2. CONTENT
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
About Planning
Purpose of Planning
Elements of Planning
Strategies and Tactics
Types of Strategies
Seven S Model
Planning tools and Techniques
Advantages and Limitation of Planning
Decision Making Process Model
3. What is Planning??
Planning is the Process of:
Thinking
Organizing
It involves creation and maintenance of plan.
Desired
Goals
4. Purpose of Planning
Provides Direction
Sets the Standards
for Controlling
Reduces
Uncertainty
Minimizes waste
and redundancy
5. Elements of Planning
• GOALS: are the End results to be achieved. They give direction to
activities and require creative thinking and foresight.
• PLANS: Written account of intended future course of action aimed
at achieving specific goal or objective within a specific timeframe. It
explains in detail what needs to be done, when, how, and by
whom, and often includes best case, expected case, and worst case
scenarios.
8. The Hierarchy of Organizational
Plans
Mission
Statement
Strategic
Plans
Operational
Plans
• Broad Organizational Goals
• Based on Planning premises, which justifies an organization’s
existence
• Plans designed to meet an organization’s broad goals.
• Plans that contain details for carrying out, or implementing,
those strategic plans in day-to-day activities.
9. Strategies and Tactics
Strategies
• Aimed at counteracting the actions of the opponents.
Tactics
• Immediate decisions based on the executive’s
judgement and experience whilst facing an actual
situation
14. Advantages of Planning
Increases the organization’s ability to adopt future eventualities.
Helps crystallize objectives.
Ensures a relatedness among decision.
Reduces mistakes and oversights/ unnecessary pressures of immediacy.
Ensures a more productive use of resources.
Increases effectiveness of a manager.
Makes control easier.
Helps the company remain more competitive in its industry .
15. Limitations of Planning
Effectiveness depends upon correctness of assumptions
Planning is expensive
Planning delays actions
Encourages a false sense of security
16. How to make Planning Effective..?
Coordination
Communication
Participation
Proper Climate
17. The Rational Model of Decision Making
Investigating the situation
Developing an alternative
•Defining the problem
•Diagnosing the causes
•Identifying the decision
objective
•Seek creative alternative
•Evaluation at the next
stage
Implement & monitor
Evaluate alternatives &
select the best one
• Plan implementation
•Make necessary
adjustments
•Evaluate
•Select the best alternative
18. Continuum of decision making
In making a decision , managers must weigh alternatives involving
future events that are difficult to predict .
Therefore , decision making is categorized
on a continuum ranging from :
Risk
Uncertainty
Certainty
19. Certainty
• Objective is known.
• Complete information about each
alternative is known.
Risk
• Unpredictable outcome of an alternative.
• But enough information to predict the
probability that desired state is achieved.
Uncertainty
• High unpredictability about the alternative
and the outcome.
• Due to External conditions and
unavailability of key information.
21. Case Study: Planning For A Miracle On
34th Street
Shifted focus from glizty goods to moderated priced
goods.
Installed new satellite network to connect suppliers with
sales people.
Launched their own 24*7 Cable channel to advertise &
sell their goods.
22. “Developing the plan is actually
laying out the sequence of events
that have to occur for you to achieve
your goal.”
― George L.Morrisey
Notes de l'éditeur
Planning is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It involves creation and maintenance of plan.
Provides directionReduces uncertaintyMinimizes waste and redundancySets the standards for controlling