1. Java New Evolution
Allan Huang @ esobi Inc.

2. Agenda



Java 5 Features Review
Java 6 New Features
Java 7 New Features

3. Java Versions




Version 1.0 and 1.1 are named as JDK
Version 1.2 to 1.4 are named as J2SE
Version 1.5 are named as Java 5.0
JSR – Java Specification Request

4. Versions and Naming








JDK 1.0 – 1996
JDK 1.1 – 1997 – JDBC, RMI, Reflection
J2SE 1.2 – 1998 – Swing, Collections
J2SE 1.3 – 2000 – HotSpot JVM, JavaSound, JNDI
J2SE 1.4 – 2002 – assert, NIO, Web Start
J2SE 5.0 (1.5) – 2004 – Generic, Autoboxing..
Java SE 6.0 (1.6) – 2006 – Rhino, JDBC 4.0…
Java SE 7.0 (1.7) – 2011 – Small language
changes, API changes

5. Java 5

6. Java 5 Features Review (1)

Generics

Allows a type or method to operate on objects of various
types while providing compile-time type safety to the
Collections Framework and eliminates the drudgery of
casting.

7. Java 5 Features Review (2)

Enhanced for Loop

This new language construct eliminates the drudgery and
error-proneness of iterators and index variables when
iterating over collections and arrays.

8. Java 5 Features Review (3)

Autoboxing / Unboxing

Eliminates the drudgery of manual conversion between
primitive types (such as int) and wrapper types (such as
Integer).

9. Java 5 Features Review (4)

Typesafe Enums

Allows you to create enumeration types with arbitrary
methods and fields, then It provides all the benefits of the
Typesafe Enum pattern without the verbosity and the errorproneness.

10. Java 5 Features Review (5)

Varargs

Eliminates the need for manually boxing up argument lists
into an array when invoking methods that accept variablelength argument lists.

11. Java 5 Features Review (6)

Static Import

Lets you avoid qualifying static members with class names
without the shortcomings of the "Constant Interface Antipattern".

12. Constant Interface Anti-pattern
Anti-pattern

Better Pattern
Describes the use of an interface solely to define
constants, and having classes implement that
interface in order to achieve convenient syntactic
access to those constants.

13. Java 5 Features Review (7)

Annotations (Metadata)

Lets you avoid writing Boilerplate Codes under many
circumstances by enabling tools to generate it from a
"declarative" programming style - annotations in the source
code.

14. Java 5 Features Review (8)

Java Utility Scanner

A simple text scanner which can parse primitive types and
strings using regular expressions. You can provide several
resource types to read from.

15. Java 5 Features Review (9)

Java Utility Formatter

An interpreter for printf-style format strings that is like the
printf function in C language.

16. Java Features Review (10-1)

Java Utility Concurrent


The concurrency utilities packages provide a
powerful, extensible framework of highperformance threading utilities.
Advantages





Reduced programming effort
Increased performance
Increased reliability
Improved maintainability
Increased productivity

17. Java Features Review (10-2)

Java Utility Concurrent

Task scheduling framework


Fork / join framework


Standardizes invocation, scheduling, execution, and control of
asynchronous tasks according to a set of execution policies.
Designs to efficiently run a large number of tasks using a pool
of worker threads.
Concurrent collections

Adds new collections classes and high-performance,
concurrent implementations, e.g. Queue, BlockingQueue,
BlockingDeque.

18. Java Features Review (10-3)

Java Utility Concurrent

Atomic variables


Synchronizers


General purpose synchronization classes that facilitate
coordination between threads.
Locks


A small toolkit of classes that support lock-free thread-safe
programming on single variables.
Provides a framework for locking and waiting for conditions
that is distinct from built-in synchronization and monitors.
Nanosecond-granularity timing

Returns the current value of the running Java Virtual
Machine's high-resolution time source, in nanoseconds.

19. Java Utility Concurrent

20. Java 6

21. Java 6 New Features (1)

Pluggable Annotation Processing API (JSR
269)



Annotations aimed in providing a Meta-Data
Facility to the Java
A Customized Annotation Processor which can be
plugged-in to the code to operate on the set of
annotations that appear in a source file.
Class-Level Annotation


@Target(value = {ElementType.TYPE})
Method-Level Annotation

@Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD})

22. Pluggable Annotation Processing API
Examples
Class-Level Annotation
Method-Level Annotation

23. Java 6 New Features (2-1)

Common Annotations (JSR 250)


Define a set of annotations that address common
semantic concepts and therefore can be used by
many Java EE and Java SE components.
Avoid applications defining their own annotations
which will result in having larger number of
duplicates.

24. Java 6 New Features (2-2)

Common Annotations (JSR 250)

@Generated


@Resource, @Resources, @DataSourceDefinition,
@ManagedBean


Get executed after dependency injection is done or called before the
instance is removed
@Priority


Declares a reference to one / many resources
@PostConstruct, @PreDestroy


Marks sources that have been generated
Indicate in what order the classes should be used
@DeclareRoles, @RoleAllowed, @PermitAll, @DenyAll,
@RunAs

Role Based Annotations about security

25. Java 6 New Features (3)

Java Architecture for XML Binding - JAXB 2.0
(JSR 222)


A Mapping Technology allows developers to map
Java classes to XML representations.
Two main features are capable of Marshalling
Java objects into XML and Un-marshalling XML
back into Java objects.

26. JAXB Examples

27. Java 6 New Features (4)

Java API for XML Based Web Services – JAX-WS
2.0 (JSR 224)


Define a set of APIs for creating web services in SOAP,
and provide many annotation to simplify the development
and deployment for both web service clients and web
service providers (endpoints).
Java-to-WSDL mapping determines which Java method
gets invoked and how that SOAP message is mapped to
the method’s parameters, and also determines how the
method’s return value gets mapped to the SOAP response.

28. JAX-WS Architecture
WS Action Flow
WS Action in Server-Side

29. JAX-WS Examples
Service Endpoint Interface
Service Endpoint Publisher
Service Endpoint Implementation Web Service Client

30. Java 6 New Features (5-1)

Web Services Metadata for Java (JSR 181)


Annotate a Web Service implementation class or
a Web Service interface, and create portable Java
Web Services from a simple POJO class by
adding annotations
Benefits



Provide a simplified model for developing Web Services
Abstract the implementation details
Achieve robustness, easy maintenance, and high
interoperability

31. Java 6 New Features (5-2)

Web Services Metatdata for Java (JSR 181)

@WebService


@WebMethod


Denotes a method that is a Web Service operation
@OneWay


Marks a Java class as implementing a Web Service or marks a
service endpoint interface (SEI) as implementing a Web
Service interface
Denotes a method as a Web Service one-way operation that
only has an input message and no output message
@WebParam

Customizes the mapping of an individual parameter to a Web
Service message part and XML element

32. Java 6 New Features (5-3)

Web Services Metatdata for Java (JSR 181)

@WebResult


@HandleChain


Customizes the mapping of a return value to a WSDL part or
XML element
Associates the Web Service with an externally defined handler
chain
@SOAPBinding

Specifies the mapping of the Web Service onto the SOAP
message protocol

33. Java 6 New Features (6-1)

Streaming API for XML – StAX (JSR 173)






StAX API exposes methods for iterative, eventbased processing of XML documents.
StAX is a Pull style API, SAX is a Push style API.
StAX can do both XML reading and writing, SAX
can only do XML reading.
StAX allows Sub-parsing / Delegation
StAX has support for XML Writing
StAX has not support for Schema Validation

34. Java 6 New Features (6-2)

Streaming API for XML – StAX (JSR 173)

StAX is really two distinct API sets



Iterator API can keep track of the previous event,
but Cursor can’t do that.


A Cursor API is likes JDBC ResultSet
An Iterator API is likes Iterator interface
javax.xml.stream.XMLEventReader
Cursor API is more memory-efficient than Iterator
API.

javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamReader

35. DOM, SAX, StAX
DOM
SAX
StAX
SAX vs. StAX

36. StAX API Examples
Read from XML
Write to XML

37. Java 6 New Features (7)

XML Digital Signature (JSR 105)

Digital Signature



A value computed with a cryptographic algorithm and
appended to a data object in such a way that any
recipient of the data can use the signature to verify the
data's origin and integrity.
Define a standard set of APIs for generating and
validating XML Digital Signatures specified by
W3C.
It defines a process and a format for generating
digital signatures in the XML format, and it can
sign arbitrary data, whether it is XML or binary.

38. XML Digital Signature Examples

39. Java 6 New Features (8)

Java Class File Specification Update (JSR
202)


This JSR will make incremental updates to the
Java class file format.
This will principally consist of increasing certain
class file size limits and adding support for split
verification.

40. Java 6 New Features (9-1)

Java Compiler API (JSR 199)


Allow a Java program to select and invoke a Java compiler
programmatically, then compile java source files.
Web and application servers can depend on this API
exhaustively to provide compilation activities of the
dynamically created Java source files.

41. Java 6 New Features (9-2)

Java Compiler API (JSR 199)

JavaFileManager



Create output files, scan for the input files, and cache
them for better performance.
The content of Input files managed may come from a
physical file in a hard-disk, in-memory or a remote
socket.
DiagnosticListener

Report the diagnostics (error, warning or information)
that may occur during the compilation process within a
program.

42. Java 6 New Features (10-1)

JDBC 4.0 (JSR 221)

Auto-loading of JDBC driver class




No need for Class.forName(“DriverName”)
Support Service Provider Mechanism via METAINF/services/java.sql.Driver
Find unique JDBC driver via java.util.ServiceLoader
RowID data type support




A kind of pseudo column for Oracle and DB2, etc.
RowIDs are unique IDs for rows in a given table.
RowIDs are the fastest means of accessing particular
rows.
RowIDs can be used to see how a table is organized.

43. Java 6 New Features (10-2)

JDBC 4.0 (JSR 221)

Connection management enhancements


SQL Exception handling enhancements



Improved connection state tracking
New SQLException Sub-Classes: Transient,
Recoverable, Non-Transient exceptions
Enhanced For-Each Loop in Iterable SQLException
SQLXML data type support for SQL:2003


Correspond to the XML data type in the database
Use an DOM or SAX representation of XML data

44. Java 6 New Features (10-3)

JDBC 4.0 (JSR 221)

Enhanced Blob / Clob functionality



National Character Set support


New corresponding methods for NCHAR, NVARCHAR,
LONGNVARCHAR, NCLOB
A bundled Database – Apache Derby


New corresponding methods for BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB
A new method free() for release of resource
An open source relational database implemented
entirely in Java
Not support Annotation-Based SQL Queries

45. JDBC 4.0 Examples
Service Loader
SQLXML

46. Java 6 New Features (11-1)

JavaScript Support – Rhino (JSR 223)


Mozilla Rhino Script Engine that supports various
Scripting Languages is integrated into the Java.
Rhino converts JavaScript scripts into classes,
and it’s intended to be used in server-side apps
without built-in support for the Web browser
objects.

47. Java 6 New Features (11-2)

JavaScript Support – Rhino (JSR 223)

Convenience


Developing rapid prototypes


Avoid the edit-compile-run cycle and just use edit-run!
Application extension/customization


Create new variables without declaring the variable type,
and reuse variables to store objects of different types.
You can "externalize" parts of your application.
"Command line" shells for applications

Admins and deployers frequently prefer command line
tools for debugging, runtime / deploy time configuration.

48. Java 6 New Features (11-3)

JavaScript Support – Rhino (JSR 223)


Language Bindings provides mechanisms for
establishing communications between the Java
code and the script code.
ScriptEngineManager class provides mechanisms
for Searching and Adding Scripting Engines into
the Java Platform.

49. JavaScript Support Examples

50. Java 7

51. Java 7 New Features (1)

Binary Literals


The types byte, short, int, and long can also be expressed
using the binary number system.
To specify a binary literal, add the prefix 0b or 0B to the
number.

52. Java 7 New Features (2)

Underscores in Numeric Literals

Any number of underscore characters (_) can appear
anywhere between digits in a numerical literal.

53. Java 7 New Features (3)

Strings in switch Statements

Use the String class in the expression of a switch
statement.

54. Java 7 New Features (4)

Type Inference for Generic Instance Creation


Replace the type arguments required to invoke the
constructor of a generic class with an empty set of type
parameters (<>).
This pair of angle brackets is informally called the diamond.

55. Java 7 New Features (5)

Improved Compiler Warnings and Errors
When Using Non-Reifiable Formal
Parameters with Varargs Methods

The complier generates a warning at the
declaration site of a varargs method or constructor
with a non-reifiable varargs formal parameter.

56. Java 7 New Features (5-1)

Heap Pollution


A non-reifiable type is a type that is not completely
available at runtime, and type erasure removes information
from parameterized types at compile-time.
Heap pollution occurs when a variable of a parameterized
type refers to an object that is not of that parameterized
type.

57. Java 7 New Features (5-2)

Variable Arguments Methods and Non-Reifiable
Formal Parameters


Compiler encounters a varargs method, it translates the
varargs formal parameter into an array.
Java does not permit the creation of arrays of
parameterized types.

58. Java 7 New Features (5-3)

Potential Vulnerabilities of Varargs Methods with
Non-Reifiable Formal Parameters

Compiler has generated a warning when it translated the
varargs formal parameter to the formal parameter.

59. Java 7 New Features (5-4)

Suppressing Warnings from Varargs Methods
with Non-Reifiable Formal Parameters

If you declare a varargs method with
parameterized parameters, and you ensure that
the method does not throw a ClassCastException
or other similar exception, you can suppress the
warning that the compiler generates.

60. Suppressing Compiler Warnings



Add @SafeVarargs to the static and non-constructor
method declarations
Add @SuppressWarnings(“unchecked") to the
method declaration
Use the compiler non-standard option -Xlint:varargs

61. Java 7 New Features (6)

The try-with-resources Statement


A try statement declare one or more resources and
ensures that each resource is automatically closed at the
end of the statement.
A resource is an object that must be closed after the
program is finished with it, and it implements
java.lang.AutoClosable.

62. Java 7 New Features (7)

Handling More Than One Type of Exception

A single catch block can handle more than one type of
exception that can reduce code duplication and lessen the
temptation to catch an overly broad exception.

63. Java 7 New Features (8)

Rethrowing Exceptions with More Inclusive Type
Checking

Performs more precise analysis of rethrown exceptions that
enables you to specify more specific exception types in the
throws clause of a method declaration.

64. Java 7 New Features (9-1)

Java New I/O 2.0 – NIO.2 (JSR 203)

A new file system and path abstraction


Metadata File Attributes


Provides new file system functionalities to perform over
a file, a directory, or a link.
Provides access to metadata file attributes through the
java.nio.file.attribute package.
Symbolic Links and Hard Links


Provides support for both hard links and symbolic links
(soft link).
Each method of the Path class knows how to detect a
link and will behave in the default manner.

65. Java 7 New Features (9-2)

Hard Link vs. Symbolic Link (Soft Link)



A hard link is an actual physical entity representing the link.
A symbolic link is a pointer to a physical entity.
Symbolic links function similar to the short-cuts in a DOS
based operating system.

66. Java 7 New Features (9-3)

Java New I/O 2.0 – NIO.2 (JSR 203)

New API for Files and Directories


The FileVisitor Interface


Performs the most common tasks for managing files and
directories, such as create, read, write, move, delete.
Traverses a file tree via FileVisitor, such as finding,
copying, deleting, and moving files.
Monitoring via Watch Service API


A thread-safe service that is capable of watching objects
for changes and events.
Monitors a directory for changes to its content through
actions such as create, delete, and modify.

67. Java 7 New Features (9-4)

Java New I/O 2.0 – NIO.2 (JSR 203)

New powerful Random Access Files


Networking with the Sockets APIs


Provides facilities such as mapping a region of the file
directly into memory for faster access, locking a region
of the file, etc.
Updating existing classes with new methods and adding
new interfaces/classes for writing TCP/UDP-based
applications.
The Asynchronous Channel API

A channel that supports asynchronous I/O operations for
use by multiple concurrent threads.

68. NIO.2 Examples (1)
Selectors Help Multiplex
Change Notification

69. NIO.2 Examples (2)
Memory Mapping
Char Encoding & Searching

70. Java 7 New Features (10-1)

Dynamically Typed Languages Support (JSR 292)

Static Language (Static type-checking)


Dynamic Language (Dynamic type-checking)



The process of verifying the type safety of a program based
on analysis of a program's source code.
The process of verifying the type safety of a program at
runtime.
Developers are increasingly using pre-existing runtime
environments to host their languages.
Allows an easier mix and match approach of dynamic and
static languages on the JVM.

71. Java 7 New Features (10-2)


Dynamically Typed Languages Support (JSR 292)
 Adds a new bytecode instruction - InvokeDynamic, to allow
method invocation relying on dynamic type checking.
Three major features
 Dynamic Invocation


Method Handle Invocation


This instruction is used to call methods which have linkage and
dispatch semantics defined by non-Java languages.
A method handle is a typed, directly executable reference to an
underlying method, constructor, field, or similar low-level operation,
with optional transformations of arguments or return values.
Exotic (non-Java) Identifiers

An exotic identifier is introduced by a hash mark (# symbol), which is
immediately followed by a string literal.

72. Dynamically Typed Language Examples

73. Reference (1)










Java Programming Language Enhancements
Constant interface
Boilerplate Code Wikipedia
Concurrency Utilities Overview
Introduction to Java 6.0 New Features, Part–1
Java SE 6 Features and Enhancements
JSR 250 Wikipedia
Java Architecture for XML Binding Wikipedia
Tutorial: Review of JAX-WS Server Side for the Web Services
JAX-WS Hello World Example – RPC Style

74. Reference (2)











Java API for XML Web Services Wikipedia
Web Services Metadata for Java Wikipedia
JAX-WS annotations
Mapping Java Objects and XML Documents using JAXB in Ja
Programming With the Java XML Digital Signature API
The Java 6.0 Compiler API
Java & XML Tutorial: StAX
StAX API
StAX the odds with Woodstox
JDBC 4.0 API in Java 6.0
JDBC 4.0 Enhancements in Java SE 6

75. Reference (3)










Rhino (JavaScript Engine) Wikipedia
Java Scripting Programmer’s Guide
Java SE 7 Features and Enhancements
JDK7: Part 1- The power of java 7 NIO.2
Five ways to maximize Java NIO and NIO.2
What is the difference between symbolic link and hard
link
JSR 292 and the Multi-lingual JVM
An Introduction To Programming Type Systems
Type System Wikipedia
InterfaceDynamic - Da Vinci Machine Project

76. Q&A