,
             and Will C.
   Signal Pathways lead to the synthesis of
    enzymes or proteins, not to activity.
   Three stages of responses:
       Signal Reception.
       Signal Transduction.
       Signal Response.
       (Page 213)
   Enzyme amplification signal.

   Each step gradually increase as steps get
    higher.

   Amplification effect stems.

   The result of amplification.
11.4
   Each cell has variety of responses to a signal.
   Different Proteins.
   Cross paths.
   Different Receptors.
   These pathways used to be thought
    independent, and linear ones.
   However, we now realize that things aren’t so
    simple; therefore, we also now have a better
    understanding of the processes of cellular
    communication.
   (See figure 11.5)
   Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling
    pathways.
   They interact or bind with multiple members of a signaling
    pathway.
   They regulate signal transduction and help localize pathway
    components to specific areas of the cell (ex. Plasma membrane,
    cytoplasm, etc..)
   Example: Researchers are now finding scaffolding proteins that
    permanently hold together networks of signaling-pathway
    proteins at synapses.
   Why is this important?
   This “hardwiring”, per say, enhances the speed and accuracy of
    signal transfer between cells.
   *RECALL that when a signal is relayed along a pathway, only
    certain information is passed on.
    The time to remain alert is a short time.

    The there must be a reversibility to the changes
     that signals produce.

    When signal molecules leave the receptor it
    reverts to its inactive form.

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11.4

  • 1. By: Esther P., Namroo A., Kristin N., and Will C.
  • 2. Signal Pathways lead to the synthesis of enzymes or proteins, not to activity.  Three stages of responses:  Signal Reception.  Signal Transduction.  Signal Response.  (Page 213)
  • 3. Enzyme amplification signal.  Each step gradually increase as steps get higher.  Amplification effect stems.  The result of amplification.
  • 5. Each cell has variety of responses to a signal.  Different Proteins.  Cross paths.  Different Receptors.
  • 6. These pathways used to be thought independent, and linear ones.  However, we now realize that things aren’t so simple; therefore, we also now have a better understanding of the processes of cellular communication.  (See figure 11.5)
  • 7. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways.  They interact or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway.  They regulate signal transduction and help localize pathway components to specific areas of the cell (ex. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, etc..)  Example: Researchers are now finding scaffolding proteins that permanently hold together networks of signaling-pathway proteins at synapses.  Why is this important?  This “hardwiring”, per say, enhances the speed and accuracy of signal transfer between cells.  *RECALL that when a signal is relayed along a pathway, only certain information is passed on.
  • 8. The time to remain alert is a short time.  The there must be a reversibility to the changes that signals produce.  When signal molecules leave the receptor it reverts to its inactive form.