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Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)

New-type of Multi-purpose Standard Radon Chamber in South
Korea
1,2*

Min-jun Kim1,2 Seon-hong Kim

1,2

Do-hyeon Kim

1,2

Ho-jun Jeon

Seung-Yeon Cho1,2

1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
2. Natural Radioactivity Environmental Health Center, Wonju, Korea
*Email address of corresponding author: seon84@gmail.com
Abstract
Radon is an inert and a radioactive gas which is colorless, tasteless and odorless. As the radon decay proceeds,
and if DNA damage continues beyond repair capacity of cells in the human body, it can cause severe health
problems such as lung cancer in the long-term. There is a tendency that those countries where legal restriction on
radon is strict, various studies related to radon are under way. In South Korea, radon has been regulated under
recommendation level. Even though there are about 3 standard radon chambers in Korea, they have not been in
an active use because of lack of demand. Also, most of them are specialized in calibration of radon detectors only.
Recently, Korean government started giving some attention to radon issue and supporting radon research fields.
Thus, this study was carried out to develop a new type of radon chamber for multi-purpose such as 1) radon
emission rate from natural and artificial radon sources; 2) calibration of radon detectors; 3) evaluation of radon
mitigation efficiency.
Keywords: Radon, Radon Chamber, Indoor Air Quality, Chamber Design
1. Introduction
Radon is an inert radioactive gas that arises directly from the decay of radium-226, which widely exists in soils
and rocks. Radon is, therefore, a product of the uranium-238 decay series. Once released, radon may diffuse to a
free surface and then escape into the air or water. Radon has 3.82 days of half-life and decays into a series of
short-lived radioisotopes such as Polonium-218, Lead-214, Bismuth-214, etc until Lead-206. Causing DNA
damage beyond repair capacity of cells in the human body, if such a state continues, interior concentration of
radon is high, can cause lung cancer in the long term. In developed countries, a lot of effort has been going on to
induce the public to mitigate radon concentration in their own houses due to the risk of radon. Also, most
countries constructed standard radon chambers and help radon researchers, detectors and mitigators with
calibration and detection. Using those chambers, various studies have been performed. However, in South Korea
reliable method and scientific criteria are still necessary to manage radon for governmental regulation because
most of radon chambers are hardly in use due to lack of demand. This study was carried out to construct new
type of standard radon chamber and compact multi-purpose and evaluate various radon issues such as radon
emission rate, radon mitigation efficiency and radon detector calibration.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Radon Chamber Design
Multi-purpose standard radon chamber aims to develop evaluation model of radon flow and radon emission
resulting from natural and artificial radon sources considering various factors such as indoor air flow,
temperature, humidity, etc. Also, this chamber can be applied to assess radon mitigation system. Moreover,
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can simulate inside of the chamber and mathematically interprets indoor
radon flow to predict radon movements and control strategy.
Dimension of multi-purpose standard radon chamber is 2000 mm x 2000 mm x 2400 mm. Fig. 1 describes a
general drawing of the chamber.

342
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)

Fig 1. General drawing of multi-purpose radon chamber
Multi-purpose radon chamber consists of soil tray (85 mm (H) × 1,750 mm (L) 2 EA) so that natural radon
source(soil) can be used for emission rate evaluation. Moreover, various factors such as temperature, humidity
and air flow can be considered during the test.
2.2 Measuring the Concentration of Radon Activity
Multi-purpose radon chamber, aims to develop an evaluation model to account for the factor with variety flow of
air in a room, temperature, humidity, radon emitted and flow into the chamber from natural and artificial radon
source. The most important parts in the chamber are SUS material for duration, air-tightness for accuracy and
strictly controlled environment for evaluation of various conditions. Steady temperature/humidity controller will
be installed to evaluate radon emission rate, radon mitigation efficiency, etc. under different
temperature/humidity conditions.
Soil Test Tray

Exhaust test tray SUS

Soil test tray and exhaust pipe

Soil exhaust pipe

Observation sights

Full wall insulation

343
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)

Exhaust ventilation pipe

Soil exhaust ventilation pipe

Fig2. Construction of standard radon chamber

Fig 3.Munti-purpose radon chamber
2.3 Calibration of radon measuring device
Calibration of detector is required periodically in order to evaluate the accuracy of the active radon detectors.
Most of all, to perform the calibration, radon concentration must be steadily maintained in the chamber. Indoor
radon gas concentration is not significantly influenced by temperature and humidity, but the filter and adsorbent
to collect radon progeny can be affected by temperature and humidity. For this reason, temperature and humidity
control have to be performed in case of need. So far, a number of international goverments run standard radon
chambers, and they are broadly useful. In South Korea, only three orginizations(Korea Research Institute of
Standards and Science, Korea Testing Laboratory and Yonsei University) run standard radon chamber. However,
because the legal force related to radon regulation is too low (indoor radon has been regulated by
recommendation level in Korea) and the demand is also low, these chambers are hardly in use.
2.4 Efficiency evaluation of reduction and equipment radon release rate
Most of the radon penetration is caused by he soil and rock of the ground of the building, and the radon keeps
accumulated from the bottom of the building continuously. Because the pressure in the indoor space is lower
than the pressure in the soil, radon flows into the indoors through the walls and floors of the building. Also,
radon can enter the building through other passages such as cracks on the wall. Once this radon engers, it will
stay indoors until the air ventilation occurs. In particular, Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) can simulates
radon flow in the chamber resulted from radon source materials so that we can interpret the flow mathematically
and predict its movements. Eventually, we will be able to control the indoor radon gas in advance.

344
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)

Fig 4. Simulation of radon emission from the building materials and indoor radon distribution
3. Discussion
Radon is a radioactive substance that occurs naturally and has been classified as a major factor that causes lung
cancer followed by smoking. Radon has been interested from the 1980s past in Korea, but it has not been
developed in the field of management and reduction. It is because the public has not been aware of how
dangerous this radon is and how to detect and manage. However, the Korean government recently started
focusing on radon issues and supporting radon detection and management. This multi-purpose radon chamber is
possible to experiment considering many factors such as airflow, temperature, humidity, and radon emitted into
the chamber from natural and artificial radon source. Furthermore, it is possible to predict the movements of
indoor radon through simulation by CFD. Also, it is possible to evaluate the radon emission rate under various
conditions. Compared to existing standard radon chambers in other organization, this chamber can be a multipurpose tool for radon research field. Radon emission rate of natural and artificial radon source considering
various factors can be carried out. Also, calibration of radon detectors can be performed as well. Finally, radon
mitigation systems can be applied to the bottom of this chamber and evaluated their efficiency as well. Therefore,
this study is possible to contribute to development of the official radon test and analysis method and
establishment of a scientifically accurate regulation.
Acknowledgements
This subject is supported by Korea Ministry of Environment as "The Environmental Health Action Program".
References
EPA( 1997) National radon proficiency program, Guidance on quality assurance, USA, EPA 402-R-95-012
UNSCEAR (1977), Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the
Effects of Atomic Radiation 1977 Report to the General Assembly, United Nations, New York.
NEHA (1999), Final Guidance for the Certification of Radon and Radon Decay Product Chambers, USA,
James F. Burkhart
DOE (1999), Design Criteria and Operational Characteristics of Radon/Thoron Chambers, USA, A. George
NRPB( 2002), Results of the 2002 NRPB intercomparison of passive radon detecots, NRPB-W44
A. Paul, A. Honig, D. Forkel-Wirth, A. Mueller, A. Marcos, (2002) “Traceable measurements of the activity
concentration in air”, Nucl. Phys. A, 701 334c
I. Busch, H. Greupner, U. Keyser, (2002) “Absolute measurement of the activity of 222Rn using a proportional
counter”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., A481 330-338.
L. Zikovsky, (1995) “Determination of Radon-222 in gases by alpha counting of its decayproducts deposited on
the inside walls of a proportional counter”, Rad. Meas., Vol.24, No. 3 315-317.
Murtadha S. Al-Nafiey,(2012)” Design and Fabrication of New Radon Chamber for RadonCalibration Factor of
Measurement” International Journal of Scientific & EngineeringResearch, Vol.3, No.A435 124a

345
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New type of multi-purpose standard radon chamber in south korea

  • 1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013) New-type of Multi-purpose Standard Radon Chamber in South Korea 1,2* Min-jun Kim1,2 Seon-hong Kim 1,2 Do-hyeon Kim 1,2 Ho-jun Jeon Seung-Yeon Cho1,2 1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea 2. Natural Radioactivity Environmental Health Center, Wonju, Korea *Email address of corresponding author: seon84@gmail.com Abstract Radon is an inert and a radioactive gas which is colorless, tasteless and odorless. As the radon decay proceeds, and if DNA damage continues beyond repair capacity of cells in the human body, it can cause severe health problems such as lung cancer in the long-term. There is a tendency that those countries where legal restriction on radon is strict, various studies related to radon are under way. In South Korea, radon has been regulated under recommendation level. Even though there are about 3 standard radon chambers in Korea, they have not been in an active use because of lack of demand. Also, most of them are specialized in calibration of radon detectors only. Recently, Korean government started giving some attention to radon issue and supporting radon research fields. Thus, this study was carried out to develop a new type of radon chamber for multi-purpose such as 1) radon emission rate from natural and artificial radon sources; 2) calibration of radon detectors; 3) evaluation of radon mitigation efficiency. Keywords: Radon, Radon Chamber, Indoor Air Quality, Chamber Design 1. Introduction Radon is an inert radioactive gas that arises directly from the decay of radium-226, which widely exists in soils and rocks. Radon is, therefore, a product of the uranium-238 decay series. Once released, radon may diffuse to a free surface and then escape into the air or water. Radon has 3.82 days of half-life and decays into a series of short-lived radioisotopes such as Polonium-218, Lead-214, Bismuth-214, etc until Lead-206. Causing DNA damage beyond repair capacity of cells in the human body, if such a state continues, interior concentration of radon is high, can cause lung cancer in the long term. In developed countries, a lot of effort has been going on to induce the public to mitigate radon concentration in their own houses due to the risk of radon. Also, most countries constructed standard radon chambers and help radon researchers, detectors and mitigators with calibration and detection. Using those chambers, various studies have been performed. However, in South Korea reliable method and scientific criteria are still necessary to manage radon for governmental regulation because most of radon chambers are hardly in use due to lack of demand. This study was carried out to construct new type of standard radon chamber and compact multi-purpose and evaluate various radon issues such as radon emission rate, radon mitigation efficiency and radon detector calibration. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Radon Chamber Design Multi-purpose standard radon chamber aims to develop evaluation model of radon flow and radon emission resulting from natural and artificial radon sources considering various factors such as indoor air flow, temperature, humidity, etc. Also, this chamber can be applied to assess radon mitigation system. Moreover, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can simulate inside of the chamber and mathematically interprets indoor radon flow to predict radon movements and control strategy. Dimension of multi-purpose standard radon chamber is 2000 mm x 2000 mm x 2400 mm. Fig. 1 describes a general drawing of the chamber. 342 EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
  • 2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013) Fig 1. General drawing of multi-purpose radon chamber Multi-purpose radon chamber consists of soil tray (85 mm (H) × 1,750 mm (L) 2 EA) so that natural radon source(soil) can be used for emission rate evaluation. Moreover, various factors such as temperature, humidity and air flow can be considered during the test. 2.2 Measuring the Concentration of Radon Activity Multi-purpose radon chamber, aims to develop an evaluation model to account for the factor with variety flow of air in a room, temperature, humidity, radon emitted and flow into the chamber from natural and artificial radon source. The most important parts in the chamber are SUS material for duration, air-tightness for accuracy and strictly controlled environment for evaluation of various conditions. Steady temperature/humidity controller will be installed to evaluate radon emission rate, radon mitigation efficiency, etc. under different temperature/humidity conditions. Soil Test Tray Exhaust test tray SUS Soil test tray and exhaust pipe Soil exhaust pipe Observation sights Full wall insulation 343 EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
  • 3. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013) Exhaust ventilation pipe Soil exhaust ventilation pipe Fig2. Construction of standard radon chamber Fig 3.Munti-purpose radon chamber 2.3 Calibration of radon measuring device Calibration of detector is required periodically in order to evaluate the accuracy of the active radon detectors. Most of all, to perform the calibration, radon concentration must be steadily maintained in the chamber. Indoor radon gas concentration is not significantly influenced by temperature and humidity, but the filter and adsorbent to collect radon progeny can be affected by temperature and humidity. For this reason, temperature and humidity control have to be performed in case of need. So far, a number of international goverments run standard radon chambers, and they are broadly useful. In South Korea, only three orginizations(Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Korea Testing Laboratory and Yonsei University) run standard radon chamber. However, because the legal force related to radon regulation is too low (indoor radon has been regulated by recommendation level in Korea) and the demand is also low, these chambers are hardly in use. 2.4 Efficiency evaluation of reduction and equipment radon release rate Most of the radon penetration is caused by he soil and rock of the ground of the building, and the radon keeps accumulated from the bottom of the building continuously. Because the pressure in the indoor space is lower than the pressure in the soil, radon flows into the indoors through the walls and floors of the building. Also, radon can enter the building through other passages such as cracks on the wall. Once this radon engers, it will stay indoors until the air ventilation occurs. In particular, Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) can simulates radon flow in the chamber resulted from radon source materials so that we can interpret the flow mathematically and predict its movements. Eventually, we will be able to control the indoor radon gas in advance. 344 EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
  • 4. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013) Fig 4. Simulation of radon emission from the building materials and indoor radon distribution 3. Discussion Radon is a radioactive substance that occurs naturally and has been classified as a major factor that causes lung cancer followed by smoking. Radon has been interested from the 1980s past in Korea, but it has not been developed in the field of management and reduction. It is because the public has not been aware of how dangerous this radon is and how to detect and manage. However, the Korean government recently started focusing on radon issues and supporting radon detection and management. This multi-purpose radon chamber is possible to experiment considering many factors such as airflow, temperature, humidity, and radon emitted into the chamber from natural and artificial radon source. Furthermore, it is possible to predict the movements of indoor radon through simulation by CFD. Also, it is possible to evaluate the radon emission rate under various conditions. Compared to existing standard radon chambers in other organization, this chamber can be a multipurpose tool for radon research field. Radon emission rate of natural and artificial radon source considering various factors can be carried out. Also, calibration of radon detectors can be performed as well. Finally, radon mitigation systems can be applied to the bottom of this chamber and evaluated their efficiency as well. Therefore, this study is possible to contribute to development of the official radon test and analysis method and establishment of a scientifically accurate regulation. Acknowledgements This subject is supported by Korea Ministry of Environment as "The Environmental Health Action Program". References EPA( 1997) National radon proficiency program, Guidance on quality assurance, USA, EPA 402-R-95-012 UNSCEAR (1977), Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1977 Report to the General Assembly, United Nations, New York. NEHA (1999), Final Guidance for the Certification of Radon and Radon Decay Product Chambers, USA, James F. Burkhart DOE (1999), Design Criteria and Operational Characteristics of Radon/Thoron Chambers, USA, A. George NRPB( 2002), Results of the 2002 NRPB intercomparison of passive radon detecots, NRPB-W44 A. Paul, A. Honig, D. Forkel-Wirth, A. Mueller, A. Marcos, (2002) “Traceable measurements of the activity concentration in air”, Nucl. Phys. A, 701 334c I. Busch, H. Greupner, U. Keyser, (2002) “Absolute measurement of the activity of 222Rn using a proportional counter”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., A481 330-338. L. Zikovsky, (1995) “Determination of Radon-222 in gases by alpha counting of its decayproducts deposited on the inside walls of a proportional counter”, Rad. Meas., Vol.24, No. 3 315-317. Murtadha S. Al-Nafiey,(2012)” Design and Fabrication of New Radon Chamber for RadonCalibration Factor of Measurement” International Journal of Scientific & EngineeringResearch, Vol.3, No.A435 124a 345 EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
  • 5. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing. More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage: http://www.iiste.org CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. MORE RESOURCES Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/ Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/ IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar