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Journal of Education and Practice                                                                       www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.4, 2013



   Assessment of Losses of Jackfruit as Perceived by the Farmers
                           Md. Wali Ahad Setu1* Md. Sekender Ali2 Md. Rafiquel Islam3
     1.    Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
                                      Sher-e-Bangla Nagar,Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
     2.    Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
                                      Sher-e-Bangla Nagar,Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
     3.    Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
                                      Sher-e-Bangla Nagar,Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
                               *E-mail of the corresponding author: setu_sau@yahoo.com


The research was financed by NATP: Phase I, BARC, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to assess the losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers and explore the
relationships of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers with the losses of jackfruit as perceived by
them. The selected characteristics were age, level of education, jackfruit land size, number of jackfruit trees,
annual income from jackfruit, experience in jackfruit cultivation, knowledge on jackfruit cultivation and problem
faced by the farmers. Data were gathered from 120 jackfruit farmers of six villages such as Kachina and Honpara
of Bhaluka Upazilla, Donua and Nagar Haowla of Sreepur Upazilla and Naoghata and Sristighar of Shibpur
Upazilla under Mymensing, Gazipur and Narsingdi districts respectively by using a structured interview
schedule. For harmonious representation from each village 10 percent sample were drawn following stratified
random sampling method. Appropriate scales were formulated in order to assess the concerned variables. SPSS
software was used to probe the data and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient was applied to
examine the relationship among the variables. The findings revealed that the highest proportion of the farmers
(71.7 percent) perceived medium loss, while 17.5 percent perceived high loss and 10.8 percent of them perceived
low loss in jackfruit production. Hence, overwhelming majority (89.2 percent) of the respondents perceived
medium to high loss in jackfruit cultivation. The statistical analysis exposed that annual income from jackfruit,
experience in jackfruit cultivation and knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the jackfruit farmers had significant
negative relationship with the losses of jackfruit while problem faced by the jackfruit farmers had significant
positive relationship with the losses of jackfruit as perceived by them.
Key words: Loss assessment, Jackfruit, Farmer’s perception


Introduction
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) belongs to the family Moraceae, is one of the tropical fruits of
Bangladesh which is produced in large quantity every year. It is an important and widely distributed and
cultivated fruit in Bangladesh. Jackfruit is economically important throughout the tropics of Asia. It is grown in
the homestead in almost all the rural areas of Bangladesh. It ranks top in production among the fruits grown in
the country accounting 23.08 percent of total fruit production in 2008-09 (BBS, 2010). There is a prospective
market for jackfruit products in country as well as outside. On the other hand, jackfruit processing industries may
generate an employment opportunity which is one of the urgent needs in the present context of Bangladesh. It is
envisaged that there is a good scope for setting up jackfruit processing units in jackfruit growing areas. This will
not only help the farmers to utilize the perishable raw material but also generate more employment opportunities
in rural areas. About twenty to twenty five units are engaged in unorganized sector manufacturing jackfruit chips
and jackfruit preserves. Fruits at 25-50 percent of full size are eaten unripe as a vegetable or ripe, full size as a
fruit. The fruit has high nutritive value and significantly contributes to the nutrition of the people of Bangladesh
as a source of vitamins such as vitamin A, B and C, minerals and calories. Seeds of jackfruits are also a good
source of carbohydrates and potassium with considerable amount of phosphorus, calcium and protein (Acedo,
1992). So we can prevent various diseases and malnutrition by properly consuming this fruit. Though a huge
amount of jackfruit is produced in every year in Bangladesh, a significant portion of them goes to waste due to
its high perishability and cramped seasonality. The peak harvesting period of jackfruit is June to July. It’s a hot,
humid and rainy period of Bangladesh. In this period, marketing of fruit becomes difficult, as the fruits are rotten
quickly once it ripens. On the contrary, sub-standard and outdated pre and post-harvest management practices


                                                         11
Journal of Education and Practice                                                                     www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.4, 2013

adopted by stakeholders like farmers and intermediaries, inadequate and unscientific storage facilities, lack of
smooth and timely transportation of agro-products to the sell points and indiscriminate use of non-recommended
chemicals specially for ripening and preservations were identified as root causes of huge losses of jackfruit. Lack
of knowledge in the farmers and latest technologies are also key-reasons behind such spoilage leads to enormous
economic losses, the researchers pointed out. During the peak season for example, about 50 percent fruits mainly
pineapple, watermelon, jackfruit, tomato etc. is lost due to inadequate processing facilities in Bangladesh
(Hussain, 1993). Preservation of jackfruit ensuring quality would reduce the wide fluctuation of prices between
peak harvesting period and off-season. Moreover, if the excess amount of this seasonal fruit can be processed
and dried for the future storage that may be an earning source of foreign currency. On the other hand, jackfruit
processing industries may generate an employment opportunity which is one of the urgent needs in the present
context of Bangladesh.
Scientists do not know the effectiveness of their discoveries, extensionists do not know the effectiveness of their
extension education policy and farmers do not know their future course of action. If the reason of losses and
amount of losses could be identified and minimized successfully, the deficiency of food and economic condition
of our country would be improved undoubtedly. In this condition assessing the losses of jackfruit can be
considered important alternatives for finding out the reason behind the pre and post-harvest losses of this
nutritive fruit. So that the necessary steps can be taken to minimize the losses fulfilling the above requirement.
Therefore, the researcher was keenly interested to undertake the research entitled “Assessment of Losses of
Jackfruit as Perceived by the Farmers” with the following objectives:
              •    To assess the losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers
              •    To identify and describe some selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers
              •    To explore the relationship of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers with the
                   losses of jackfruit as perceived by them
Methodology
Three Upazillas of Bangladesh namely Sreepur under Gazipur District, Bhaluka under Mymensing District and
Shibpur under Narsingdi District were purposively selected as the locale of the study. Six villages were also
purposively selected by taking two from each selected Upazilla. A total of 1204 jackfruit growing farmers were
listed which constituted the population of this study. For proportionate representation, 120 jackfruit farmers were
selected as the sample of the study by taking 10 percent of the farmers from each of the six selected villages
following stratified random sampling method considering each village as a stratum. Data were collected from the
sample farmers with the help of a pretested interview schedule during the period from 9th June to 20th July, 2011.


For measuring jackfruit losses at farmers’ level, eight different loss items of three phases namely production,
harvesting and marketing phases were considered. Losses of Jackfruit were measured by asking perception on
these eight different items of jackfruit loss to the each respondent individually. It was recorded based on the
perception of the farmers and expressed in percentage. Percentage of losses of jackfruit was perceived in terms
of total production of jackfruit. Finally, losses of jackfruit were measured by adding the percentage of losses of
all items. Losses of three different phases were determined separately for better understanding.


The age of the respondents was measured in terms of years by counting the period of time from his/her birth to
the time of interview. Level of education of a respondent was measured in terms of years of successful schooling
completed by an individual in educational institute. Jackfruit land size was estimated in terms of hectare owned
by a farmer on which jackfruit growing activities are carried out. The number of jackfruit trees of a respondent
was measured in terms of actual number of jackfruit tree. Annual income from jackfruit was measured in
`thousand' Taka. Experience in jackfruit cultivation of a respondent was measured on the basis of his duration of
jackfruit cultivation in terms of years. Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation was measured by asking 20 relevant
questions. A score of two (2) was assigned for each complete and correct answer and 0 (zero) for incorrect or no
answer for each question. Partial score was assigned for partially correct answer for each question. Problem
faced in jackfruit production of respondent farmers was measured by asking 12 items of problem on the basis of
the nature of problem they faced in jackfruit cultivation.


Findings and Discussion
Losses of Jackfruit as Perceived by the Farmers


                                                         12
Journal of Education and Practice                                                                       www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.4, 2013

The losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers have been presented in Table 1. They range from 7 to 34
having a mean of 18.61 and standard deviation of 5.31. The highest proportion of the farmers (71.7 percent)
perceived medium loss, while 10.8 percent of the respondents perceived low loss and 17.5 percent perceived
high loss in jackfruit production. It means that overwhelming majority (89.2 percent) of the jackfruit farmers
perceived medium to high losses in jackfruit cultivation.
An attempt had been made to determine the losses of jackfruit at three different phases. And It was 13.3 percent
in production phase, 3.03 percent in harvesting phase and 2.28 percent in marketing phase. The findings have
been shown in Table 2.
Selected characteristics of the farmers
Salient features of the farmers’ selected characteristics like possible and observed range, number and percent
distribution, mean, standard deviation (SD) and categorization are presented in Table 3. Findings revealed that
majority proportion of the farmers was middle and old aged (77.5%) with ‘Can sign only’ and ‘Primary level’ of
education (61.6%) and had small to medium jackfruit land size (95%). Majority of them had small number of
jackfruit trees (51.7 %), low to medium annual income from jackfruit (85 %) and medium to high experience in
jackfruit cultivation (85.8 %). Three-fourth (76.6 %) of the respondents felt in moderate knowledge. Majority
(83.3 %) of the respondents faced medium problem in jackfruit production activities.
Relationship of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers with the losses in jackfruit production as
perceived by them
Table 4 shows the relationship between the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers and the losses in
jackfruit production as perceived by them. Correlation analysis indicates that annual income from jackfruit,
experience in jackfruit cultivation and knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the jackfruit farmers had significant
relationship with the losses of jackfruit while problem faced by the jackfruit farmers had significant positive
relationship with the losses of jackfruit as perceived by them. The rest four variables namely age, level of
education, jackfruit land size and number of jackfruit trees of the farmers had no significant relationship with the
losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers.


Conclusion
It may be concluded that there is necessity to reduce the losses of jackfruit. With the increase of knowledge the
losses of jackfruit were decreased. Actually the farmers having more agricultural knowledge receive more
agricultural information. It helps an individual to create his understanding and awareness on different aspects of
agricultural information. The more the problems faced by the jackfruit farmers the more were their losses of
jackfruit. The more the experience in jackfruit cultivation the less was their losses of jackfruit. With the decrease
of annual income the losses of jackfruit is increased. These variables influence losses of jackfruit tremendously.


References
Acedo, A. L. (1992). Jackfruit Biology, Production, Use and Philippines Research. Forestry/Fuel Wood
Research and Development Project (F/FRED). Arlington, VA., USA.
BBS. (2010). Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics. Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh. p. 123.
Hussain, M. A. (1993). Nutrition and Socio-economic Dimensions of Post-harvest Processing and Preservation
of Agricultural Products. A Paper Presented in the National Workshop on Post-harvest Processing and
Preservation of Agricultural Products - Its Present Status and Future Strategy in Bangladesh held at BARC May
25-26, 1993.




                                                         13
Journal of Education and Practice                                                                             www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.4, 2013

Appendix
Table 1. Distribution of the farmers according to the Losses of jackfruit as perceived by them

  Possible        Observed                    Categories                          Respondents         Mean           SD
   range            range                        (percent)                  Number        Percent

   0-100             7-34               Low loss(below 11)                    13            10.8      18.61        5.313

                                        Medium loss (12-22)                   86            71.7

                                        High loss (above 22)                  21            17.5

Source: Own study


Table 2. Losses of different items of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers

SL. NO.                     Phases                                  Items                Percent Losses in Terms of Total
                                                                                                   Production

    1                Production Phase                   Due to lack of cultural                        4.23
                                                              operation

                                                             Due to insect attack                      4.59

                                                             Due to pest attack                        4.48

                     Harvesting Phase                         Due to cracking                          1.29
    2                                                   Due to harvest at over                         1.35
                                                            mature stage

                                                              Due to harvest at                        0.39
                                                              immature stage

    3                Marketing Phase                         Due to transporting                       1.24

                                                       Due to crack or damage                          1.04

                                      Total                                                           18.61

Source: Own study




                                                               14
Journal of Education and Practice                                                                     www.iiste.org
     ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
     Vol.4, No.4, 2013

     Table 3. Salient features of the farmers selected characteristics
SL.      Characteristics                                        Categories            Farmers      Mean        Standard
No.                                     Range                                                                  Deviation

                               Possibl     Observed                                  No.   %
                                 e

1.              Age                -         23 - 85       Young aged(upto 35)       27    22.5    47.90         12.82
                                                            Middle aged (36-50)      41    34.2
                                                            Old aged (above 50)      52    43.3
2.           Level of              -         0 - 14     Illiterate (don’t read and   20    16.7    3.13           3.41
            education                                              write)
                                                             Can sign only (0.5)     40    33.3
                                                         Primary level (1-5class)    34    28.3
                                                           Secondary level (6-10     24     20
                                                                   class)
                                                          Above secondary level       2    1.7
3.        Jackfruit land           -      0.04-0.80           Small (0.10-0.25)       52    43.3   0.20           0.37
               size                                         Medium (0.26-1.20)        62    51.7
                                                              Large (1.32-2.0)         6      5
4.          Number of              -        15 - 300        Small (up to 50)         62    51.7    72.3          58.53
          jackfruit trees                                  Medium (up to 100)        36     30
                                                             Large (>100)            22    18.3
5.       Annual income             -         2 - 120          Low (<20)               36   49.2    30.93         25.60
         from jackfruit                                     Medium (22-50)           43     35.8
                                                              High (>50)               1     15
                                                                                       8
6.        Experience in            -         5 - 65          Low (up to 15)          17    14.2    28.00         10.60
            jackfruit                                      Medium (upto 30)          67    55.8
           cultivation                                         High (>30)            36     30
7.        Knowledge on           0-40        8 - 34      Poor knowledge (up to                     21.22          5.70
                                                                                     11    9.2
            jackfruit                                             13)
           cultivation                                  Moderate knowledge (14-
                                                                                     92    76.6
                                                                  26)
                                                        Sound knowledge (Above
                                                                                     17    14.2
                                                                  26)
8.       Problems faced          0-36        6 - 36       Low problem (1-12)         12     10     18.29          4.82
         by the farmers                                 Medium problem (13-25)       100   83.3
                                                          High problem (25-36)        8     6.7
     Source: Own study




                                                              15
Journal of Education and Practice                                                                         www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.4, 2013

Table 4. Summarized Results of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Showing Relationships Between each of
the Selected Characteristics of the Jackfruit Farmers and the Losses of Jackfruit as Perceived by Them
                                                                                                               N =120

                                                                  Value of co-               Tabulated value
                           Characteristics of the farmers         efficient of
                                                                 correlation (r)      0.05 level       0.01 level

                                        Age                         -0.027NS

                                 Level of education                 -0.071NS

                                 Jackfruit land size                 0.114NS
    Losses of
   Jackfruit as              Number of jackfruit trees               0.115NS
 perceived by the          Annual income from jackfruit              -0.181*
     farmers
                                                                                          0.179            0.237
                         Experience in jackfruit cultivation         -0.214*

                        Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation           -0.249**

                          Problems faced by the jackfruit
                                                                     0.245**
                                     farmers

Source: Own study
NS
     Not significant, ** Significant at the 0.01 level, * Significant at the 0.05 level




                                                            16

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Assessment of losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers

  • 1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013 Assessment of Losses of Jackfruit as Perceived by the Farmers Md. Wali Ahad Setu1* Md. Sekender Ali2 Md. Rafiquel Islam3 1. Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar,Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh 2. Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar,Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh 3. Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar,Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh *E-mail of the corresponding author: setu_sau@yahoo.com The research was financed by NATP: Phase I, BARC, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract The main purpose of this study was to assess the losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers and explore the relationships of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers with the losses of jackfruit as perceived by them. The selected characteristics were age, level of education, jackfruit land size, number of jackfruit trees, annual income from jackfruit, experience in jackfruit cultivation, knowledge on jackfruit cultivation and problem faced by the farmers. Data were gathered from 120 jackfruit farmers of six villages such as Kachina and Honpara of Bhaluka Upazilla, Donua and Nagar Haowla of Sreepur Upazilla and Naoghata and Sristighar of Shibpur Upazilla under Mymensing, Gazipur and Narsingdi districts respectively by using a structured interview schedule. For harmonious representation from each village 10 percent sample were drawn following stratified random sampling method. Appropriate scales were formulated in order to assess the concerned variables. SPSS software was used to probe the data and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient was applied to examine the relationship among the variables. The findings revealed that the highest proportion of the farmers (71.7 percent) perceived medium loss, while 17.5 percent perceived high loss and 10.8 percent of them perceived low loss in jackfruit production. Hence, overwhelming majority (89.2 percent) of the respondents perceived medium to high loss in jackfruit cultivation. The statistical analysis exposed that annual income from jackfruit, experience in jackfruit cultivation and knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the jackfruit farmers had significant negative relationship with the losses of jackfruit while problem faced by the jackfruit farmers had significant positive relationship with the losses of jackfruit as perceived by them. Key words: Loss assessment, Jackfruit, Farmer’s perception Introduction Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) belongs to the family Moraceae, is one of the tropical fruits of Bangladesh which is produced in large quantity every year. It is an important and widely distributed and cultivated fruit in Bangladesh. Jackfruit is economically important throughout the tropics of Asia. It is grown in the homestead in almost all the rural areas of Bangladesh. It ranks top in production among the fruits grown in the country accounting 23.08 percent of total fruit production in 2008-09 (BBS, 2010). There is a prospective market for jackfruit products in country as well as outside. On the other hand, jackfruit processing industries may generate an employment opportunity which is one of the urgent needs in the present context of Bangladesh. It is envisaged that there is a good scope for setting up jackfruit processing units in jackfruit growing areas. This will not only help the farmers to utilize the perishable raw material but also generate more employment opportunities in rural areas. About twenty to twenty five units are engaged in unorganized sector manufacturing jackfruit chips and jackfruit preserves. Fruits at 25-50 percent of full size are eaten unripe as a vegetable or ripe, full size as a fruit. The fruit has high nutritive value and significantly contributes to the nutrition of the people of Bangladesh as a source of vitamins such as vitamin A, B and C, minerals and calories. Seeds of jackfruits are also a good source of carbohydrates and potassium with considerable amount of phosphorus, calcium and protein (Acedo, 1992). So we can prevent various diseases and malnutrition by properly consuming this fruit. Though a huge amount of jackfruit is produced in every year in Bangladesh, a significant portion of them goes to waste due to its high perishability and cramped seasonality. The peak harvesting period of jackfruit is June to July. It’s a hot, humid and rainy period of Bangladesh. In this period, marketing of fruit becomes difficult, as the fruits are rotten quickly once it ripens. On the contrary, sub-standard and outdated pre and post-harvest management practices 11
  • 2. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013 adopted by stakeholders like farmers and intermediaries, inadequate and unscientific storage facilities, lack of smooth and timely transportation of agro-products to the sell points and indiscriminate use of non-recommended chemicals specially for ripening and preservations were identified as root causes of huge losses of jackfruit. Lack of knowledge in the farmers and latest technologies are also key-reasons behind such spoilage leads to enormous economic losses, the researchers pointed out. During the peak season for example, about 50 percent fruits mainly pineapple, watermelon, jackfruit, tomato etc. is lost due to inadequate processing facilities in Bangladesh (Hussain, 1993). Preservation of jackfruit ensuring quality would reduce the wide fluctuation of prices between peak harvesting period and off-season. Moreover, if the excess amount of this seasonal fruit can be processed and dried for the future storage that may be an earning source of foreign currency. On the other hand, jackfruit processing industries may generate an employment opportunity which is one of the urgent needs in the present context of Bangladesh. Scientists do not know the effectiveness of their discoveries, extensionists do not know the effectiveness of their extension education policy and farmers do not know their future course of action. If the reason of losses and amount of losses could be identified and minimized successfully, the deficiency of food and economic condition of our country would be improved undoubtedly. In this condition assessing the losses of jackfruit can be considered important alternatives for finding out the reason behind the pre and post-harvest losses of this nutritive fruit. So that the necessary steps can be taken to minimize the losses fulfilling the above requirement. Therefore, the researcher was keenly interested to undertake the research entitled “Assessment of Losses of Jackfruit as Perceived by the Farmers” with the following objectives: • To assess the losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers • To identify and describe some selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers • To explore the relationship of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers with the losses of jackfruit as perceived by them Methodology Three Upazillas of Bangladesh namely Sreepur under Gazipur District, Bhaluka under Mymensing District and Shibpur under Narsingdi District were purposively selected as the locale of the study. Six villages were also purposively selected by taking two from each selected Upazilla. A total of 1204 jackfruit growing farmers were listed which constituted the population of this study. For proportionate representation, 120 jackfruit farmers were selected as the sample of the study by taking 10 percent of the farmers from each of the six selected villages following stratified random sampling method considering each village as a stratum. Data were collected from the sample farmers with the help of a pretested interview schedule during the period from 9th June to 20th July, 2011. For measuring jackfruit losses at farmers’ level, eight different loss items of three phases namely production, harvesting and marketing phases were considered. Losses of Jackfruit were measured by asking perception on these eight different items of jackfruit loss to the each respondent individually. It was recorded based on the perception of the farmers and expressed in percentage. Percentage of losses of jackfruit was perceived in terms of total production of jackfruit. Finally, losses of jackfruit were measured by adding the percentage of losses of all items. Losses of three different phases were determined separately for better understanding. The age of the respondents was measured in terms of years by counting the period of time from his/her birth to the time of interview. Level of education of a respondent was measured in terms of years of successful schooling completed by an individual in educational institute. Jackfruit land size was estimated in terms of hectare owned by a farmer on which jackfruit growing activities are carried out. The number of jackfruit trees of a respondent was measured in terms of actual number of jackfruit tree. Annual income from jackfruit was measured in `thousand' Taka. Experience in jackfruit cultivation of a respondent was measured on the basis of his duration of jackfruit cultivation in terms of years. Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation was measured by asking 20 relevant questions. A score of two (2) was assigned for each complete and correct answer and 0 (zero) for incorrect or no answer for each question. Partial score was assigned for partially correct answer for each question. Problem faced in jackfruit production of respondent farmers was measured by asking 12 items of problem on the basis of the nature of problem they faced in jackfruit cultivation. Findings and Discussion Losses of Jackfruit as Perceived by the Farmers 12
  • 3. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013 The losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers have been presented in Table 1. They range from 7 to 34 having a mean of 18.61 and standard deviation of 5.31. The highest proportion of the farmers (71.7 percent) perceived medium loss, while 10.8 percent of the respondents perceived low loss and 17.5 percent perceived high loss in jackfruit production. It means that overwhelming majority (89.2 percent) of the jackfruit farmers perceived medium to high losses in jackfruit cultivation. An attempt had been made to determine the losses of jackfruit at three different phases. And It was 13.3 percent in production phase, 3.03 percent in harvesting phase and 2.28 percent in marketing phase. The findings have been shown in Table 2. Selected characteristics of the farmers Salient features of the farmers’ selected characteristics like possible and observed range, number and percent distribution, mean, standard deviation (SD) and categorization are presented in Table 3. Findings revealed that majority proportion of the farmers was middle and old aged (77.5%) with ‘Can sign only’ and ‘Primary level’ of education (61.6%) and had small to medium jackfruit land size (95%). Majority of them had small number of jackfruit trees (51.7 %), low to medium annual income from jackfruit (85 %) and medium to high experience in jackfruit cultivation (85.8 %). Three-fourth (76.6 %) of the respondents felt in moderate knowledge. Majority (83.3 %) of the respondents faced medium problem in jackfruit production activities. Relationship of the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers with the losses in jackfruit production as perceived by them Table 4 shows the relationship between the selected characteristics of the jackfruit farmers and the losses in jackfruit production as perceived by them. Correlation analysis indicates that annual income from jackfruit, experience in jackfruit cultivation and knowledge on jackfruit cultivation of the jackfruit farmers had significant relationship with the losses of jackfruit while problem faced by the jackfruit farmers had significant positive relationship with the losses of jackfruit as perceived by them. The rest four variables namely age, level of education, jackfruit land size and number of jackfruit trees of the farmers had no significant relationship with the losses of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers. Conclusion It may be concluded that there is necessity to reduce the losses of jackfruit. With the increase of knowledge the losses of jackfruit were decreased. Actually the farmers having more agricultural knowledge receive more agricultural information. It helps an individual to create his understanding and awareness on different aspects of agricultural information. The more the problems faced by the jackfruit farmers the more were their losses of jackfruit. The more the experience in jackfruit cultivation the less was their losses of jackfruit. With the decrease of annual income the losses of jackfruit is increased. These variables influence losses of jackfruit tremendously. References Acedo, A. L. (1992). Jackfruit Biology, Production, Use and Philippines Research. Forestry/Fuel Wood Research and Development Project (F/FRED). Arlington, VA., USA. BBS. (2010). Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics. Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. p. 123. Hussain, M. A. (1993). Nutrition and Socio-economic Dimensions of Post-harvest Processing and Preservation of Agricultural Products. A Paper Presented in the National Workshop on Post-harvest Processing and Preservation of Agricultural Products - Its Present Status and Future Strategy in Bangladesh held at BARC May 25-26, 1993. 13
  • 4. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013 Appendix Table 1. Distribution of the farmers according to the Losses of jackfruit as perceived by them Possible Observed Categories Respondents Mean SD range range (percent) Number Percent 0-100 7-34 Low loss(below 11) 13 10.8 18.61 5.313 Medium loss (12-22) 86 71.7 High loss (above 22) 21 17.5 Source: Own study Table 2. Losses of different items of jackfruit as perceived by the farmers SL. NO. Phases Items Percent Losses in Terms of Total Production 1 Production Phase Due to lack of cultural 4.23 operation Due to insect attack 4.59 Due to pest attack 4.48 Harvesting Phase Due to cracking 1.29 2 Due to harvest at over 1.35 mature stage Due to harvest at 0.39 immature stage 3 Marketing Phase Due to transporting 1.24 Due to crack or damage 1.04 Total 18.61 Source: Own study 14
  • 5. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013 Table 3. Salient features of the farmers selected characteristics SL. Characteristics Categories Farmers Mean Standard No. Range Deviation Possibl Observed No. % e 1. Age - 23 - 85 Young aged(upto 35) 27 22.5 47.90 12.82 Middle aged (36-50) 41 34.2 Old aged (above 50) 52 43.3 2. Level of - 0 - 14 Illiterate (don’t read and 20 16.7 3.13 3.41 education write) Can sign only (0.5) 40 33.3 Primary level (1-5class) 34 28.3 Secondary level (6-10 24 20 class) Above secondary level 2 1.7 3. Jackfruit land - 0.04-0.80 Small (0.10-0.25) 52 43.3 0.20 0.37 size Medium (0.26-1.20) 62 51.7 Large (1.32-2.0) 6 5 4. Number of - 15 - 300 Small (up to 50) 62 51.7 72.3 58.53 jackfruit trees Medium (up to 100) 36 30 Large (>100) 22 18.3 5. Annual income - 2 - 120 Low (<20) 36 49.2 30.93 25.60 from jackfruit Medium (22-50) 43 35.8 High (>50) 1 15 8 6. Experience in - 5 - 65 Low (up to 15) 17 14.2 28.00 10.60 jackfruit Medium (upto 30) 67 55.8 cultivation High (>30) 36 30 7. Knowledge on 0-40 8 - 34 Poor knowledge (up to 21.22 5.70 11 9.2 jackfruit 13) cultivation Moderate knowledge (14- 92 76.6 26) Sound knowledge (Above 17 14.2 26) 8. Problems faced 0-36 6 - 36 Low problem (1-12) 12 10 18.29 4.82 by the farmers Medium problem (13-25) 100 83.3 High problem (25-36) 8 6.7 Source: Own study 15
  • 6. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.4, No.4, 2013 Table 4. Summarized Results of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Showing Relationships Between each of the Selected Characteristics of the Jackfruit Farmers and the Losses of Jackfruit as Perceived by Them N =120 Value of co- Tabulated value Characteristics of the farmers efficient of correlation (r) 0.05 level 0.01 level Age -0.027NS Level of education -0.071NS Jackfruit land size 0.114NS Losses of Jackfruit as Number of jackfruit trees 0.115NS perceived by the Annual income from jackfruit -0.181* farmers 0.179 0.237 Experience in jackfruit cultivation -0.214* Knowledge on jackfruit cultivation -0.249** Problems faced by the jackfruit 0.245** farmers Source: Own study NS Not significant, ** Significant at the 0.01 level, * Significant at the 0.05 level 16