This document summarizes a presentation by Brett Hollman, Manager of Solutions Architecture at Amazon Web Services (AWS), about best practices for designing highly available applications on AWS. Some key points discussed include: designing for failure by avoiding single points of failure; using multiple AWS Availability Zones for redundancy; leveraging auto-scaling on AWS to dynamically scale infrastructure capacity based on demand; and other AWS services like Elastic Load Balancing, Amazon RDS, and Amazon EBS that can help provide availability, scalability and fault tolerance when architected properly.

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Design for Availability
Brett Hollman
Manager, Solutions Architecture
April 23rd, 2014

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Designing for Availability
ME: Brett Hollman – Solutions Architect and Manager at Amazon
Web Services
YOU: here to learn more about designing your applications for
high availability on AWS
TODAY: about best practices and things to think about when
building a highly available application on AWS

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33
What is High Availability?
Availability: Percentage of time an application operates during its work cycle
Loss of availability is known as an outage or downtime
• App is offline, unreachable, or partially available
• App is slow to use
• Planned and unplanned
Goal
• No downtime
• Always available

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44
Availability is related to
Scalability
• Ability of an application to accommodate growth without changing design
• If app cannot scale, availability may be impacted
• Scalability doesn’t guarantee availability
Fault Tolerance
• Built-in redundancy so apps can continue functioning when components fail
• Fault tolerance is crucial to HA
AWS democratizes High Availability
• Multiple servers, isolated redundant data centers, regions across the globe, Fault
Tolerant services, etc.

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AWS GLOBAL
INFRASTRUCTURE

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US-WEST (Oregon)
EU-WEST (Ireland) ASIA PAC (Tokyo)
ASIA PAC
(Singapore)
US-WEST (N. California)
SOUTH AMERICA (Sao Paulo)
US-EAST (Virginia)
AWS GovCloud (US)
ASIA PAC (Sydney)
Regions
AWS CHINA
(Beiijing)
Limited preview

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US-WEST (Oregon))
EU-WEST (Ireland)
ASIA PAC (Tokyo)
ASIA PAC
(Singapore)
US-WEST (N. California)
SOUTH AMERICA (Sao Paulo)
US-EAST (Virginia)
AWS GovCloud (US)
ASIA PAC (Sydney)
Availability Zones

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Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
Reference Model

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AWS BUILDING BLOCKS
Inherently Highly Available and
Fault Tolerant Services
Highly Available
with the right
architecture
 Amazon S3
 Amazon DynamoDB
 Amazon CloudFront
 Amazon Route53
 Elastic Load Balancing
 Amazon SQS
 Amazon SNS
 Amazon SES
 Amazon SWF
 …
 Amazon EC2
 Amazon EBS
 Amazon RDS
 Amazon VPC

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1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING
Principles of Designing for Availability

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LET’S BUILD A
HIGHLY AVAILABLE
SYSTEM

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Vertical Scaling
From $0.02/hr
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
Basic unit of compute capacity
Range of CPU, memory & local disk options
22 Instance types available from 6 different families
Feature Details
Flexible Run windows or Linux distributions
Scalable Wide range of instance types from micro to
cluster compute
Machine Images Configurations can be saved as machine
images (AMIs) from which new instances can
be created
Full control Full root or administrator rights
Secure Full firewall control via Security Groups
Monitoring Publishes metrics to Cloud Watch
Inexpensive On-demand, Reserved and Spot instance types
VM Import/Export Import and export VM images to transfer
configurations in and out of EC2
Compute
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
** MANY NEW INSTANCE TYPES

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#1
DESIGN FOR FAILURE
●○○○○

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« Everything fails
all the time »
Werner Vogels
CTO of Amazon

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AVOID SINGLE POINTS OF FAILURE

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AVOID SINGLE POINTS OF FAILURE
ASSUME EVERYTHING FAILS,
AND WORK BACKWARDS

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YOUR GOAL
Applications should continue to function

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AMAZON EBS
ELASTIC BLOCK STORE

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Elastic Block Store
High performance block storage device
1GB to 1TB in size
Mount as drives to instances
Feature Details
High performance
file system
Mount EBS as drives and format as required
Flexible size Volumes from 1GB to 1TB in size
Secure Private to your instances
Performance Use provisioned IOPS to get desired level of IO
performance
Available Replicated within an Availability Zone
Backups Volumes can be snapshotted for point in time
restore
Monitoring Detailed metrics captured via Cloud Watch
Storage
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking

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AMAZON ELB
ELASTIC LOAD BALANCING

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Elastic Load Balancing
Create highly scalable applications
Distribute load across EC2 instances in multiple
availability zones
Feature Details
Auto-scaling Automatically scales to handle request volume
Available Load balance across instances in multiple
availability zones
Health checks Automatically checks health of instances and
takes them in or out of service
Session stickiness Route requests to the same instance
Secure sockets layer Supports SSL offload from web and application
servers with flexible cipher support
Monitoring Publishes metrics to Cloud Watch
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
** NEW CONNECTION DRAINING
AND NEW ACCESS LOGS
Compute

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HEALTH CHECKS

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#2
MULTIPLE
AVAILABILITY ZONES
●●○○○

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AMAZON RDS
MULTI-AZ

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Relational Database Service
Database-as-a-Service
No need to install or manage database instances
Scalable and fault tolerant configurations
Feature Details
Platform support Create MySQL, SQL Server, Postgres and
Oracle RDBMS
Preconfigured Get started instantly with sensible default
settings
Automated patching Keep your database platform up to date
automatically
Backups Automatic backups and point in time recovery
and full DB backups
Provisioned IOPS Specify IO throughput depending on
requirements
Failover Automated failover to slave hosts in event of a
failure
Replication Easily create read-replicas of your data and
seamlessly replicate data across availability
zones
Database
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking

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AMAZON ELB AND
MULTIPLE AZs

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#3
SCALING
●●●○○

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AUTO SCALING
SCALE UP/DOWN EC2 CAPACITY

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Auto Scaling
Automatic re-sizing of compute clusters based upon demand
Trigger auto-scaling
policy
Feature Details
Control Define minimum and maximum instance pool
sizes and when scaling and cool down occurs
Integrated to
CloudWatch
Use metrics gathered by CloudWatch to drive
scaling
Instance types Run auto scaling for on-demand instances and
spot. Compatible with VPC
as-create-auto-scaling-group MyGroup
--launch-configuration MyConfig
--availability-zones eu-west-1a
--min-size 4
--max-size 200
Compute
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking
** NEW CONSOLE

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Scaling
Data Tier

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RDS - Push-Button Scaling
scale up or down to the
desired instance class
scale up to an 8-core
server with 244 GB of RAM
with the cr1.8xlarge

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Use Cases
Reporting and ETL
Discrete read/write transactions (browsers vs buyers)
Scale-out with one or
more read servers master-slave
architecture
scaling
READS

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• Optimize master for OLTP and read slaves for table
scans
• Resize slaves as needed to boost reporting performance
• Use short-term slaves to save cost during monthly
reporting
• Promote to standalone server.
• NEW - Cross Region Read Replicas with MySQL
scaling
READS Tech tips

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Scaling for Writes on the Data Tier
At large scale, you may start to run into issues with your
database around contention on writes to the master.
How can you solve it?
• Federation ( splitting into multiple DBs based on function)
• Sharding ( splitting one data set up across multiple hosts)
• Moving some functionality to other types of DBs ( NoSQL )

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Database Federation
• Split up Databases by
function/purpose
• Harder to do cross function queries
• Essentially delaying the need for
something like sharding/NoSQL until
much further down the line
• Won’t help with single huge
functions/tables
ForumsDB
UsersDB
ProductsDB

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Sharded Horizontal Scaling
• More complex at the application
layer
• ORM support can help
• No practical limit on scalability
• Operation complexity/sophistication
• Shard by function or key space
• RDBMS or NoSQL
User ShardID
002345 A
002346 B
002347 C
002348 B
002349 A
A
B
C

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#4
SELF-HEALING
●●●●○

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HEALTH CHECKS
+
AUTO SCALING

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HEALTH CHECKS
+
AUTO SCALING
=
SELF-HEALING

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DEGRADED MODE

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AMAZON S3
STATIC WEBSITE
+
AMAZON ROUTE 53
DNS Failover

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#5
LOOSE
COUPLING
●●●●●

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BUILD LOOSELY
COUPLED SYSTEMS
The looser they are coupled,
the bigger they scale,
the more fault tolerant they get…

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SOA
Move services into their own
tiers/modules. Treat each of
these as 100% whole-y
separate pieces of your
infrastructure and scale them
independently.
Amazon.com and AWS do this
extensively! It offers flexibility
and greater understanding of
each component.

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Loose coupling sets you free!
The looser they're coupled, the bigger they scale
 Independent components
 Design everything as a black box
 Decouple interactions
 Favor services with built in redundancy and scalability than
building your own

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AMAZON SQS
SIMPLE QUEUE SERVICE

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Amazon SQS
Processing
task/processing trigger
Processing results
Amazon SQS
Reliable, highly scalable, queue service
for storing messages as they travel
between instances
Feature Details
Reliable Messages stored redundantly across
multiple availability zones
Simple Simple APIs to send and receive messages
Scalable Unlimited number of messages
Secure Authentication of queues to ensure
controlled access
Application Services
Compute Storage
AWS Global Infrastructure
Database
App Services
Deployment & Administration
Networking

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PUBLISH&
NOTIFY
RECEIVE TRANSCODE

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PUBLISH&
NOTIFY
RECEIVE TRANSCODE

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VISIBILITY TIMEOUT

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CLOUDWATCH METRICS
FOR AMAZON SQS
+
AUTO SCALING

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1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING

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1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING

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1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING

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1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING

103. © 2011 Amazon.com, Inc. and its affiliates. All rights reserved. May not be copied, modified or distributed in whole or in part without the express consent of Amazon.com, Inc.
1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING

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1. DESIGN FOR FAILURE
2. MULTIPLE AVAILABILITY ZONES
3. SCALING
4. SELF-HEALING
5. LOOSE COUPLING

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YOUR GOAL
Applications should continue to function

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IT’S ALL ABOUT
CHOICE
BALANCE COST & AVAILABILITY REQUIREMENTS

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AWS Architecture Center
http://aws.amazon.com/architecture
AWS Whitepapers
http://aws.amazon.com/whitepapers
AWS Blog
http://aws.typepad.com
Thanks for coming!
- Brett Hollman