Presentation on the application of ozone in drinking water focusing on technological improvements.

1. Ozone Drinking Water Treatment
Applications and Operational
Improvements
I t
Ohio Section
AWWA
18 September 2008
Anthony Sacco
Spartan Environmental Technologies, LLC
&
Paul Overbeck
International Ozone Association

4. • Providing Multiple Benefits
OZONE – Oxidation
• TOC
• Fe/Mn
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Taste & Odor
• Color
• CL2-DBPs
• EDC
– Disinfection
s ect o
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Parasites
– Flocc lation
Flocculation
• Less Chemical Coagulant
• Lower solids Handling
• Lower Turbidity &
Particles
• Longer Run time
• Less Backwashing
Photo Courtesy of SNWA

5. Microbial Toolbox
Watershed Inactivation
Demonstration
Control of Performance
UV Light
Program
g Improved
Treatment
Ozone
Alternative
Pre-treatment
Source Lower finished
Chlorine
Pre-sedimentation water t bidit
t turbidity
dioxide
basin Intake
Membranes
relocation
River bank
Bag and
filtration Manage timing
cartridge filters
or level of
withdrawal
Slow sand
filters

6. Ozone destroys bacteria, viruses,
y , ,
cysts and parasites

8. Bacteria Inactivation
by Ozone
CT = residual concentration (mg/L) x time (min)
E. coli 0.02 - 0.06 mg-min/L = CT (2-log)AWWA
Streptococcus faecalis 0.01 - 0.025 mg-min/L = CT (2-log)AWWA
Legionella pneumophila 0.3 - 1.1 mg-min/L = CT (2-log)AWWA
Total Coliform 0.19
0 19 mg-min/L = CT (6-log) LAAFP
HPC 0.19 mg-min/L = CT (3-log) LAAFP

9. Ct Values (mg x min./L) For 99.9 %
Inactivation of Giardia and 99.99%Virus
Data for 5°C
Free Chlorine Chloramine Chlorine Dioxide Ozone
( pH 6 to 7 ) ( pH 8 to 9 ) ( pH 6 to 7 ) ( pH 6 to 7 )
Giardia 122 2200 26.0 1.9
Virus 8 1988 33.4 1.2
Taken from: “Optimizing Water Treatment Plant Performance Using
Composite Correction Program.” prepared by Process Applications, Inc.,
for the U.S. EPA, Office of Drinking Water, Cincinnati, Ohio.

10. US EPA CT Values
for i
f Virus Inactivation
ii
by Ozone
Temperature °C
Inactivation
ii <1 5 10 15 20 25
2-log
g 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.25 0.15
3-log 1.4 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.25
4-log 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.3

12. Drinking Water
Regulatory Backdrop
Longstanding Dilemma
Microbial Risk
R
DBP Risk
Gov ment
st
vernm
nteres
M
In
Level of Chemical Disinfection

13. Disinfection By-Products
Chlorine Ozone
-Trihalomethanes
Trihalomethanes -Bromate
Bromate
(THM) -Assimilable
-Haloacetic Acids
Hl i A id Organic Carbon
(THAA5) (AOC)
-Bromate

14. How does ozone/biofiltration work?
Synergy between
ozone and biofiltration
NOM
O3 Breaks macro
Results in molecular NOM and
TOC/COD/BOD many SOC to
reduction biodegradable OM
Organics
O i NOM
HO• break SOC
Biofilter
TO biodegradable OM
bi d d bl
Increases microbial
growth i filters
th in filt

15. By Product
By-Product Formation – THM/HAA
Pre- and Postchlorination Ozonation & Postchlorination
80
70
Concentration (ppb)
60
n
50
TTHM
40
HAA5
30
20
C
10
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Courtesy of Gwinnett County, Georgia

16. Dramatic disinfection-by-product reductions
D ti di i f ti b d t d ti
120
100
RAA MCL
80
A v e ra g e (u g / L )
60
40
20
0
Q 3-0 4 Q 4-0 4 Q 1-0 5 Q 2-05 Q 3-05 Q 4 -05 Q 1 -06 Q 2 -06 Q 3-06
Q tr ly T T H M A v g R u n n in g A n n u a l A v g
MWRA

17. Summary
Bromate Formation Control
• Chemical Addition Options
– Chlorine
– Ammonia
– Alkalinity
– Organic Matter
– pH Adjustment
• Temperature Control
• Lower O3 Applied Dose & Reaction Time
i i i

18. For
rmation Pote
ential (BrO3 µg/L)
Ct
B. Daw, et.al. 2001

19. Microflocculation
• Improved Floc/Clarification & Filtration
• TOC Reduction
• Dosage Influenced by pH, TOC
• Extends Filter Runs
E d Fil R
• Reduces Solid Handling

20. Microflocculation

21. Organic Color Reduction

22. Taste & Odor
• Oxidation
– Ozone Alone
– Advanced Oxidation Processes
• Algal Sources
– methyl isoborneal (MIB)
–GGeosmin
i
• Other Organic Matter

23. Use of Ozone for Taste and Odor Control has
been Successful:
Tastes great, less chlorine
May 14, 1994
Ozone treatment makes water
safer, taste better
July 25, 1995

24. Water Treatment Performance
Emerging Contaminants
EDC Removal
<50% 50-59% 60-69% 70-79% 80-89% 90-99%
Monylphenol Acenaphtylene Trimethoprim Diazepam
Atrazine Meprobromate
BHC Phenolythrene Acetaminophen Oxybenzone
Naphtalene Iopromide
Anthracene Caffeine Progesterone
Musk Ketone Heptachlor Aldrine
Galaxolide Erythromyein-H2O Ethynylestradin
Dieldrin DDE
Sulfamethozazone Testroterone
Endrin Metolachlorine
Andeostenedione
Benzo (a)
() Fluoxetine
pyrene
Chrysene Pentoxifylline Naproxen
Methoxychlor Ibuprofen
Pilantin
Carbcamazepine Diclofenae
Triclosan
DEET
Gernfibrozil
Fluorene
Pyrene Octylphenol
Fluoraythene
Courtesy of SNWA

25. Components of an Ozone System
Ozone Generation
O G ti
Feed-Gas Supply Options (Select 1)
Power Supply Unit
Air
Moisture Removal
System
O2
CRYO O2 System
Ambient
Flow
Fl
Air O2
PSA O2 System
Meter O3 %wt
Supply
O2
VPSA O2 System
O2
Purchased LOX
Ozone Generator
Flow Control
Valve
Ozone Contacting Options (Select 1) Flow Meter
M
Off-Gas Blower
Bubble Injection
Diffuser Ozone
O3 Destruct
Ozone
O Contactor
Ctt
Contactor

26. Important Advancements in Ozone
System Design and Operation
• Lowered capital and O&M cost by switching to
oxygen feed-gas (LOX and VPSA) and
yg g( )
improvements in ozone generator design
• Developed/implemented robust p
p p process
monitoring and control
• Improved fine bubble diffusion & side stream
dissolution

27. From Air to Oxygen: Pre 1987,
Pre-1987
1987 to 1993 and Post 1993
kWh/kg
10
ergy, kWh/lb
Low Frequency Air-fed
Air fed
9
17.6
8
Medium Frequency Air-fed
15.4
7
13.2
6
pecific Ene
5 10.0
8.8
4
Medium Frequency
3 6.6
Medium Frequency
q y High Efficiency 4.4
44
2
Sp
Oxygen-fed Oxygen-fed 2.2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ozone Concentration, %wt

28. Advances from 1987 to 1993
Based on Performance Data
10
9 1987 LAAFP
8
1993 Randall Bold WTP
nergy, kWh/lb
7
6
5
Specific En
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ozone Concentration, %wt
O C t ti %t

29. Advances 1993 to Date also
Date,
Based on Performance Data
10
Plant 10 Supplier A @ 95F
9
Plant 11 Supplier B @ 70F
8
Plant 13 Suppler C @ 66F
Specific Energy, kWh/lb
b
7
+/- 10%
6 1993 Randall Bold WTP
5
E
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ozone Concentration, %wt
O C t ti %t

30. Ozone Equipment is Simplified
Desiccant
Earlier air fed ozone systems
air-fed
Dryer
Air Compressor Refrigerant Dryer Ozone Generator
Less equipment = Lower maintenance, capital cost, and operating cost
Liquid Oxygen Storage & Ambient Vaporizers Ozone Generator
Current oxygen-fed ozone systems

31. Ozone Residual Monitoring has
Improved
• “Indigo Trisulfonate” Standard Method
ozone residual test
• Trustworthy on-line residual analyzers and
robust sampling systems
bt li t
Display Range: 0-200.0 PPB, 0-2.000 PPM or 0-20.00 PPM
Accuracy: ± 0 02 PPM or 0 5% of F S
0.02 0.5% F.S.
Repeatability: ± 0.01 PPM or 0.3% of F.S.
Linearity: 0.1% of F.S.
Zero Drift: < 0.01 PPM per month

32. Las Vegas AMS Water
Vegas,
7 days of hourly data
Treatment Plant
• Water flow varies
from 150 to 550 MGD
twice per day
• Dose target = 1.1
mg/L Range = 1.0 to
1.2
• Gas flow is constant
• Ozone production
range is 1500 to 5500
lb/day
lb/d

33. Controlling Disinfection is the
Performance GOAL (e.g., Giardia)
(e g
MWD Jensen – August 2007
100% of time PR>2 (1-log)
f ti PR 2 (1 l )
1% of time PR>4 (2-log)
Average PR = 3 or 1.5-logs

34. Ozone Dissolution Options
Bubble Diffuser Side Stream
oo
Ozone
oo
oo
oo
oo
G
oo
oo
oo
L
oo
oo
oo
High Efficiency
oo
oo
oo
oo
Venturi Injectors
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
----
Water Flow
For many reasons, the
Historically, the most common
side stream option is
ozone contacting option
gp
becoming more popular
today

35. Fine Bubble Diffuser Material Improvements
One-piece design is formed
Hypalon diffuser gaskets Alternative expanded- of a gas permeable porous
after 2-yr service in a Teflon gaskets that are alumina diffuser ceramic
high-ozone-
high ozone gaining popularity for bonded at high temperature
concentration (8%wt) use in oxygen-fed ozone yielding a corrosion resistant
oxygen-fed applications product. Stainless steel
ozone application components, polymer
gaskets and cements of any
kind have been eliminated.

36. Option 1 - Designed to maximize ozone transfer
within the side stream flow
Gas flow
Fail-close
control High
Shut-off
valve Pressure Ozone
Valve Liquid
FM Switch Destruct
P M M Trap P P P Heater
M
To
s
From Atmosphere
Ozone Pressure
Generators Control
Check Pressure
P Valve Control
P
FM P (Optional)
P
Venturi
Degas
P
Injector
Sidestream Vessel
Pump
Mixing-
Water Flow enhancement
nozzles

37. Option 2 - Designed to utilize ozone contactor
for ozone transfer assistance
Gas flow
Fail-close
control High
Shut-off
valve Pressure
Valve To
FM Liquid Switch
P M Atmosphere
M Trap P P
Heater
M
s
From
Ozone
Generators
G P Destruct
Check
Valve
P P
FM
P
L Venturi
Injector
Sidestream
Pump
Mixing-enhancement
nozzles
Water Flow

38. International Ozone Association
www.io3a.org
Joint IOA & IUVA Conference
04 – 06 M 2009
May
Boston, MA
Anthony Sacco
Spartan Environmental Technologies, LLC
&
Paul Overbeck
International Ozone Association