1. Climate Change from Forest to Corals Group: Javier A. Montenegro G. Aaron Ouchi OktiyasMuzakyLuthfi MdKamruzzaman University of the Ryukyus 2011

2. Climate Change Definition: Changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases (water vapor, CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs), that trap infrared radiation from the Earth's surface and cause the greenhouse effect. This effect is natural and helps to stabilize the climate on earth. Why? Consequences: Anthropogenic: - Fossil fuel combustion - Deforestation - Industrial processes Natural: - Plate tectonics - Volcanism - Ocean variability Large Scale: - Orbital variations - Solar output Capture Infrared Rad. Precipitation Patterns Air Temperature Sea Level Glacial Melting

4. CO2 stored in forest ecosystems is calculated in 4,500gigatons.

5. > World Remaining Oil Stocks.

7. Produce 15% of CO2 emission.

10. Increase in calcification on the reefHowever, the pH is also lowered which causes dissolution of CaCO3. Image source: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~sanpisa/OceanSed%20project/factorscontrolcarbonate.htm

12. Over 31˚C, calcification rate is greatly reduced and can eventually be overtaken by dissolution (Fujimura et al. 2008)H. Fujimura et al. / J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 70 (2008) 865–872

13. Climate Change vs. Coral Bleaching Definition: - The loss of color, arising from the partial to total elimination of the zooxanthellaepopulation or degradation of algal pigments. Why? Mechanisms: - Damage of Photosynthesisof zooxanthellae - Toxin  V. shiloi - Changes in proteins phosphorylation - Necrotic and Apoptotic pathway Stressors: - Elevated Temperature - Elevated Irradiance - Prolonged Darkness - Heavy Metals (Cu, Cd) - Pathogens (Vibrio shiloi) Symptoms: - Lost of Color. - Lost of zooxanthellae 70 - 90%

14. What we can do? Social – Economical Importance http://coris.noaa.gov/activities/reef_managers_guide/

15. What Corals Are Doing? Bleach Adaptive Hypothesis “When environmental circumstances change, the loss of one or more kinds of zooxanthellaeis followed by formation of a new symbiotic consortium that are more suited survive in the new conditions.” Evidence (Kinzie III et al, 2001): New symbionts can be acquired when the alga concentrations are very low. Different Strains of Zooxanthellae exhibit different responses to temperature. Bleached Adults can acquire symbionts from the water column. Coral resistance to Vibrio shiloiinfection. Oculinapatagonica: Collected Before 2003 Collected After 2003

17. Summary The climatic change is a natural process that affects all the ecosystems in different ways. It is due to the direct influence of increased greenhouse gasses (CO2). GHG [CO2]

18. Thanks Gracias Terimakasih Mahalo