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research proposals Josef Schmied 2

ICE-EA culture: Parliament style + matatu
ICE-
Kenya DAAD Scholars Association Conference:
S1B058HK
<I> <#/>MOTIONS
The contribution of English Studies to <h> <#/>REVISION OF WAGE GUIDELINES </h>
<#/>REVISION
Re-Invigorating the University Mandate <#/>Mr. Anyona: <#/>Mr. Speaker, Sir, I beg
Anyona: <#/>Mr.
to move the following Motion:-
Motion:-
in a globalising environment : <#/>THAT, in view of the recent economic changes
which have affected prices of basic consumer
goods, services and rents, and in view of the
effects of liberalization process of the economy,
Linguistic Issues of Research Proposals ….
this House resolves that:-
that:-

<#/>Mr. Speaker, Sir, the liberalization of the
economy has set in motion a very high rate of
inflation. <#/>The prices of all basic
commodities like sugar, maize, meal, bread, and
milk have soared. <#/>The house rents and
transportation charges have also soared. <#/>If
Josef Schmied you look around town in the morning and
Chair English Language & Linguistics afternoon, you would find that almost the entire
population of this town walk to and from their
Chemnitz University of Technology places of work. <#/>This is because they are
www.tu-chemnitz.de/phil/english/linguistics
www.tu- chemnitz.de/phil/english/ not able to afford the cost of transportation.
<#/>They cannot afford the <ea/>Matatu
<ea/>Matatu
and Bus fares, so they can only walk to work.


Contextualisation:

DAAD: funding opportunities
Hassanali: intellectual dependency, funds
Hassanali:
Abdulrasak: writing research proposals
Abdulrasak:
Mungai: e-learning
Mungai: e-

research proposals Josef Schmied 5 research proposals Josef Schmied 6

1. Context: academic writing The basic proposal outline
Introduction
1.1. definition Topic area
Research question
Significance to knowledge
Literature review: previous research others & own
research proposal = a text-type (genre) in academic writing
text- Interlocking findings and Unanswered questions
Own preliminary work on the topic
The remaining questions and inter-locking logic
inter-
type of abstract, relational, i.e. a pro-text,
abstract, relational, pro- Reprise of own research question(s) in this context
question(s)
Methodology
which stands in place of a larger text and helps the readers to decide,
Approach
whether they want to support, fund or publish the proposed larger
larger Data needs
work, whether it will be worth reading the related article or book, etc.
book, Analytic techniques
Plan for interpreting results
Expected results
Budget
Bibliography (or References)

1


The basic thesis outline (minor changes, but on a larger scale) 1. Context: academic writing
Introduction
Topic area
1.1. definition
Research question (finding?)
Significance to knowledge Literature review
Previous research others & yours research proposal = a text-type (genre) in academic writing
text-
Interlocking findings and
Unanswered questions
Your preliminary work on the topic type of abstract, relational, i.e. a pro-text,
abstract, pro-
The remaining questions and inter-locking logic
Reprise of your research question(s) in this context which stands in place of a larger text and helps the readers to decide,
Methodology Approach Data needs whether they want to support, fund or publish the proposed larger
larger
Analytic techniques work, whether it will be worth reading the related article or book, etc.
book,
Plan for interpreting results
Results
Discussion and Conclusions
Bibliography


1.3. functions of research proposals
1.2. types of abstract

• a proposal abstract (research/book proposal) = force applicants to concentrate on the core areas, like
a draft of an intended scholarly work, either a conference relevance of issue, methodology, data, processing,
contribution or a book proposal or a dissertation / PhD proposal
written by the author before the academic work!
results, interpretation and implications of their writing and
• a summary abstract = explain it to a general non-specialist academic reader,
non-
usually occurs in front of a scholarly article and comprises the most make the comparison of applications more transparent
important points, usually written after the scientific work and evaluations easier,
• an independent abstract = can serve as models for young researchers and their
the independent short version of a book, usually dissertation, thesis
or monograph, published even without the larger reference work, networking in various fields (e.g. in alumni associations).
usu. not by author


1.4. English as an academic lingua franca 2. Text-linguistic issues
Text-
a special language in the context of globalisation
2.1. coherence/cohesion
raises
text-linguistic and sociolinguistic issues 2.2. redundancy – explification

2.3. causativity & logic

2


Coherence and cohesion in texts (Halliday/Hasan 1985) 1 A crucial event in the historical evolution if scientific English was the birth of
English
the scientific journal. 2 This event, and its early rhetorical consequences, have
consequences,
- coherence = extralinguistic factors contributing to the been well described in recent research. 3 In contrast, few details are known
details
concerning subsequent developments in scientific writing from the eighteenth
the
creation of texture century onward. 4 In this paper, the changing language and rhetoric of medical
rhetoric
- cohesion = linguistic means which create texture research reporting over the last 250 years are characterized and the underlying
causes of these changes investigated.
e.g. anaphoric reference: this (that) 5 Research articles from the Edinburgh Medical Journal, the oldest continuing
oldest
substitution of NP by personal pronouns: he/she medical journal in English, constitute the corpus in this study. 6 Sampling took
place at seven intervals between 1735 and 1985, with two types of data analysis
of
conjunctions: but, while being performed: rhetorical text analysis focusing on the broad genre
adverbs: first, then, finally characteristics of article; and linguistic analysis of these articles' registral
articles'
lexical repetition: features using Biber's system of text analysis.
incl. synonyms: problem – difficulty - issue 7 Results indicate that the linguistic/rhetorical evolution of medical research
medical
hypernyms/hyponyms: theory - concept writing can be accounted for on the basis of the changing epistemological norms
epistemological
of medical knowledge, the growth of a professional medical community, and the
community,
periodic redefinition of medicine vis-à-vis the non-medical sciences.
vis- non-


1 A crucial event in the historical evolution if scientific English was the birth of
the scientific journal. 2 This event, and its early rhetorical consequences, have
event,
been well described in recent research. 3 In contrast, few details are known
details
concerning subsequent developments in scientific writing from the eighteenth
the
Living in the information society requires for new kinds of skills in the
skills
century onward. 4 In this paper, the changing language and rhetoric of medical
rhetoric
cultural sector. The ability to create and read different kinds of media
research reporting over the last 250 years are characterized and the underlying
products is seen as an important skill for citizenship. In Finland media
Finland
causes of these changes investigated.
education (in communicational education) has recently been taken into
5 Research articles from the Edinburgh Medical Journal, the oldest continuing
oldest
the official curriculum as a cross-curriculum subject at the primary
cross-
medical journal in English, constitute the corpus in this study. 6 Sampling took
school level. In primary school teacher education, visual media
place at seven intervals between 1735 and 1985, with two types of data analysis
of
education has begun as an experiment with ministerial funding.
being performed: rhetorical text analysis focusing on the broad genre
Effectiveness in this course is measured from the learning point: what
point:
characteristics of article; and linguistic analysis of these articles' registral
articles'
kind of understanding do these students themselves acquire about media
features using Biber's system of text analysis.
literacy and media pedagogy? (Educational) media lifestudy is the main
7 Results indicate that the linguistic/rhetorical evolution of medical research
medical
means to evaluate the students' development during and after the course.
writing can be accounted for on the basis of the changing epistemological norms
epistemological
of medical knowledge, the growth of a professional medical community, and the
community,
periodic redefinition of medicine vis-à-vis the non-medical sciences.
vis- non-


Media education for Primary School Teachers
Measuring the effectiveness by Educational Media Lifestudy functional parts of research abstracts:
1 Living in the information society requires for new kinds of skills in
the cultural sector. 2 The ability to create and read different kinds of decontextualisation: focus on a specific issue within a
decontextualisation:
media products is seen as an important skill for citizenship. 3 In Finland larger field
media education (in communicational education) has recently been
taken into the official curriculum as a cross-curriculum subject at the
cross- discussion of relevant methodologies
primary school level. 4 In primary school teacher education, visual
education, previous research findings
media education has begun as an experiment with ministerial funding. 5
funding. description possible analysis, results and interpretation
Effectiveness in this course is measured from the learning point: what
kind of understanding do these students themselves acquire about media
literacy and media pedagogy? 6 (Educational) media lifestudy is the recontextualisation: consequences for further research in
recontextualisation:
main means to evaluate the students' development during and after the
after the field
course.

3


3. Sociolinguistic issues of English
Kachru “outer circle”? "I assume that the concepts and procedures of scientific
inquiry constitute a secondary cultural system which is
Phillipson “linguistic imperialism”?
independent of primary cultural systems associated with
critical contrastive rhetoric? different societies; so although, for example, a Japanese and a
Frenchman, have very different ways of life, believes and
conceptions and so on, deriving from the primary cultures of
the societies they are members of, as scientists they have a
common culture. In the same way, I take it that the discourse
conventions which I used to communicate this common
culture are independent of particular linguistic means which
are used to realise it." (Widdowson 1979:51)
(Widdowson


4. Practical issues
"Knowledge is idealised in the German tradition;
consequently texts by Germans are less designed to be easy 4.1. quality criteria for evaluators
to read. Their emphasis is on providing readers with 4.2. intelligibility, good language & naturalness
knowledge, theory and stimulus for thought [...]. Can the WWW replace the native speaker?
In English speaking countries, most of the onus falls on
writers to make their text readable.
In German-speaking countries, the readers have to make the
German- 4.3. Teaching EAP?
extra effort, so that they can understand the text, especially
if the author is academic.
Just as it is the readers responsibility to understand the
German text (to gain Verständnis) rather than of the writer
Verstä ndnis)
to make it understandable (Verständlichkeit)" (Clyne
(Verständlichkeit)" (Clyne
1987:238)


4.1. Quality criteria for research abstracts
completeness, i.e. whether the abstract covers all
the important aspects relevant for the reader
conciseness, i.e. whether the abstract does not
include irrelevant or superfluous information
4.2. Can the WWW replace the native speaker?
accuracy, i.e. whether the abstract is a true short
version of the (expected) larger reference work
objectivity, i.e. whether the abstract does not
include any subjective changes with reference to the
major reference work
reliability, i.e. whether the abstract is free of any
distortions and
intelligibility, i.e. whether the abstract can be
understood and evaluated by the reader.

4


4.2.1. language problems – internet solutions?

word explanations for culture-specific words and
culture-
phrases are often inadequate
e.g. explain matatu to the “non-initiated” msungu
“non-
learning grammar rules is boring,
i-grammar is a conception in the head, not in the book;
but how do I get it in?
e.g. use expanded form for progessive meaning in English
my dictionary is too small to give me good examples
how words are used in context by specific language
communities, how can I find out what are more usual
usages than others?
e.g. do you say different from or different to or does it depend
on the meaning?


4.2.2. learning usage: the www as a dictionary

Phrasecount software: WPC
using Google internal output, but new screen
presentation
presenting KWIC + URL
specified search using domain names (e.g. co.ke)
co.ke)
rough statistics
as a basis for user decisions, esp. for
ESP and ESL speakers:
e.g. different from, to, than??


PhD PhD MA BA BA
dissertation dissertation
MA thesis dissertation
thesis thesis
uk abs. 2,070 25,200 1,760 1,350 624 355
30,1M rel. 0.007 % 0.084 % 0.006 % 0.004 % 0.002 % 0.001 %
us abs. 479 462 15 674 5 37
5,15M rel. 0.009 % 0.009 % 0% 0.013 % 0% 0.001 %
ca abs. 1,870 7,420 222 3,810 11 276
10,3M rel. 0.018 % 0.072 % 0.002 % 0.037 % 0% 0.003 %
au abs. 994 12,400 89 1,190 16 169
5,15M rel. 0.019 % 0.241 % 0.002 % 0.023 % 0% 0.003 %
ke abs. 6 17 2 9 2 1
12,300 rel. 0.049 % 0.138 % 0.016 % 0.073 % 0.016 % 0.008 %

5


4.3. Teaching EAP?
old language questions – new internet solutions!
http://www.english.vt.edu/~dubinsky/3984_Proposals/home.html
new recognition for an old subject?
In English 3984: Report and Proposal Writing,
you will learn how to write effective proposals and reports. If you have a good
idea, you need to find a way to bring it to life, which means you need to learn
multimedia in culture teaching how to persuade others of your idea's value. Usually you also need to find
funding, and people who need money must compete for scarce resources. To
web-enhanced language learning (WELL)
web- succeed, you have to interpret rhetorical situations and anticipate the needs of
the www as an information resource clients and funding agencies. In this course, you’ll get valuable experience and
learn how to interpret those situations and meet those needs by writing
language tools as subject-based service to the
subject- proposals & reports for non-profit organizations in our community.
academic community as a whole Objectives: In this course, you will learn to--
new challenges for English Departments, but also * Write clear, coherent prose that meets the needs of your audience /
community partner: e-mail, memos, letters, short proposals, progress reports,
recognition of language and internet & language short information papers, and grant proposals
skills as core requirements for modern graduates in * Work collaboratively
general * Plan and manage writing projects
* Revise drafts with purpose and understanding of how strategies of
organization, style, and format may achieve particular goals


Asanteni.
Asanteni.

josef.schmied@phil.tu-chemnitz.de
josef.schmied@phil.tu-

eap@phil.tu-chemnitz.de
eap@phil.tu-

6

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