3. Atelectasis Right Lung
Homogenous density right hemithorax
Mediastinal shift to right
Right heart and diaphragmatic
silhouette are not identifiable
4.
5. Atelectasis Right Lung
Open Bronchus Sign
Homogenous density right hemithorax
Mediastinal shift to right
Right heart and diaphragmatic silhouette
are not identifiable
6.
7. Atelectasis Left Lung
Homogenous density left hemithorax
Mediastinal shift to the left
Diaphragmatic and heart silhouette
are not identifiable
8.
9. Atelectasis Left Lower Lobe
Inhomogeneous cardiac density
Triangular retrocardiac density
Left hilum pulled down
10.
11. Atelectasis Right Upper Lobe
Density in the right upper lung field
Transverse fissure pulled up
Right hilum pulled up
Smaller right lung
Smaller right hemithorax
12.
13. Cancer Breast
Inflammatory Carcinoma
Post-Radiation
Larger right breast
Inverted nipple
Radiation Fibrosis of Lung
Right lung smaller
Right hemithorax smaller
Paramediastinal fibrosis
31. Consolidation / Lingula
Density in left lower lung field
Loss of left heart silhouette
Diaphragmatic silhouette intact
No shift of mediastinum
Blunting of costophrenic angle
32.
33. Consolidation / Left Lower Lobe
Density in left lower lung field
Left heart silhouette intact
Loss of diaphragmatic silhouette
No shift of mediastinum
Blunting of costophrenic angle
34.
35. Lobar Pneumonia Right Middle Lobe
Vague density right lower lung field
Indistinct right cardiac silhouette
Intact diaphragmatic silhouette
Lateral Density corresponding to RML
No loss of lung volume
No air bronchogram
36.
37. Consolidation Right Middle Lobe
Density in right middle lung field
Loss of right cardiac silhouette
Pulmonary artery overlay sign
Air bronchogram not visible
Minor movement of fissure
38.
39. Consolidation Left Lower Lobe
Density in left lower lung field
Left heart silhouette intact
Loss of diaphragmatic silhouette
No shift of mediastinum
Pneumatocele
59. Air Fluid Level
Inhomogeneous cardiac density
Retrocardiac density
In mediastinum in PA view
Hiatal hernia
Other findings include:
Pleural fibrosis on right
62. Mass density
Mass density can be encountered in lung cancer,
benign tumors, sarcoma, lymphoma, Wegener's
and blastomycosis and tuberculoma.
Radiological criteria for a mass lesion are chest
lateral and PA views.
Density
Round or oval
Sharp margins
Homogenous density (exception: air
bronchogram in lymphoma and blastomycosis)
63. No respect for anatomy (in cancer)
Can break down leading to thick walled cavity
May show calcification (histoplasmoma,
tuberculoma, hamartoma)
Note in a gross cut section a mass which is well
demarcated from the adjacent normal lung.
Malignant tumors have infiltrating edges, while
benign tumors are rounded and well circumscribed.
64.
65. Mass
Round or oval
Sharp margin
Homogenous
No respect for anatomy
Lung Cancer: Large cell
66.
67. Round homogenous density
Sharp margins
Medial portion pleural based (acute
angle)
This is a case of squamous cell lung
cancer.
68.
69. Hilar Nodes
bilateral symmetrical hilar nodes and
para tracheal nodes.
A clear space between the nodes and
heart, identifies the nodes as hilar.
70.
71. Sarcoidosis
Alveolar Form
Symmetrical hilar nodes
Mediastinal nodes
Multiple bilateral mass densities with
alveolar features
Soft coalescing
72.
73. Lung Cancer
RUL primary lesion
Para tracheal nodes
74. Pleural Effusion
Fluid accumulates in the pleural space.
Irrespective of the nature of fluid, radiologically they will look
similar.
Radiological criteria are: Density
In dependent portion
– Costophrenic angle in PA view
– Anterior and posterior portions of gutter in lateral view
– Along sides in lateral decubitus position
– Along posteriorly in supine position, giving diffuse haziness on
the side of effusion
Silhouette of upper limit of density
– Upper margin high in axilla in PA view
– Upper margin high interiorly and posteriorly in lateral view
Blunting of costophrenic angle
Lack of identifiable diaphragm (silhouette sign principle).
75. Massive
Unilateral VS bilateral
Sub pulmonic
Loculated
Supine position
Lateral decubitus position
76.
77. Pleural Effusion
Homogenous density
Meniscus maximum in axilla
Loss of cardiophrenic angle
Loss of diaphragmatic and right
cardiac silhouette
78.
79. Loculated Pleural Effusion
Empyema
Haziness of right hemithorax
Density not corresponding to lobar anatomy
Diaphragmatic and cardiac silhouettes intact
Lateral film below
– Loculated fluid overlying vertebral column
80.
81. Pleural Fibrosis
Small right hemithorax
Diffuse haziness
Tracheal shift to right
Blunted costophrenic angle
Lines not corresponding to fissures
82.
83. Consolidation Right Upper Lobe /
Air Bronchogram
Density in right upper lung field
Lobar density
Loss of ascending aorta silhouette
No shift of mediastinum
Transverse fissure not significantly
shifted
Air bronchogram
84.
85. Pneumothorax
Atelectatic lung is dense implying that
it is abnormal ("normal lung" will not
be dense)
Bleb is easily recognized in the close-up
below
86.
87. Heart Failure/Rapid Resolution
Such rapid resolution as seen above is
usually due to secondary cause such
as fluid overload.
104. Case
This 19 year old male presented with a
history of 3 stone weight loss (42 lbs to
our US cousins, 19kg to the metric world)
over a period of three months. He
complained of malaise and was anaemic.
Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal
tract was normal.
A barium small bowel meal was
performed.
105. Findings
Changes of early/intermediate Crohn's
disease, with thickened folds, tending to
asymmetry and obliteration in places. There
are small apthous ulcers, and nodules, with
normal diameter bowel. There is a linear
mesenteric ulcer (arrowed, lower image
Small bowel Crohn's disease
106.
107. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
differential for the causes:
Toxic
Steroids, Anti-inflammatory drugs, Alcohol,
Immunosuppressives, Traumatic, Idiopathic,
Fractures (femoral neck, talus, scaphoid),
Radiotherapy, Heat (burns), Fat embolism
111. Posterior dislocation of the shoulder
A painful shoulder after a fall
This patient complained of pain and
restricted movement in the shoulder,
having blacked out and fallen over. What
abnormality is demonstrated? What other
view would be useful? And if the patient
was unable to abduct the arm, what
other view can be performed?
112. Findings
Posterior dislocation is much less common
than anterior dislocation (approximately 4%
of dislocations), and is frequently much less
obvious on the AP view alone, requiring a
further view for confirmation. This may be
either an axial view of the shoulder, or a
tangential view of the scapula if the patient
can not raise their arm sufficiently for the
former.
113. An elderly patient with change in bowel habit and
dysuria
This patient presented with a history of change of
bowel habit and lower abdominal pain. There had
been a brief episode of rectal bleeding a few weeks
earlier, and some dysuria.
The General Practitioner had recently prescribed a
course of antibiotics for a suspected urinary tract
infecton, but this had not helped.
A barium enema was arranged to investigate the
rectal bleeding
114.
115. Diagnosis:
Moderately differentiated
adenoarcinoma of the colon with
colovesical fistula
131. Atlantoaxial instability (cervical
rheumatoid arthritis). Flexion and
Extension views show the distance
between the atlas and the dens
anteriorly in the extension view is 2.3
mm while in the flexion view the
distance is 7.5 mm.
132.
133. Adult woman with chronic left wrist
pain. Avascular necrosis of the
scaphoid bone. Age indeterminate
scaphoid wrist fracture. Proximal
scaphoid bone is sclerotic due to
osteonecrosis.
134.
135. Gout : Marginal erosions with
overhanging edges and sclerotic
borders at numerous joints throughout
the hands and feet. Interphalangeal
joint space narrowing. Soft tissue
swelling with associated soft tissue
calcifications
136.
137. Bone metastases to the finger.
Radiograph shows a destructive
expanded osteolytic lesion in the
metacarpal of the thumb in a 55-year-old
man with lung carcinoma.
138.
139. Advanced RA. Radiograph of the hand
shows severe destruction and
mutilation of the radiocarpal,
intercarpal, carpometacarpal, and
metacarpophalangeal joints.
Intercarpal ankylosis is noted.
There is also subluxation and deviation
of the fourth and fifth fingers
140.
141. Skeletal sickle cell anemia. H
vertebrae. Lateral view of the spine
shows angular depression of the
central portion of each upper and
lower endplate.
142.
143. Ankylosing Spondylitis 35-year-old
male presents with low back pain of
many months duration that is not
relieved by rest. In addition, significant
neck stiffness.
144. Findings: AP and lateral view of the
lumbosacral spine demonstrate flowing
osteophytes with bony bridges
between the margins of adjacent
vertebral bodies seen laterally at all
the visualized levels.
145. In addition on the lateral view there is
anterior syndesmophyte formation
with straightening of the normal
curvature of the lumbar spine.
Vertebral body height is maintained
and there is squaring of the anterior
vertebral margins. In addition,
ankylosis of the posterior diarthrodial
joints. The sacroiliac joints are fused
bilaterally
146.
147. Lateral radiograph shows sclerotic
metastasis of the L2 vertebra in a 54-
year-old man with prostatic carcinoma
153. Seventy-year-old with dysphagia
Esophageal diverticula (probably pulsion
variety), hiatal hernia, GE reflux Two wide-necked
diverticula at the junction of the mid
and distal esophagus that retain contrast
after the esophagus empties. There were
tertiary, nonpropulsive contractions, a large
sliding hiatal hernia, and GE reflux to the
thoracic inlet.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159. Young man with hematuria IVP
shows a dual renal pelvis on the left
with partial duplication of the left
ureter. Ultrasound shows a cortical
bar, compatible with duplication of the
collecting system.Diagnosis: Partial
duplex, left kidney