SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  35
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Chapter 1
Introduction to Psychology




                             1
Chapter 1 Overview
   An introduction to Mastering the World of
    Psychology
   Exploring psychology’s roots
   Schools of thought in psychology
   Descriptive research methods
   The experimental method
   Ethics in psychological research
   Thinking about theories and research
   Psychologists at work                       2
An introduction to Mastering
the World of Psychology
   Students can study the textbook
    effectively by using the SQ3R method




                                           3
How can the SQ3R method
help you study more
effectively?
   The SQ3R method involves five steps
    – Survey
    – Question
    – Read
    – Recite
    – Review
   This provides a systematic approach to
    studying the text, and helps maximize
    learning
                                         4
What process do scientists use to
answer questions about behavior
and mental processes?
   Psychology: The scientific study of
    behavior and mental processes
    – Instead of relying on common sense,
      psychologists use the scientific method
   Psychologists propose and test
    theories to explain behavior and
    mental processes
    – Theory: A general set of principles that
      explains how separate facts are related
                                                 5
What are the goals of
psychology?
   Description
    – Identifying and classifying behaviors and mental
      processes
   Explanation
    – Proposing reasons for behaviors and mental
      processes
   Prediction
    – Offering hypotheses about how a condition or
      set of conditions will affect behavior and mental
      processes
   Influence
    – Using research results to solve practical           6

      problems
What are the goals of
psychology?
   Two types of research are done to
    accomplish psychologists’ four goals
    – Basic research
          Research that seeks new knowledge to
           advance general scientific understanding
    – Applied research
          Research conducted to solve practical
           problems and improve the quality of life

                                                      7
Exploring Psychology’s
Roots
   Psychology’s roots can be traced to
    the beginning of recorded history
   But psychology as a formal academic
    discipline began in the 1800s




                                          8
What did Wundt and Titchener
contribute to psychology?
   Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
    – The “father” of psychology
    – Used introspection to analyze basic elements of
      conscious mental experience
   Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927)
    – Wundt’s student
    – Established a psychological laboratory in the USA
   Structuralism
    – Wundt and Titchener’s school of thought
    – Structuralism was criticized because of its methods
    – But structuralists established psychology as a science
                                                               9
Why is functionalism important
in the history of psychology?
   Functionalism
    – Focused on how humans and animals use mental
      processes in adapting to their environments
    – Broadened the scope of psychology to include
      behavior as well as mental processes
   William James (1842-1910)
    – Functionalism’s most famous proponent
    – Believed that the “stream of consciousness”
      functions to help humans adapt to their
      environment
                                                    10
Schools of Thought in
Psychology
   The major schools of thought in psychology
    today include
    –   Behaviorism
    –   Psychoanalytic psychology
    –   Humanistic psychology
    –   Cognitive psychology
    –   Evolutionary psychology
    –   Biological psychology
    –   The sociocultural approach
                                                 11
How do behaviorists explain
behavior and mental
processes?
   Behaviorists view observable,
    measurable behavior as the only
    appropriate subject matter for
    psychology
   Behaviorism also emphasizes the
    environment as the key determinant of
    behavior

                                        12
What do psychoanalytic
psychologists believe about the role
of the unconscious?
   Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality
    and his therapy for psychological
    disorders is called Psychoanalysis
   According to this theory, an individual’s
    thoughts, feelings, and behavior are
    determined primarily by the
    unconscious

                                            13
According to Maslow and Rogers,
what motivates behavior and
mental processes?
   Humanistic psychology
    – Focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and
      their capacity for choice, growth, and
      psychological health
   Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation
    – The need for self-actualization is the highest
      need in the hierarchy of needs
   Carl Rogers developed client-centered
    therapy
    – An approach in which the client directs a
      discussion on his or her own view of the problem
                                                       14
What is the focus of cognitive
psychology?
   Cognitive psychology focuses on
    mental processes such as memory,
    problem solving, decision making,
    perception, and language
   Information-processing theory
    – An approach within cognitive psychology
      that uses the computer as a model for
      human thinking
                                                15
What is the main idea behind
evolutionary psychology?
   Evolutionary psychology focuses
    on how human behaviors necessary
    for survival have adapted in the face of
    environmental pressures over the
    course of evolution



                                           16
How do biological psychologists
explain individual differences in
behavior and mental processes?
   Biological psychologists look for
    connections between specific
    behaviors (such as aggression) and
    specific biological factors (such as
    hormones) to help explain individual
    differences


                                           17
What kinds of variables interest
psychologists who take a
sociocultural approach?
   The sociocultural approach focuses
    on how factors such as cultural values
    affect behavior
    – Proponents of this approach believe that
      these factors are as important as
      evolutionary and physiological factors in
      affecting behavior and mental processes


                                                  18
What are psychological
perspectives, and how are they
related to an eclectic position?
   Psychological perspectives are
    general points of view used for
    explaining people’s behavior and
    thinking
   Many psychologists take an eclectic
    position, using a combination of
    approaches to explain a particular
    behavior
                                          19
Descriptive Research
Methods
   Methods that yield descriptions of
    behavior
   These methods include
    – Naturalistic and laboratory observation
    – Case study
    – Survey research
    – The correlational method

                                                20
How do psychological researchers
use naturalistic and laboratory
observation?
   Naturalistic observation
    – Observation of behavior in its natural
      setting, without attempting to influence it
   Laboratory observation
    – Studying behavior in a laboratory setting
    – This allows more control and more
      precise measurement of responses

                                                  21
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of the case study?

   Case study
    – Studying a single individual or small number of
      persons in depth
   Advantage
    – Appropriate for studying rare psychological
      disorders or brain damage
   Disadvantages
    – Cannot identify the cause of behavior
    – Potential for bias
    – Results can lack generalizability
                                                        22
How do researchers ensure
that survey results are useful?
   Survey research
    – Uses interviews and/or questionnaires to gather
      information about the attitudes, beliefs, or
      behaviors of a group of people
    – Instead of studying the whole population,
      researchers survey a sample
   To be useful, surveys must involve a
    representative sample
    – A sample that mirrors the population of interest
                                                         23
Why are experimental and
control groups necessary?
   Experimental group
    – The group that is exposed to the independent
      variable
   Control group
    – A group that is exposed to the same
      experimental environment but is not given the
      treatment
   Comparing experimental and control groups
    allows researchers to judge the effects of
    the independent variable compared to
    outcomes that occur naturally
                                                      24
What kinds of factors introduce
bias into experimental studies?
   Placebo effect
    – Response to a treatment caused by a person’s
      expectations, not the treatment itself
   Experimenter bias
    – Occurs when the researcher’s expectations
      influence the experiment’s results
   These effects can be controlled by using the
    double-blind technique
    – In which neither the experimenter nor
      participants know who is in the experimental and
      control groups                                 25
What are the limitations of the
experimental method?
   Experiments are often conducted in
    unnatural settings, limiting the
    generalizability of the results
   This method may also be unethical or
    impossible to use for some research



                                           26
Ethics in Psychological
Research
   Researchers are ethically obligated to
    protect the rights of all study
    participants




                                             27
What ethical rules must
researchers follow when humans
are involved in studies?
   Legality
    – Research must conform to applicable laws
   Institutional Approval
    – Must be approved by all institutions involved in a
      study
   Informed Consent
    – Participants must be informed of the purpose of
      a study and any potential harm
   Deception
    – Only used when necessary
    – If deceived, participants must be debriefed
                                                        28
What ethical rules must
researchers follow when humans
are involved in studies?
   Clients, patients, students, and
    subordinates
    – Must not be negatively affected by participating
   Payment for participation
    – Is ethical
    – But participants must be fully informed about
      what is expected
   Publication
    – Researchers must report findings in an
      appropriate forum, and make their data available
      to others for verification                     29
Why are animals used in
research?
   Animals provide a simpler model for
    studying similar processes in humans
   Researchers can exercise more control over
    animals and use a wider range of medical
    and other manipulations
   But, ethical guidelines must be followed
    – Legality
    – Supervision by experienced personnel
    – Minimization of discomfort

                                                 30
How can critical thinking be used to
interpret media reports of
psychological research?
   Critical thinking involves objectively
    evaluating claims and conclusions to
    determine whether they follow logically from
    evidence
    – It includes independent thinking, suspension of
      judgment, and willingness to modify or abandon
      prior judgments
   Critical thinking can be used to evaluate
    media reports
    – Such as an alleged cause-effect link between TV
      watching and ADHD that was widely reported in
      the media
          Which was based on correlational research   31
What factors limit the
generalizability of a study?
   Generalizability
    – The degree to which a study’s findings
      can be applied to the general population
   A study’s generalizability is limited
    when the characteristics of the
    participants do not reflect those of the
    whole population

                                                 32
Psychologists at Work

   Psychologists specialize in a number of
    different areas




                                          33
Who are some of the specialists
working within psychology?
   Clinical psychologists
    – Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and
      behavioral disorders, such as anxiety, phobias, and
      schizophrenia
   Counseling psychologists
    – Help people who have adjustment problems (marital,
      social, or behavioral) that are generally less severe
   Physiological, or biological, psychologists
    – Study the relationship between physiological processes
      and behavior
   Experimental psychologists
    – Conduct experiments in most areas of psychology,
      including learning, memory, and perception                34
Who are some of the specialists
working within psychology?
   Developmental psychologists
    – Study how people grow, develop, and change
      throughout the lifespan
   Educational psychologists
    – Specialize in the study of teaching and learning
   Social psychologists
    – Investigate how individuals feel, think, and
      behave in social settings
   Industrial/organizational
    psychologists
    – Study the relationship between people and their
      work environments                               35

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Attention in cognitive Psychology
Attention in cognitive PsychologyAttention in cognitive Psychology
Attention in cognitive PsychologySumiran Khatri
 
Depth perception by imran ali
Depth perception by imran aliDepth perception by imran ali
Depth perception by imran aliImran Sono
 
General Psychology
General PsychologyGeneral Psychology
General PsychologyMypzi
 
PSYCHOMETRICS INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TESTS
 PSYCHOMETRICS INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TESTS PSYCHOMETRICS INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TESTS
PSYCHOMETRICS INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TESTSDINESH DEVIREDDY
 
Cognitive psychology language and communication
Cognitive psychology language and communicationCognitive psychology language and communication
Cognitive psychology language and communicationArriana Santos
 
Psychology- Anna Freud
Psychology- Anna FreudPsychology- Anna Freud
Psychology- Anna Freudh.yeung
 
Attention, Sensation, Perception, Memory, Forgetting
Attention, Sensation, Perception, Memory, ForgettingAttention, Sensation, Perception, Memory, Forgetting
Attention, Sensation, Perception, Memory, ForgettingVijayalakshmi Murugesan
 
Makalah Psikoanalisis Carl Gustav Jung
Makalah Psikoanalisis Carl Gustav JungMakalah Psikoanalisis Carl Gustav Jung
Makalah Psikoanalisis Carl Gustav JungRoyNal Rois Al-Khalim
 
Psychology Chapter 1
Psychology Chapter 1Psychology Chapter 1
Psychology Chapter 1Jeremy Rinkel
 
chapter 3 - Sensation and perception 2013
chapter 3 - Sensation and perception 2013chapter 3 - Sensation and perception 2013
chapter 3 - Sensation and perception 2013clairecgardner
 
Depth and distance perception
Depth and distance perceptionDepth and distance perception
Depth and distance perceptionzciifunkypurple
 
Introduction to psychophysics (English)
Introduction to psychophysics (English)Introduction to psychophysics (English)
Introduction to psychophysics (English)Dr Rajesh Verma
 
Memory and Models of Memory
Memory and Models of MemoryMemory and Models of Memory
Memory and Models of Memorycowmoo83
 
Freud & Psycoanalytic Theory
Freud & Psycoanalytic Theory Freud & Psycoanalytic Theory
Freud & Psycoanalytic Theory Leila Zaim
 
Social Psychology:Schemas
Social Psychology:SchemasSocial Psychology:Schemas
Social Psychology:SchemasRinna Sari
 
Sigmund freud biography
Sigmund freud biographySigmund freud biography
Sigmund freud biographyANAAAVELAA
 

Tendances (20)

Attention in cognitive Psychology
Attention in cognitive PsychologyAttention in cognitive Psychology
Attention in cognitive Psychology
 
Depth perception by imran ali
Depth perception by imran aliDepth perception by imran ali
Depth perception by imran ali
 
General Psychology
General PsychologyGeneral Psychology
General Psychology
 
Attention Basics
Attention BasicsAttention Basics
Attention Basics
 
PSYCHOMETRICS INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TESTS
 PSYCHOMETRICS INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TESTS PSYCHOMETRICS INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TESTS
PSYCHOMETRICS INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TESTS
 
Cognitive psychology language and communication
Cognitive psychology language and communicationCognitive psychology language and communication
Cognitive psychology language and communication
 
Psychology- Anna Freud
Psychology- Anna FreudPsychology- Anna Freud
Psychology- Anna Freud
 
Attention, Sensation, Perception, Memory, Forgetting
Attention, Sensation, Perception, Memory, ForgettingAttention, Sensation, Perception, Memory, Forgetting
Attention, Sensation, Perception, Memory, Forgetting
 
Modeling therapeutic approach
Modeling therapeutic approachModeling therapeutic approach
Modeling therapeutic approach
 
Makalah Psikoanalisis Carl Gustav Jung
Makalah Psikoanalisis Carl Gustav JungMakalah Psikoanalisis Carl Gustav Jung
Makalah Psikoanalisis Carl Gustav Jung
 
Depth cues
Depth cuesDepth cues
Depth cues
 
Psychology Chapter 1
Psychology Chapter 1Psychology Chapter 1
Psychology Chapter 1
 
chapter 3 - Sensation and perception 2013
chapter 3 - Sensation and perception 2013chapter 3 - Sensation and perception 2013
chapter 3 - Sensation and perception 2013
 
Disorders of memory
Disorders of memoryDisorders of memory
Disorders of memory
 
Depth and distance perception
Depth and distance perceptionDepth and distance perception
Depth and distance perception
 
Introduction to psychophysics (English)
Introduction to psychophysics (English)Introduction to psychophysics (English)
Introduction to psychophysics (English)
 
Memory and Models of Memory
Memory and Models of MemoryMemory and Models of Memory
Memory and Models of Memory
 
Freud & Psycoanalytic Theory
Freud & Psycoanalytic Theory Freud & Psycoanalytic Theory
Freud & Psycoanalytic Theory
 
Social Psychology:Schemas
Social Psychology:SchemasSocial Psychology:Schemas
Social Psychology:Schemas
 
Sigmund freud biography
Sigmund freud biographySigmund freud biography
Sigmund freud biography
 

Similaire à Ch. 1 intro to psych.key

Introduction to psychology
Introduction to psychologyIntroduction to psychology
Introduction to psychologyLaiba Yaseen
 
Psychology In Your Life Lecture PowerPoint chapter 1
Psychology In Your Life Lecture PowerPoint chapter 1Psychology In Your Life Lecture PowerPoint chapter 1
Psychology In Your Life Lecture PowerPoint chapter 1plrsr1
 
Module 1 Nature of Psychology
Module 1  Nature of Psychology Module 1  Nature of Psychology
Module 1 Nature of Psychology Shanique wallace
 
PSYCHOLOGY--.ppt
PSYCHOLOGY--.pptPSYCHOLOGY--.ppt
PSYCHOLOGY--.pptPeace1232
 
lecture 3 models presentation slides .ppt
lecture 3 models presentation slides .pptlecture 3 models presentation slides .ppt
lecture 3 models presentation slides .ppthajrasawar075
 
Chapter 1 Powerpoint
Chapter 1 PowerpointChapter 1 Powerpoint
Chapter 1 PowerpointLKoveos
 
1. Discovering Psychology rev 24 Agustus 2021.pptx
1. Discovering Psychology rev 24 Agustus 2021.pptx1. Discovering Psychology rev 24 Agustus 2021.pptx
1. Discovering Psychology rev 24 Agustus 2021.pptxDanielMarco20
 
Chapter_1_PPT.ppt
Chapter_1_PPT.pptChapter_1_PPT.ppt
Chapter_1_PPT.pptDaveZ4
 
Chapter 1 holloway
Chapter 1 hollowayChapter 1 holloway
Chapter 1 hollowayCarlo Roa
 
INTRODUCTION to psychology.pptx
INTRODUCTION to psychology.pptxINTRODUCTION to psychology.pptx
INTRODUCTION to psychology.pptxKavyaNagraj8
 
Intro2Psych INTRO INTRO (LESSON 1-3).pdf
Intro2Psych INTRO INTRO (LESSON 1-3).pdfIntro2Psych INTRO INTRO (LESSON 1-3).pdf
Intro2Psych INTRO INTRO (LESSON 1-3).pdflianneprayl
 
ASAS PSIKOLOGI Pengenalan Psikologi
ASAS PSIKOLOGI Pengenalan PsikologiASAS PSIKOLOGI Pengenalan Psikologi
ASAS PSIKOLOGI Pengenalan PsikologiAmin Upsi
 
Impacts of HIV on education, food security and health sectors
Impacts of HIV on education, food security and health sectors Impacts of HIV on education, food security and health sectors
Impacts of HIV on education, food security and health sectors MuniraMkamba
 

Similaire à Ch. 1 intro to psych.key (20)

Introduction to psychology
Introduction to psychologyIntroduction to psychology
Introduction to psychology
 
Psychology In Your Life Lecture PowerPoint chapter 1
Psychology In Your Life Lecture PowerPoint chapter 1Psychology In Your Life Lecture PowerPoint chapter 1
Psychology In Your Life Lecture PowerPoint chapter 1
 
Module 1 Nature of Psychology
Module 1  Nature of Psychology Module 1  Nature of Psychology
Module 1 Nature of Psychology
 
PSYCHOLOGY--.ppt
PSYCHOLOGY--.pptPSYCHOLOGY--.ppt
PSYCHOLOGY--.ppt
 
Psy 101 lec3
Psy 101 lec3Psy 101 lec3
Psy 101 lec3
 
lecture 3 models presentation slides .ppt
lecture 3 models presentation slides .pptlecture 3 models presentation slides .ppt
lecture 3 models presentation slides .ppt
 
Chapter 1 Powerpoint
Chapter 1 PowerpointChapter 1 Powerpoint
Chapter 1 Powerpoint
 
1. Discovering Psychology rev 24 Agustus 2021.pptx
1. Discovering Psychology rev 24 Agustus 2021.pptx1. Discovering Psychology rev 24 Agustus 2021.pptx
1. Discovering Psychology rev 24 Agustus 2021.pptx
 
3 1-introduction to behavioural sciences in medical practice
3 1-introduction to behavioural sciences in medical practice3 1-introduction to behavioural sciences in medical practice
3 1-introduction to behavioural sciences in medical practice
 
Chapter_1_PPT.ppt
Chapter_1_PPT.pptChapter_1_PPT.ppt
Chapter_1_PPT.ppt
 
Chapter_1_PPT.ppt
Chapter_1_PPT.pptChapter_1_PPT.ppt
Chapter_1_PPT.ppt
 
Psychology-1.pptx
Psychology-1.pptxPsychology-1.pptx
Psychology-1.pptx
 
Chapter 1 holloway
Chapter 1 hollowayChapter 1 holloway
Chapter 1 holloway
 
INTRODUCTION to psychology.pptx
INTRODUCTION to psychology.pptxINTRODUCTION to psychology.pptx
INTRODUCTION to psychology.pptx
 
Chapter1
Chapter1Chapter1
Chapter1
 
Intro2Psych INTRO INTRO (LESSON 1-3).pdf
Intro2Psych INTRO INTRO (LESSON 1-3).pdfIntro2Psych INTRO INTRO (LESSON 1-3).pdf
Intro2Psych INTRO INTRO (LESSON 1-3).pdf
 
ASAS PSIKOLOGI Pengenalan Psikologi
ASAS PSIKOLOGI Pengenalan PsikologiASAS PSIKOLOGI Pengenalan Psikologi
ASAS PSIKOLOGI Pengenalan Psikologi
 
Methods of psychology
Methods of psychologyMethods of psychology
Methods of psychology
 
Impacts of HIV on education, food security and health sectors
Impacts of HIV on education, food security and health sectors Impacts of HIV on education, food security and health sectors
Impacts of HIV on education, food security and health sectors
 
Chapter 1
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Chapter 1
 

Dernier

How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 

Dernier (20)

Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 

Ch. 1 intro to psych.key

  • 2. Chapter 1 Overview  An introduction to Mastering the World of Psychology  Exploring psychology’s roots  Schools of thought in psychology  Descriptive research methods  The experimental method  Ethics in psychological research  Thinking about theories and research  Psychologists at work 2
  • 3. An introduction to Mastering the World of Psychology  Students can study the textbook effectively by using the SQ3R method 3
  • 4. How can the SQ3R method help you study more effectively?  The SQ3R method involves five steps – Survey – Question – Read – Recite – Review  This provides a systematic approach to studying the text, and helps maximize learning 4
  • 5. What process do scientists use to answer questions about behavior and mental processes?  Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes – Instead of relying on common sense, psychologists use the scientific method  Psychologists propose and test theories to explain behavior and mental processes – Theory: A general set of principles that explains how separate facts are related 5
  • 6. What are the goals of psychology?  Description – Identifying and classifying behaviors and mental processes  Explanation – Proposing reasons for behaviors and mental processes  Prediction – Offering hypotheses about how a condition or set of conditions will affect behavior and mental processes  Influence – Using research results to solve practical 6 problems
  • 7. What are the goals of psychology?  Two types of research are done to accomplish psychologists’ four goals – Basic research  Research that seeks new knowledge to advance general scientific understanding – Applied research  Research conducted to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life 7
  • 8. Exploring Psychology’s Roots  Psychology’s roots can be traced to the beginning of recorded history  But psychology as a formal academic discipline began in the 1800s 8
  • 9. What did Wundt and Titchener contribute to psychology?  Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) – The “father” of psychology – Used introspection to analyze basic elements of conscious mental experience  Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) – Wundt’s student – Established a psychological laboratory in the USA  Structuralism – Wundt and Titchener’s school of thought – Structuralism was criticized because of its methods – But structuralists established psychology as a science 9
  • 10. Why is functionalism important in the history of psychology?  Functionalism – Focused on how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environments – Broadened the scope of psychology to include behavior as well as mental processes  William James (1842-1910) – Functionalism’s most famous proponent – Believed that the “stream of consciousness” functions to help humans adapt to their environment 10
  • 11. Schools of Thought in Psychology  The major schools of thought in psychology today include – Behaviorism – Psychoanalytic psychology – Humanistic psychology – Cognitive psychology – Evolutionary psychology – Biological psychology – The sociocultural approach 11
  • 12. How do behaviorists explain behavior and mental processes?  Behaviorists view observable, measurable behavior as the only appropriate subject matter for psychology  Behaviorism also emphasizes the environment as the key determinant of behavior 12
  • 13. What do psychoanalytic psychologists believe about the role of the unconscious?  Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality and his therapy for psychological disorders is called Psychoanalysis  According to this theory, an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are determined primarily by the unconscious 13
  • 14. According to Maslow and Rogers, what motivates behavior and mental processes?  Humanistic psychology – Focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health  Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation – The need for self-actualization is the highest need in the hierarchy of needs  Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy – An approach in which the client directs a discussion on his or her own view of the problem 14
  • 15. What is the focus of cognitive psychology?  Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes such as memory, problem solving, decision making, perception, and language  Information-processing theory – An approach within cognitive psychology that uses the computer as a model for human thinking 15
  • 16. What is the main idea behind evolutionary psychology?  Evolutionary psychology focuses on how human behaviors necessary for survival have adapted in the face of environmental pressures over the course of evolution 16
  • 17. How do biological psychologists explain individual differences in behavior and mental processes?  Biological psychologists look for connections between specific behaviors (such as aggression) and specific biological factors (such as hormones) to help explain individual differences 17
  • 18. What kinds of variables interest psychologists who take a sociocultural approach?  The sociocultural approach focuses on how factors such as cultural values affect behavior – Proponents of this approach believe that these factors are as important as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processes 18
  • 19. What are psychological perspectives, and how are they related to an eclectic position?  Psychological perspectives are general points of view used for explaining people’s behavior and thinking  Many psychologists take an eclectic position, using a combination of approaches to explain a particular behavior 19
  • 20. Descriptive Research Methods  Methods that yield descriptions of behavior  These methods include – Naturalistic and laboratory observation – Case study – Survey research – The correlational method 20
  • 21. How do psychological researchers use naturalistic and laboratory observation?  Naturalistic observation – Observation of behavior in its natural setting, without attempting to influence it  Laboratory observation – Studying behavior in a laboratory setting – This allows more control and more precise measurement of responses 21
  • 22. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the case study?  Case study – Studying a single individual or small number of persons in depth  Advantage – Appropriate for studying rare psychological disorders or brain damage  Disadvantages – Cannot identify the cause of behavior – Potential for bias – Results can lack generalizability 22
  • 23. How do researchers ensure that survey results are useful?  Survey research – Uses interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors of a group of people – Instead of studying the whole population, researchers survey a sample  To be useful, surveys must involve a representative sample – A sample that mirrors the population of interest 23
  • 24. Why are experimental and control groups necessary?  Experimental group – The group that is exposed to the independent variable  Control group – A group that is exposed to the same experimental environment but is not given the treatment  Comparing experimental and control groups allows researchers to judge the effects of the independent variable compared to outcomes that occur naturally 24
  • 25. What kinds of factors introduce bias into experimental studies?  Placebo effect – Response to a treatment caused by a person’s expectations, not the treatment itself  Experimenter bias – Occurs when the researcher’s expectations influence the experiment’s results  These effects can be controlled by using the double-blind technique – In which neither the experimenter nor participants know who is in the experimental and control groups 25
  • 26. What are the limitations of the experimental method?  Experiments are often conducted in unnatural settings, limiting the generalizability of the results  This method may also be unethical or impossible to use for some research 26
  • 27. Ethics in Psychological Research  Researchers are ethically obligated to protect the rights of all study participants 27
  • 28. What ethical rules must researchers follow when humans are involved in studies?  Legality – Research must conform to applicable laws  Institutional Approval – Must be approved by all institutions involved in a study  Informed Consent – Participants must be informed of the purpose of a study and any potential harm  Deception – Only used when necessary – If deceived, participants must be debriefed 28
  • 29. What ethical rules must researchers follow when humans are involved in studies?  Clients, patients, students, and subordinates – Must not be negatively affected by participating  Payment for participation – Is ethical – But participants must be fully informed about what is expected  Publication – Researchers must report findings in an appropriate forum, and make their data available to others for verification 29
  • 30. Why are animals used in research?  Animals provide a simpler model for studying similar processes in humans  Researchers can exercise more control over animals and use a wider range of medical and other manipulations  But, ethical guidelines must be followed – Legality – Supervision by experienced personnel – Minimization of discomfort 30
  • 31. How can critical thinking be used to interpret media reports of psychological research?  Critical thinking involves objectively evaluating claims and conclusions to determine whether they follow logically from evidence – It includes independent thinking, suspension of judgment, and willingness to modify or abandon prior judgments  Critical thinking can be used to evaluate media reports – Such as an alleged cause-effect link between TV watching and ADHD that was widely reported in the media  Which was based on correlational research 31
  • 32. What factors limit the generalizability of a study?  Generalizability – The degree to which a study’s findings can be applied to the general population  A study’s generalizability is limited when the characteristics of the participants do not reflect those of the whole population 32
  • 33. Psychologists at Work  Psychologists specialize in a number of different areas 33
  • 34. Who are some of the specialists working within psychology?  Clinical psychologists – Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety, phobias, and schizophrenia  Counseling psychologists – Help people who have adjustment problems (marital, social, or behavioral) that are generally less severe  Physiological, or biological, psychologists – Study the relationship between physiological processes and behavior  Experimental psychologists – Conduct experiments in most areas of psychology, including learning, memory, and perception 34
  • 35. Who are some of the specialists working within psychology?  Developmental psychologists – Study how people grow, develop, and change throughout the lifespan  Educational psychologists – Specialize in the study of teaching and learning  Social psychologists – Investigate how individuals feel, think, and behave in social settings  Industrial/organizational psychologists – Study the relationship between people and their work environments 35

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. \n\n
  2. \n\n
  3. \n\n
  4. \n\n
  5. \n\n
  6. \n\n
  7. \n\n
  8. \n\n
  9. \n\n
  10. \n\n
  11. \n\n
  12. \n\n
  13. \n\n
  14. \n\n
  15. \n\n
  16. \n\n
  17. \n\n
  18. \n\n
  19. \n\n
  20. \n\n
  21. \n\n
  22. \n\n
  23. \n\n
  24. \n\n
  25. \n\n
  26. \n\n
  27. \n\n
  28. \n\n
  29. \n\n
  30. \n\n
  31. \n\n
  32. \n\n
  33. \n\n
  34. \n\n
  35. \n\n