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Infrared Imaging: Seeing the Invisible
Part Two:

Camera Technology
Structure of an Infrared Camera

Optics
&
Filters

Firmware
Sensor

Sensor Cooling

incl. digitization

(optional)

Background
Correction

Gain/Offset
Correction
(NUC)

Defect
Pixel
Correction

• Feature Control
Interface and
• Image Correction
I/O Control
• Temperature
Calibration

Temp.
Calibration
via
LUT

Drift
Compensation
Optics & Filters
Image with / without SWIR Lens
SWIR optimized lens

Non-optimized lens
MWIR and LWIR Optics

• For wavelengths > 2.5 µm that glass
would block
• Special & costly optics: germanium and
silicon
• Further materials available for high
transmittance
• No standard mounts
Filters for SWIR Wavelengths

without filter

with filter

• Filters are used to increase
contrast
• They often correspond to the
absorption spectra of specific
substances.
Example: Water filter 1450 nm
How the Water Filter Works

Water color
black

narrow bandpass (1450nm)
dark

• Filters are used to
increase contrast
• They often correspond
to the absorption
spectra of specific
substances.

clear

Visible light

IR SWIR (InGaAs)
Sensor Technology
Quantum vs. Thermal Detectors

• Quantum Detectors
• Sensitivity dependent on wavelength
• Require cooling to improve S/N ratio especially for
wavelengths beyond 1µm
• High detection performance and fast response

• Thermal Detectors
• Detect IR energy as heat
• In general do not require cooling
• Have a slow response time and detection capability
Spectral Sensitivity
for Typical IR Detector Types
V N
I I
S R

LWIR

MWIR

SWIR

Quantum
Detectors

MCT
QWIP
InSb
InGaAs
Si-based
CCD/CMOS

Thermal
Detectors

µ-Bolometer
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14 [µm]
Infrared Detector Selection

Min. Object
Temperature
(self-emissive)

Sensor Type

Sensor wavelength
[µm]

Operating
Temperature

800 °C

CCD/CMOS [Si]

<1

300 K (27 °C)

250 °C

SWIR [InGaAs]

< 1.7

300 K (27 °C)

0 °C

MWIR [InSb]

<6

77 K (-196 °C)

-70 °C

LWIR
[µBolometer]

< 14

300 K (27 °C)

-150 °C

LWIR [MCT]

< 20

77 K (-196 °C)

Reference temps:
White hot steel ~1200 °C
Melting point of aluminum 660 °C
Water boils at 100 °C
Uncooled camera at 38 °C
Human body at 37 °C, radiates at ~ 10 μm
Water freezes at 0 °C
Cooling Methods

• Cryogenic Cooling
– dry ice or liquid nitrogen
– mechanical cooling using Stirling
elements
• Thermoelectric Cooling (TEC) using
Peltier elements
– Lower cost
– Solid state – no vibration
SWIR Sensor Technology

• Quantum detector
Working principle:
Absorption of photons that
elevate the material’s
electrons to a higher energy
level, so that they can be
counted

• Hybrid array:
IR detector, Si readout

Indium bumps
on each pixel
of array and
readout IC
µBolometer Sensor Technology

• Thermal detector
Working principle:
Detection of electrical
resistance changes in a
thermally insulated
absorber material (VOx, a-Si)
• Hybrid array:
IR detector, Si readout

Spectral range:
8 ..14 µm i.e. for LWIR
Comparing Camera Performance

• Noise Equivalent Temperature
Difference [NETD]: A measure of
detector sensitivity; influences
precision of temperature
measurement
– Measured in °C or K
– 10 mK – 200 mK typical

• Is equal to temperature
difference which would produce
given noise

Influencing physical variables:
thermal time
constant
f-number

temperature

NETD
Various Heat Sources Cause Drift

• Heat comes from:
Scene / object of interest
Lens
Camera housing

–

FPA

–
–
–

Optical
lens

Sensor (FPA)

Heat can´t be “blocked” like visible light
 For temperature measurement, corrections
for the undesired heat effects are essential



Image Processing
Closer Look at SWIR Sensor Image

• Nonuniformities
• Defect Pixels
• Incorrect flipchip bonding
How an Image is Processed

1. Original image of an
uncooled SWIR sensor

2. With Gain-Offset
Nonuniformity Correction
(aka NUC)

3. With Error Pixel
Correction
Influence of Exposure Time

@20ms Exposure

@100ms Exposure
after NUC

@40ms Exposure

@100ms Exposure
Effect of Sensor Temperature

1. Sensor Temp. +40°C
@100ms Exposure

2. Sensor Temp. -11°C
@100ms Exposure

4. Including NUC

5. Including Defect
Pixel Correction

3. @800ms Exposure
Allied Vision Technologies GmbH
Taschenweg 2a
07646 Stadtroda, Germany
Tel.: +49 36428 / 677-0
Fax: +49 36428 / 677-24

info@alliedvisiontec.com
www.alliedvisiontec.com

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Infrared Technology - Seeing the Invisible (Part Two: Camera Technology)

  • 1. Infrared Imaging: Seeing the Invisible Part Two: Camera Technology
  • 2. Structure of an Infrared Camera Optics & Filters Firmware Sensor Sensor Cooling incl. digitization (optional) Background Correction Gain/Offset Correction (NUC) Defect Pixel Correction • Feature Control Interface and • Image Correction I/O Control • Temperature Calibration Temp. Calibration via LUT Drift Compensation
  • 4. Image with / without SWIR Lens SWIR optimized lens Non-optimized lens
  • 5. MWIR and LWIR Optics • For wavelengths > 2.5 µm that glass would block • Special & costly optics: germanium and silicon • Further materials available for high transmittance • No standard mounts
  • 6. Filters for SWIR Wavelengths without filter with filter • Filters are used to increase contrast • They often correspond to the absorption spectra of specific substances. Example: Water filter 1450 nm
  • 7. How the Water Filter Works Water color black narrow bandpass (1450nm) dark • Filters are used to increase contrast • They often correspond to the absorption spectra of specific substances. clear Visible light IR SWIR (InGaAs)
  • 9. Quantum vs. Thermal Detectors • Quantum Detectors • Sensitivity dependent on wavelength • Require cooling to improve S/N ratio especially for wavelengths beyond 1µm • High detection performance and fast response • Thermal Detectors • Detect IR energy as heat • In general do not require cooling • Have a slow response time and detection capability
  • 10. Spectral Sensitivity for Typical IR Detector Types V N I I S R LWIR MWIR SWIR Quantum Detectors MCT QWIP InSb InGaAs Si-based CCD/CMOS Thermal Detectors µ-Bolometer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 [µm]
  • 11. Infrared Detector Selection Min. Object Temperature (self-emissive) Sensor Type Sensor wavelength [µm] Operating Temperature 800 °C CCD/CMOS [Si] <1 300 K (27 °C) 250 °C SWIR [InGaAs] < 1.7 300 K (27 °C) 0 °C MWIR [InSb] <6 77 K (-196 °C) -70 °C LWIR [µBolometer] < 14 300 K (27 °C) -150 °C LWIR [MCT] < 20 77 K (-196 °C) Reference temps: White hot steel ~1200 °C Melting point of aluminum 660 °C Water boils at 100 °C Uncooled camera at 38 °C Human body at 37 °C, radiates at ~ 10 μm Water freezes at 0 °C
  • 12. Cooling Methods • Cryogenic Cooling – dry ice or liquid nitrogen – mechanical cooling using Stirling elements • Thermoelectric Cooling (TEC) using Peltier elements – Lower cost – Solid state – no vibration
  • 13. SWIR Sensor Technology • Quantum detector Working principle: Absorption of photons that elevate the material’s electrons to a higher energy level, so that they can be counted • Hybrid array: IR detector, Si readout Indium bumps on each pixel of array and readout IC
  • 14. µBolometer Sensor Technology • Thermal detector Working principle: Detection of electrical resistance changes in a thermally insulated absorber material (VOx, a-Si) • Hybrid array: IR detector, Si readout Spectral range: 8 ..14 µm i.e. for LWIR
  • 15. Comparing Camera Performance • Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference [NETD]: A measure of detector sensitivity; influences precision of temperature measurement – Measured in °C or K – 10 mK – 200 mK typical • Is equal to temperature difference which would produce given noise Influencing physical variables: thermal time constant f-number temperature NETD
  • 16. Various Heat Sources Cause Drift • Heat comes from: Scene / object of interest Lens Camera housing – FPA – – – Optical lens Sensor (FPA) Heat can´t be “blocked” like visible light  For temperature measurement, corrections for the undesired heat effects are essential  
  • 18. Closer Look at SWIR Sensor Image • Nonuniformities • Defect Pixels • Incorrect flipchip bonding
  • 19. How an Image is Processed 1. Original image of an uncooled SWIR sensor 2. With Gain-Offset Nonuniformity Correction (aka NUC) 3. With Error Pixel Correction
  • 20. Influence of Exposure Time @20ms Exposure @100ms Exposure after NUC @40ms Exposure @100ms Exposure
  • 21. Effect of Sensor Temperature 1. Sensor Temp. +40°C @100ms Exposure 2. Sensor Temp. -11°C @100ms Exposure 4. Including NUC 5. Including Defect Pixel Correction 3. @800ms Exposure
  • 22. Allied Vision Technologies GmbH Taschenweg 2a 07646 Stadtroda, Germany Tel.: +49 36428 / 677-0 Fax: +49 36428 / 677-24 info@alliedvisiontec.com www.alliedvisiontec.com Follow us: