Step by step english communication

Basic Step By Step
BY
C. K. OGDEN
TO THE READER
The purpose of this book is to give a general idea of the stages by
which Basic English, as outlined in the ABC, may be made part of the
teaching system of any country.
It is not itself a school book, and is not designed for regular school use
in its present form, though it will be of value to learners, or to teachers
who have a good working knowledge of the system.
Basic is an international language complete in itself, and is at the same
time the best First Step for those who are going forward to normal
English. Learners in other countries will necessarily have books in their
natural languages, as they do for normal English or any other strange
tongue; and such books have to be based on the experience of those
who are teaching in those countries.
For this reason we did not, at the start, make any attempt to give step-
by-step material for use in teaching; though from 1918-1928, while the
details were being worked out, and the system was being tested, the
needs of the school were kept in view from every angle. The ABC was
designed as a general guide which would make it possible for any
expert teacher to put the material in the best order for his purposes.
Much very good work was done in this way, with the help of Basic by
Examples, but not all teachers had the time to make the necessary
adjustments for themselves, and there was a great desire for more
detailed help. Questions about the best way of teaching the words in
relation to the structure of the system came in at the rate of more than
fifty a week, and it was not possible to give everyone a separate answer.
But here is part of the answer which has been given to our
representatives, and it is printed in the hope that in book form it may be
a guide to others.
The printing of the word-list in January, 1929, put us in touch with an
increasing number of teachers, whose experience has been of the
greatest value. They have sent us their suggestions, and on these, and
those of experts in all countries, the present material has been based.

The two things necessary for teaching-material are a grouping of the
words in a framework, for the purpose of getting them fixed in the
memory, and a development of the system by simple stages.
The word-groups here printed are those which have been used in the
past ten years at the Orthological Institute for the training of teachers, all
of whom have been requested to make the same sort of lists for
themselves. The order of the groups was an open question--dependent
on special needs; and in the same way different conditions may make
different frameworks necessary. But the structure of Basic itself is the
best key to the order of the parts.
Some learners will be able to get more profit than others out of the short
account of the different sorts of words in Basic, which is the natural first
step to any language. Those who make the right start will be rewarded
at every later stage, and this is specially true of a system as simple as
Basic.
Here, for the first time, is a chance of getting free from the strange
power which words have had over us from the earliest times; a chance
of getting clear about the processes by which our ideas become fixed
forms of behavior before we ourselves are conscious of what history
and society are making us say.
Those who take this chance will not only be in a position to get through
the work on the different word-groups much more quickly than others,
but will make the discovery that they have a new sort of control over
their thoughts and their talk. The words will become a help to their
thought, and Basic will become an instrument for talking freely. Even the
very young may be trained to a sense of these new values; in fact,
those with no education are frequently quicker in their reaction than
persons who have been through the school machine. On the other hand,
there is nothing about Basic as a language to make any new or special
form of education necessary. The words in this book are all common
words, and they are put before the learner in groups such as would be
made in any organization of word-material. If it is desired to get the right
words by heart in the right order, as a bit of memory work, for business
purposes or as a step to normal English--then these are the best words,
and this grouping is as good as any other. There is no need to be
troubled about reasons and causes if we are only interested in doing a
trick as well as others; and these 30 steps have been chiefly designed
as a guide to the art of talking and writing as well as others, by getting

control of the most necessary word-groups in English. They do,
however, take us to the top of a building, complete in itself for all the
needs of everyday existence; and when we are at the top, we will see
that the view is wide enough for those who have reasons for looking
further. An interest in the structure of the building, or in the fact that it
has a solid base, may be more important for those who go on living in it
(possibly after experience with other buildings), than for those who are
only on the steps because they have been ordered to go up.
C. K. OGDEN.
LIST OF PAGES
Part I . Introduction -- pages 11 - 18.
Part II . The STEPS
1 . The Body
2 . Food
3 . Work
4 . The Weather
5 . The Family
6 . A Building
7 . Fire
8 . The Country
9 . The Sea
10. Time
11 . The Machine
12 . Business
13 . Money
14 . Noise
15 . News
16 . Amusement
17 . Education
18 . Reading
19 . The Earth
20 . History
21 . Invention
22 . Feeling
23 . Art
24 . Trade
25 . Transport
26 . Peace
27 . Language
28 . Society
29 . Government
30 . Science
Part III. NOTES.
Notes for the Teacher and advanced
learner
- 40 pages
Notes Notes 1-5 6 - 10 11-20 21-30
Pictures
A and
THE
IS
AND
ON and OFF
SUBSTANCE
OF
TIME
WORDS
OPERATIONS
DIRECTIONS
The
MACHINE
VIEW
.
PUT UP
WITH
ACCOUNT
.
(e) extensions (s) specializations
PART I . Introduction
For people reading this book

The "Basic" from the title is from "Basic English." Basic English is an
independent subset of English created by the Psychologist C. K. Ogden
(1889-1957) of England's Cambridge University released in 1930.
Sometimes there's a misunderstanding that Basic English is a mere
limiting of vocabulary. In this system, while obeying the grammar of
English, one uses only a few of the conventional rules. Thus one
naturally becomes to talk about everyday things effectively in flourishing,
clear English.
The correct way to think about Basic English's 850 words is according to
their essentialness. From the mass of English vocabulary, the all words
that could be removed were removed, and the remaining are these 850
words.
To reach these 850 words, Dr. Ogden had to think deeply and try for
many years while looking for solutions between various contradictions.
At this time one should pay particular attention to each word's ...
This part of the textbook is in Japanese and is being translated by Kevin Harris.
Page : 12, 13 , 14, 15 , 16, 17 , 18
A Note About the Pictures . Mr. Siragedien and student
DariaLuczak have made the pictures more clear. These are larger
and take longer ot download, but may be seen by clicking on the
pictures shown.
PART II . The Steps
1 . THE BODY
Things Qualities pictures
arm
body
chest
chin
ear
eye
face
finger
hand
head
knee
leg
mouth
nose
thumb
tongue
back
front
part
side
right -- left
straight -- bent
opposite
Other Words (in connection with the body) :

blood , bone , brain , foot , hair , heart , lip , muscle , neck ,
nerve , skin , stomach , throat, toe , tooth ;
back (special use) , nail (expansion) , side(s) ;
breath .
1 . The BODY sound
This is my body.
This is my head. This is my face. I have a nose and a chin.
My mouth is between my nose and my chin.
I have a tongue in my mouth.
This part is the front. That part is the back. My chest is at the front.
This is the right side. The opposite side is the left side.
The right arm is at the right side. The left arm is at the left side.
This is my right leg. This is my left leg. This is my knee.
This is a finger. That is a thumb. I have a thumb and fingers on
my hand. This finger is bent. That finger is straight.
I put my right hand on my head. I take my right hand off my head. I put
my right thumb in my left hand. I put my right hand on myright eye.
I put my left hand on my left ear.
Questions
1. Where is your head ?
2. Where is your nose ?
3. What is between your nose and your chin ?
4. Where is your tongue ?
5. Where is your right ear ?
6. Where are your knees ?
7. What have I on my hand ?
8. What is the opposite of straight ?
9. What are the parts of the body named here of which you have
more than one ?
10. Of which parts have you only one ?
Answers
11. (Answer to be given by pointing)
13. My mouth.

14. In my mouth.
15. (Answer to be given by pointing). My right ear is at the right
side.
17. A thumb and fingers.
18. Bent
19. Arm, leg, knee, finger, thumb, hand, eye, ear.
20. Head, face, mouth, nose, chin, tongue, chest.
Notes Hint : Change screens to come back to here -- do not link back from notes.
2 . FOOD
Things
Qualitie
s
Pictures
bread
butter
cake
cheese
food
meat
orange
salt
soap
sugar
basin
fork
knife
meal
plate
seat
skin
spoon
table
taste
sweet --
bitter
acid
ready
sticky
Other Words :
apple , berry , drink , egg , fish , fowl , fruit , jelly , milk , nut ,
paste , potato , rice , water , wine ;
roll (e) ;
bite , bottle , cook , cork , cup , poison , pot , tray , vessel .
Sample of book pages.

Some food is on the table. A meal is ready. I go from this seat to a
seat at the table.
I have some soup in a basin. I take some bread with it. The bread is
on a plate. I take my spoon in my hand and put the soup in my mouth.
I have some meat. I put salt on my meat. I have a knife and a fork. I
put the meat in my mouth with the fork. I take butter on my knife and
put it on my bread.
This is cake, and that is cheese. The cake is here and the cheese is
there. I may have some cake or some cheese. I may not have cake and
cheese. I will have some cheese.
I will have an orange. I will take the skin off the orange. The skin of
an orange is bitter. This orange is acid. I will put somesugar on it. The
taste of sugar is sweet. The taste of salt is not bitter, or acid or sweet.
Cake is sweet. This cake is sweet and sticky.
Questions
21. What do you have at a meal ?
22. Where do you have it?
23. What do you have in a basin ?
24. How do you take your soup ?
25. What do you do with a knife ?
26. What do you put on your meat ?
27. What do you do to an orange before you give it a bite ?
28. What is the reason for doing this ?
29. What foods named here have a sweet taste ?
30. What other taste is named here ?
Answers
31. Food.
32. At the table.
33. Soup.
34. I take my spoon in my hand and put the soup in my mouth.
35. I take butter on my knife and put it on my bread.
36. Salt.
37. I take the skin off.
38. The skin of an orange is bitter.
39. Sugar and cake.
40. Acid.

Notes
3 . WORK
- - - Things - - - Qualities
learning
play
rest
work
brain
button
cloth
coat
end
hole
knot
needle
pin
point
pull
push
scissors
sort
stitch
thread
good --- bad
cut
sharp
tired
Other Words ::
apparatus , business , industry , machine , manager , office ,
operation , process , secretary , servant , teaching , writing ;
building (e) , business (s)
3 . WORK sound
The learning of Basic English is a sort of work. I do it with
my brain. I may do other sorts of work with my hands. I may take
some cloth and make a coat.
Some cloth and my scissors are on the table. My scissors
are sharp. The cloth is cut. I put a pin here and a pin there. I take
a needle and a thread. I put the thread through the hole in the needle,
and make a knot at the end of it. I put the sharp point of the needle
against the cloth. I take it through with a push at one end and a pull at
the other end, and I make a stitch.
I have not a good needle. This is a bad needle. It is bent. Good

needles are straight.
I put a button on the coat. The coat is ready.
After work my body is tired, and I have some rest. Tired bodies will
not do good work.
After my rest I will have some play.
Questions
41. What work are you doing now ?
42. What part of your body is used for this work ?
43. What parts are used for making things ?
44. What is one thing which you may do with a needle and
thread ?
45. How do you get the cloth cut ?
46. What do you make at the end of the thread ?
47. What three things named here have sharp points ?
48. How do you take the needle through the cloth ?
49. What do you do when your body is tired ?
50. What will you do when you have had a rest ?
Answers
51. (The work of) learning Basic English.
52. My brain.
53. My hands.
54. I may make a coat.
55. With scissors.
56. A knot.
57. Pins, needles, and scissors.
58. With a push at one end and a pull at the other.
59. I have some rest.
60. I will have some play.
Notes
4 . THE WEATHER
- - - Things - - -
Qualitie
s
air
cloud
ice
ball
breath
cover
warm --
cold
wet --

rain
sky
snow
summer
weather
wind
winter
fall
mass
road
shade
umbrella
water
dry
clear
Other Words :
heat , light , mist , moon , thunder ;
blow (e), breath (e), fall (e), spring (e) ;
dust , ray.
4 . THE WEATHER sound
The weather is warm in the summer, but in the winter it
is cold. Rain may come down from the sky in warm weather or in cold
weather, but snow will come down only in the winter. Rain is wet. It
is water from the sky.
Rain and snow do not come from a clear sky. A sky with a cloud in it
is not a clear sky. Rain and snow come from clouds.
I go out in every sort of weather. In cold weather I put my coat on. In
wet weather I get an umbrella and put it over my head. The rain may
come down, but only my umbrella will be wet. My coat under it will
be dry.
In the summer I do not put my umbrella up only in the rain. I may put
it between my head and the sun and make a shade.Clouds may make
a shade, and I may put my umbrella down.
In the winter I see the breath from my mouth in the air. The water in
the hole at the side of the road my have a cover of ice on it. In very cold
weather I go on the ice. I may have a fall, but I will not go through the
ice. I take a mass of snow in my hands and make a ball.
In England a north wind or an east wind is a cold wind, but a south
wind or a west wind may be warm. The very cold winds of winter are
north and east winds. The warm winds of summer are south and west
winds.
Questions
61. When is the weather cold, and when is it warm?

62. What may come from the sky in cold weather or in
warm weather?
63. What is it which comes only in cold weather?
64. From what sort of sky do we not get rain and snow?
65. What will keep you dry in the rain?
66. What may you see in the air in very cold weather?
67. What may be over the water in the hole at the side of
the road in cold weather?
68. What my you do with snow?
69. In England what winds are very cold winds?
70. What winds are warm winds?
Answers
71. It is cold in the winter and warm in the summer.
72. Rain.
73. Snow.
74. A clear sky.
75. An umbrella.
76. The breath from my mouth.
77. A cover of ice.
78. I may take a mass of snow i my hands and make a ball.
79. North and east winds.
80. South and west winds.
Notes
5 . THE FAMILY
Things Qualities
birth
brother
daughter
family
father
mother
sister
son
baby
boy
foot
girl
kiss
man
milk
pain
smile
stomach
tooth
woman
healthy -- ill
young -- old
married

Other Words (in connection with the body) :
relation (e)
authority, group, love, person, respect, sex, society.
5 . THE FAMILY sound
My father is a young man and my mother is a
young woman. Some fathers and mothers are not young. The
father of my father is an old man. Every father is a son and every
mother is a daughter, but not every son is a father and not every
daughter is a mother.
I have one sister and one brother. My brother is very young. He
is still a baby, with only one tooth. Other teeth will come. Very
young babies have not teeth. I am still a boy and my sister is still
a girl. Before the birth of the baby boy, she was the baby of
the family.
My brother is a healthy baby, but he was ill in the summer. Some
bodies got a pain in thestomach in warm weather.
The baby is ready for a meal. I will get some milk for my baby
brother. My sister may not give food to the baby, but I may give it to the
baby. I put my hand on the foot of the baby. It is warm. Healthy babies
have warm feet. A kiss and a smile make a baby ready for play.
The brothers and sisters of my mother and father are men and
women. Some are marriedand have sons and daughters.
Questions
81. What is a boy to his father and mother?
82. What is he to his sisters and brothers?
83. What is a girl to her father and mother?
84. What is a girl to her brothers and sisters?
85. Is the baby and boy or a girl?
86. What do very young babies not have?
87. What do some babies get in warm weather?
88. What will the boy get for the baby?
89. What will make a baby ready for play?
90. What are the brothers and sisters of the father and
mother?

Answers
91. A son.
92. A brother.
93. A daughter.
94. A sister.
95. A boy.
96. Teeth.
97. A pain in the stomach.
98. Some milk.
99. A kiss and a smile.
100. Men and women.
Notes
6 . A BUILDING
Things
Qualitie
s
building
door
drain
floor
house
roof
room
street
structure
wall
base
garden
light
number
pipe
stage
stone
support
window
wood
high --
low
wide --
narrow
complet
e
Other Words :
arch , board , brick , bridge , church , hospital , library ,
office , school ;
lift (e) , step (e) , wing (e) ;
design , frame , glass , key , lock , nail , paint , property ,
screw, steel ;
angle (e) .
.
6 . A BUILDING sound

My house is at the end of a street. Every building in the street is a
house. Some houses in the street are high and some are low, some are
of wood and some are of stone. All houses are buildings, but not all
buildings are houses.
At the back of my house is a garden with a wall. the house is a low
building of wood, with a door at the front and a door at the back. The
front door is wide but the back door is narrow. Some houses have
another door at one side. On the front door is a number. It is the
number of the house. My house number is 1.
The window in my room is wide. Windows let light and air come into
the rooms. Men and women go in and out through the doors.
The base of a house is the support for the walls, and the walls are
the support for the roof. The roof is the cover of the house.
The houses on the opposite side of the street are
not complete. Come across the street and we will see the work. the
outside of this house is almost complete. The walls are quite complete,
but the roof is not on the house. That structure at the front is not a part
of the house. It is a stage for the support of workmen. They go up on it
and do the work on the high parts of the building.
Do not go in. You may see the inside of the house through the
windows. The walls and the floor of this room are complete, but the
door is not there. These holes in the outside walls of the room are for
windows, and those in the inside walls are for doors.
That pipe by the house is for a drain. Drains take water from a house,
and other pipes take water to it. The drain pipes are wide, but the other
pipes are narrow.
Some houses have no drains, but such house are not healthy.
Questions
101. What is a street?
102. How are the houses in the street different from one
another?
103. What is at the back of the house at the end of the street?
104. Why do houses have windows?
105. How do men and women go into the rooms?
106. What are the walls of a house the support for, and what
is the support for the walls?
107. What is the structure at the front of the building?
108. What is the lowest part of a room?
109. What is the use of drains?

110. How are pipes which take water to a house different
from drain pipes?
Answers
111. A road between houses or other buildings.
112. Some are high and some are low ; some are wood and
some are of stone.
113. A garden with a wall.
114. Windows let light and air come into the rooms.
115. Through the doors.
116. The walls are the support for the roof, and the base is the
support for the walls.
117. The stage for the support of the workmen.
118. The floor.
119. They take water from a house.
120. They are narrow and drain pipes are wide.
Notes
7 . FIRE
Things Qualities
burn
cook
fire
flame
match
oven
smoke
bucket
curtain
cushion
damage
kettle
paste
place
pot
smell
stick
thing
use
bright -- dark
great -- small
full
Other Words :
coal , heat, light, steam ;
destruction , engine , insurance , oil , wood .
7 . FIRE sound

I have a place for a fire in my room. The
fire-place in my room is small, but some of
the rooms in the house have great fire-
places. Pipes take the smoke from the fire-
places up through a hole in the roof.
We make houses warm by the use of
fires, and fire will do other work. If I have a
wet coat and put it before a fire, the fire will
get it dry. If I put water in a kettle and put
the kettle on the fire, the water will get warm.
And I may put food in a pot on the fire in
an oven and make a warm meal. If I
put paste in an oven, I may get a cake. But
this is the work of a cook, and if I am not a
good cook the cake will not have a very
good taste. Warm cakes have a
good smell.
In the winter my sister and I come in from play in the snow and get
warm before the fire. We get near to the flame, but not very near. If we
are far from it we do not get warm enough, but if we get very near we
may get a burn Burns give much pain.
If the room is dark I put a stick on the fire. The flames come up, and
make all part of the room bright with fire-light.
My mother and father do not let my sister, who is very young, put
sticks on the fire or have amatch. If very young boys and girls have
matches, they may get a burn from the flame, or they may put it against
a curtain or a cushion and the house will be in danger. IF you see fire
on the curtain, go and get water in a bucket and put it on the
flames,and the damage may not be great. Flames go from one thing to
another. If you do not get a full bucket you may not have enough water.
Questions
121. Were does the smoke from a fire in a house go ?
122. How may you get your coat dry when it is wet ?
123. How may you get water warm ?
124. How do cooks make warm meals ?
125. What sort of work is making a cake ?
126. What may you get if you go very near a flame ?
127. What makes the room bright ?

128. How may young boys and girls put a house in danger if
they have matches ?
129. If a thing is in flames what do you put on it ?
130. What do you get if the water in ?
Answers
131. Up through a hole in the roof.
132. I may put it before a fire.
133. I may put it in a kettle on a fire.
134. They put food in a pot on a fire or in the oven.
135. The work of a cook.
136. A burn
137. The flames
138. They may put the flame of a match against a curtain or a
cushion
139. Water
140. A bucket
Part II.
1 . The Body
2 . Food
3 . Work
4 . The Weather
5 . The Family
6 . A Building
7 . Fire
8 . The Country
9 . The Sea
10. Time
11 . The Machine
12 . Business
13 . Money
14 . Noise
15 . News
16 . Amusement
17 . Education
18 . Reading
19 . The Earth
20 . History
21 . Invention
22 . Feeling
23 . Art
24 . Trade
25 . Transport
26 . Peace
27 . Language
28 . Society
29 . Government
30 . Science
Notes for the Teacher -- 40 pages
(e) extensions (s) specializations
8 . THE COUNTRY
Things Qualities
animal
bird
country
farm
field
branch
cow
egg
fowl
goat
red -- green
broken
brown
safe

flower
grass
plant
tree
leaf
pig
sheep
stem
town
wool
Other Words :
earth , fruit , garden , insect , mountain , produce , river ;
land (s) , waste (e) ;
ant , bee , berry , bulb, nut , plow , potato , roof, slope , snake ,
spade , worm.
8. THE COUNTRY
In the summer I go with my family from the town to
the country. We go to a farm. At the back of the farm-house is
a field, and in it is a great tree with one low branch. It is the only tree in
the field. In very warm weather I get up on the branch and have a rest.
In the field is an old goat. If I am on the grass, it will come and give my
body a push, but up in the tree I am safe.
I do not let the goat go from the field, because it will get into the
garden. Goats take every flower and leaf from the stem of a plant.
A cow is another farm animal and a sheep is another. In some of the
fields of the farm are cows, and in others are sheep, and in a low
building of wood is a great mother pig with some small baby pigs.
I have a fowl at the farm. It is a small brown bird. It is in the fowl-
house with the other fowls. If I see an egg in the fowl-house I do not
keep it ; I take it to my mother. I do not let it get broken. We get eggs
from fowls and wool from sheep.
The farm-house is a brown building of stone with a red roof. Near it
are the buildings for the animals, and about it in the summer
are green trees and green fields with flowers.
The country is not green in the winter. The fields are brown and the
trees have no leaves, and we do not see any flowers. Some birds go to
other places when the weather is still warm, because they do not get
enough food in England in cold weather. but after the winter they come
again.
Questions
1. Where do the boy and his family go in the summer ?
2. What is he field at the back of the farm-house ?

3. What do goats do to a plant ?
4. What other animals are in the fields ?
5. What is in the low building of wood ?
6. What sort of birds are kept at the farm ?
7. What do we get from flows and what do we get from sheep ?
8. What sort of building is the farm-house ?
9. What do we see about th farm-house in the summer ?
10. Why do the birds go to other places in the winter ?
Answers
11. They go (from the town) to a farm in the country.
12. A great tree (with one low branch).
13. They take every flower and every leaf from the stem.
14. Cows and sheep.
15. The great mother pig with some small baby pigs.
16. Fowls.
17. We get eggs from fowls and wool from sheep.
18. A brown building of stone with a red roof.
19. Green trees and green fields with flowers in them.
20. Because they do not get enough food in England in cold
weather.
Notes
9 . THE SEA
Things Qualities
boat
current
fish
harbour
island
sail
sand
sea
ship
swim
wave
edge
grain
help
land
mist
person
shake
stretch
way
smooth -- rough
blue
deep
grey
Other Words :

sponge ;
mine (e), vessel (e), wash (e) ;
canvas , moon , net , salt , star , transport , wind ;
wool (e) .
9. THE SEA
At the edge of the sea is a town with a harbour and near it is
a stretch of sand. In bright weather the sea is blue, but in wet weather
it is grey. The taste of sea-water is a salt taste.
I go into the water for a swim. After my swim I have a rest on the
sand, which is warm. I take it in my hands and put it over my body, but I
do not put it on my head. If I get a grain of sand in my eye the pain will
be very great. That is why I keep it from my face. After my rest I get up
and give my body a shake and get all the sand off again.
small boys and girls keep together near the edge of the water where
it is not deep. The others go where it is deep enough for a swim, but
even they do not go far from the land, because if they get in
the current they will be in danger. A person on the sand may see the
danger and get a boat and give help, but if they do not get help, they
may not get safely to the land again.
Near the harbour is a small island with great stones on it, and among
the stones are sea plants and sea animals. I go there with my father in a
boat with a sail. The boat is small, and a wave may come over the edge
and make the inside of the boat wet. If the water is smooth and clear
we may see a fish in the sea near the boat. We do not go to the island
in a mist. The danger from a mist on the sea is great.
In bad weather the sea is rough and all the boats come into the

harbour. The way into the harbour is not wide enough for a
great ship. But though they do not come there, we see great ships on
the sea. If they are far out, what we see is the smoke.
Questions
21. What is the sea ?
22. What sort of taste has sea-water ?
23. What is at the edge of the sea ?
24. Why do you keep sand from your face ?
25. why do the older boys and girls not keep near the edge of
the water ?
26. Why do they not go very far out ?
27. What sort of boat does the boy go to the island in ?
28. What is one sort of sea animal ?
29. Why does the boy not go to the island in a mist ?
30. Why do great hips not come into the harbour?
Answers
31. A great stretch of water.
32. A salt taste
33. A town with a harbour.
34. Because if I get a grain of sand in my eye the pain will be
very great.
35. Because near the edge the water is not deep enough or a
swim.
36. Because if they get in the current they will be in danger.
37. A small boat with a sail.
38. A fish.
39. Because the danger from a mist on the sea is great.
40. Because the way into the harbour is not wide enough for a
great ship.
Notes
10 . TIME
Things Qualities
clock
day
hour
bath
bed
early -- late
first -- last

minute
morning
night
time
today
tomorrow
week
Yesterday
brush
comb
hair
shoe
sleep
soap
sock
space
sponge
wash
awake
Other Words :
month , watch , year ;
history , rate , rhythm , unit
10 . TIME
Morning is the first part of the day, and night is the lastpart of
the day. Night is the time for sleep, and a bed is he place for it.
My bed and the bed of my brother are in one room. In
thespace between the beds is a table with a clock on it. In the morning,
if my brother is not ,awake, I put out my hand across the table and give
the bed-cover a pull, and say, "Good morning ! Are you awake ? Get
up !" I get up and go to the bath. After than, if he is still not awake, I get
a wetsponge and put it on the face of my brother. I do not go very near,
because he may make my face wet with the sponge.
But on some mornings my brother may get up a minuteafter I go from
the room, and while I am in the bathroom he may make a knot in
my sock or put my shoe far under the bed. On these days, though I am
up first, he is ready before I am. Yesterday we were ready together.
The first things which I put on are my socks, and the last thing is my
coat. When I have on everything but my coat, I take acomb and put it
through my hair. If I do it after I have my coat on, a hair may get on my
coat. I take hairs off my coat with abrush.
I have my morning mean an hour after I get up. In the early part of
the morning we do work ; in the late part we have play. That is how the
mornings go. Tomorrow we will not do any work. On one day of
every week we may have a rest all the day.
Tomorrow is the day after this day, and yesterday is the day before
this day, and this day is today.
Before we go to bed we have a wash with soap. When we come from
the bathroom my mother may say, "Are you ready for bed ? When you
are in bed I will come and say good night."

Questions
41. Which is the first part of the day and which is the lst ?
42. What is between the beds of the boy and his brother ?
43. What does the boy put on (a) first, (b) last ?
44. What things named here do you make use of for getting
clean ?
45. When do the boys (a) do work, (b) have play ?
46. When may the boys have a rest all the day ?
47. In what other way may you say : (a) this day ; (b) the day
before this day ; (c) the day after this day ?
48. What do the boys do before they go to bed ?
49. What do they have a wash with ?
50. What will the mother do when the boys are in bed ?
Answers
51. Morning is the first part of the day and night is the last.
52. a table with a clock on it.
53. (a) Socks, (b) coat.
54. Bath, brush, soap, sponge.
55. (a) In the early part of the morning ; (b) in the late part of the
morning.
56. On one day of every week.
57. (a) Today ; (b) yesterday ; (c) tomorrow.
58. They have a wash.
59. Soap.
60. She will come and say good night.
Notes
11 . THE MACHINE
machine
plough / plow
pump
blade
blow
box
care
crush
dress
hammer
metal
move
nail
oil
rod
spade
steel
quick -- slow
automatic
like
separate

join
leather
wheel
Other Words :
clock , engine , watch ;
industry (e) , plant (e) ;
adjustment , apparatus , brake , chain , force , invention , iron ,
screw , spring , wheel , work ;
control (e) , current (e) , driving (e) , nut (e) , power (s).
11 . THE MACHINE
When the grass is high in the garden, I get it cut with a machine. The
base of the machine has a wheel at he right side and a wheel at the left.
Between these wheels are parts which are sharp, like the blade of the
knife. When you give the machine a push forward, these blades go
through the grass and get it cut. The hand-part of the machine is of
wood ; the other parts are ofmetal. Sometimes I put oil on the metal
parts. If I do not do this with care, I may give my finger a crush in the
machine.
Some machines do work only while they have the help of hands, but
other machines are automatic. The match-machines in the street are
automatic.
On the farm we get water from a pump. A pump is a machine with
a rod which goes up and down in a pipe. Another machine gets milk

from the cows, and another makes butter. A plough/plow is a machine
with a wide blade of steel which does the work of a spade.
Machines do almost every sort of work. We see machines which get
stones from the road broken, and other machines which give help to
workmen who put up houses.
In the towns, in great buildings, men and women make things with
machines. They make shoes of leather, socks of wool, coats of cloth,
and all the other parts of dress. They make clocks, umbrellas, knives,
plates, seats, and tables.
Hands are not as quick as machines. When a man makes a join in
wood, or puts the cover on a box, he gives a separate blow of
the hammer to every nail. But a machine may put all the nails in with
one move as much work as a man does with a great number of moves.
Even if the man is quick, the work which he does will seem slow when
we see how very quickly the machine does it.
But though men are not as quick as machines, machines are still not
as good as men for some things.
Questions
61. What is between the wheels of the grass machine ?
62. What does the boy put on the machine ?
63. What sort of machines are match-machines ?
64. What is a pump ?
65. What machines does the work of a spade ?
66. What help do machines dive in making roads ?
67. What are shoes made of?
68. What does a man put into wood when he makes a join in it ?
69. What does he make use of for doing this ?
70. Why does a machine do this work more quickly than a man.
Answers
71. Parts which are sharp, like the blade of a knife.
72. Oil
73. Automatic machines
74. A machine with a rod which goes up and down in a pipe.
75. A plough or plow.
76. They get stones broken.
77. Leather.
78. Nails.

79. A hammer.
80. Because a man gives a separate blow of the hammer to
every nail, but a machine may put all the nails in with one blow.
Notes
12 . BUSINESS
Things Qualities
business
company
manager
market
office
price
profit
store
apple
bag
basket
boot
bulb
cord
drink
fruit
owner
paper
parcel
servant
cheap -- dear
common
new
serious
Other Words :
advertisement , credit , debt , insurance , money, receipt, trade ;
account (s) , branch (e), industry (e) , interest (e) , offer (s) , trade
(e),
agreement , amount , committee , competition , distribution ,
exchange , loss , offer , organization , payment , secretary ,
stamp ;
meeting (s) , order (e)
12 . BUSINESS
"What is the business of your father ?"
"My father does work in a store."
"Is he the owner of the store ?"
"No. He is only the manager of it. The owner is not one man, the
owner is a company.Every person in the company gets a part of
the profit of the store."
"Does the store make much profit ?"
"Yes. My father is a good manager. A store with a bad manager
makes little profit."
"What does a manager do ?"
"He does work in an office almost all the day, but sometimes he goes

through the building and sees the persons who do business with the
store. He does not let me go with him."
"What sort of store is it ?"
"It keeps almost every sort of thing. In one part of it you may get food
and drink, in another, a new coat, in another, a clock, in
another, fruit, or flowers, or even a bulb in a pot. It is like separate small
stores in one building. This sort of store is common in great towns."
"Does your mother get everything for the family there ?"
"No, she gets almost all our things there, but she does not get fruit
there. She says that the fruit at the store is dear. She get it a
the market."
"Is it cheap at the market ?"
"It seems cheap because the market price is not as great as the store
price. But my father says that the fruit at the market is as dear as the
fruit at the store, because my mother sometimes gets a bad apple or
orange among the good fruit, and though the price is not as great, she
does not get as much for it.
When she gets fruit at the store, the store will send it to the house.
But when she gets it at the market, the man there put it in abag, and
she takes it with her. If she gets cheese, he put it in paper and makes
a parcel with cord, but sometimes the cord comes off or gets broken,
and the cheese goes on the road. Then my mother has a serious face.
When my mother goes to the market she lets me go with her and take
a basket for all the parcels. But she does not go every day. On some
days she sends the servant. "What is the business of your father ?"
"My father has a farm. He was in business. He was in a boot and
shoe store. But the town is not healthy for my brother who was very ill
when he was a baby."
Questions
1 . What work does the father of the boy do ?
2 . When a company is the owner of a store, what does every
person in the company get ?
3 . Give a list of things which are kept in the store.
4 . What does the mother of the boy get at the market ?
5 . What reason does she give for not getting it at the store ?
6 . Why does the fruit at the market seem cheap ?
7 . When the mother gets fruit at the market, what does the man
there do with it ?
8 . What does he do when she gets cheese ?
9 . When the boy goes to market with his mother, what does he

take with him ?
10. What is the business of the second father ?
Answers
1 . He is the manager of a store.
2 . A part of the profit of the store.
3 . Food and drink, cats, clocks, fruit, flowers, bulbs in pots.
4 . Fruit.
5 . She says that the fruit at the store is dear.
6 . Because the market price is not as great as the store price.
7 . He put it in a bag.
8 . He put it in paper and makes a parcel with cord.
9 . A basket (for all the parcels).
10. He has a farm.
Notes
13 . MONEY
credit
debt
money
payment
receipt
amount
bit
drawer
form
gold
key
lock
loss
name
request
silver
size
stamp
turn
value
open -- shut
flat
poor
round
Other Words :
insurance , price , profit , tax ;
account (s) , business (s) , business (e) , change (e) , copper (s) ,
exchange (e) , gold (s) , interest (e) , silver (s) ;
cooper , exchange , market , pocket , reward ;
addition (e)
13 . MONEY
When you go to a store, you give money for the things which you get.
The money is a payment to the store for the things. sometimes the
payment is made when the things are got, but sometimes the store
gives you credit, and the things may be taken before any payment is

made.
The store put down on paper the amount of your debt, and after
some time a request for the payment is sent to you. When the store
gets the money, a receipt is given to you. This is a bit of paper with
your name on it, and the name of the store, and the amount of your debt,
and the day on which the payment was made. Business men keep their
receipts safe. The loss of a receipt may be as bad as the loss of
money.
Money may be of silver or gold or some other metal, or it may be of
paper. Metal money is commonly round and flat, but not all bits of metal
which have this form are money. A stamp is put on all money, from
which you may see the value of it.
The size of some bits is not as great as the size of other bits.
Great bits of any metal will get more things at the store than small bits.
But if you have a bit of silver and a bit of gold, the gold will get more
than the silver even if it is not as great as the silver, because the value
of silver is not as great as the value of gold. Gold has more value than
silver, and paper has less value than silver. But though gold has the
most value and paper has the least, paper money may have more value
than gold money..
A poor man is a man who has no money, or very little. but a man who
has no money with him may not be poor. He may have a great amount
of it in his house or in another safe place.
My mother keeps some of her money in a drawer which has
a lock. Before she goes to the store, she gets the drawer open and
takes some out. When the drawer is shut again she gives
the key a turn from left to right in the lock and takes it out. The drawer is
more safe than her bag, but it is not very safe, because some person
may get the lock broken while she is out, and if this is done the money
will be gone when she comes in again.
Men and women get money for work. They go to a store with it and
get shoes and coats and butter and bread. The owner of the store gives
money to the men who make these things, and these men give it to the
men and women who do work for them, and they take it to the store
again. Money which is kept in one place and does not go from one
person to another does not do the work of money.
Questions
1 . When money is given for other things, what do we say that it
is ?
2 . When the payment is not made straight away, what does the

store do ?
3 . What is sent to you before you make payment, and what is
sent to you after ?
4 . When you get a receipt from a store, what is on it ?
5 . What is commonly the form of metal money ?
6 . If one thing is greater or smaller than another, what do we say
is different ?
7 . Why will a bit of silver buy less things at the store than a bit of
gold of the same size ?
8 . What sort of man is a man who has no money ?
9 . How does the mother of the boy get the drawer open when she
come back ?
10. What is one thing which we may do to get money ?
Answers
1 . A payment for them.
2 . It gives credit.
3 . A request for the payment is sent before, and a receipt after.
4 . My name, and the name of the store, and the amount of my
debt, and the day on which the payment was made.
5 . It is round and flat.
6 . The size (of the two things.)
7 . Because the value of silver is not as great as the value of
gold.
8 . A poor man.
9 . She put the key in the lock and gives it a turn from right to left.
10. Work.
Notes
14 . NOISE
Things Qualities
bell
cough
hearing
music
noise
sneeze
song
sound
attention
board
cat
dog
fly
horse
rat
start
hard -- soft
quiet -- loud
sudden

thunder
voice
step
word
Other Words :
cry , laugh , rhythm, talk , whistle ;
band (e) , crack (e) , harmony (e) , horn (e) , pipe (e) , record (s) ,
whistle (e) ;
burst (e) , note (s) , scale (s) .
14 . NOISE
If you are awake in the very early morning, when all the family is in
bed, even a small sound, like that of a rat in the wall or afly on the
window, seems loud. And if you give a cough or a sneeze, or
a board in the floor make a noise when you put your foot on it,
the sudden sound goes through the house like thunder. That is
because all the house is quiet, and every sound comes clearly to your
ears. In the day some noise is in the air all the time, and separate
sounds are clear only if we give them our attention.
In the country every sound is clearer than in the town because the
noise is less. The voice of a man, and even what is said, may be sent to
your ears across a field. The sound of a cow-bell, or of the feet of
a horse on the road, may come from the other end of the farm.
But that is only in quiet weather. The noise of thunder keeps all other
sounds from your hearing. And sometimes, in a wind, even if a person
is near you, not one word of what he says comes to your ears.
In the country after the sun goes down the fields are very quiet.
Sometimes the voice of a night-bird comes from the trees, or the dog at
the farm makes a noise when any person goes near the house, but at
other times the only sounds are those which are made by the wind in
the leaves or the rain on the grass.
But in some parts of the town our ears have no rest from the start of
the day till a late hour in the night. Most of the noises in town are bad,
but some worse than others. One of the worst is music outside in the
streets. It takes our attention off our work, and if we are ill it may make
us tired.
One noise which comes to our ears all the day in the town is that
made by the feet of men and women in the street. The streets are quiet
only after a fall of snow when the snow makes a soft cover over
the hard road.
A man makes a sound every time he takes a step, even when he has
no shoes on. Most animals are quieter than men, but the quietest

animal is a cat. The soft feet of a cat go over even the hardest floor and
make no sound, and if the animal is not seen, it may go anywhere and
no attention will be given to it.
Men are the only animals which make music, though the sounds
made by a bird may seem very like a song. Songs are the music which
men make with their voices.
Questions
1 . What are two small sounds which seem loud in them
morning ?
2 . Why do such sounds seem loud at that time ?
3 . When there is a noise in the air, what do we do to get any
separate sound clear ?
4 . Give examples of sounds which may come to one's ears from
far away in the country.
5 . What is the noise which sometimes comes from the sky when
there are dark clouds in it ?
6 . What does the dog at the farm do at night ?
7 . What is one of the worst noises in the town and why ?
8 . Why does a fall of snow make the streets quiet ?
9 . What animal makes no sound in walking ?
10. What sort of music do men make with their voices ?
Answers
1 . The sound of a rat in the wall or of a fly on the window.
2 . Because all the house is quiet.
3 . We give it our attention.
4 . The voice of a man ; the sound of a cow-bell ; the sound of the
feet of a horse on the road.
5 . Thunder.
6 . He makes a noise when any person goes near the house.
7 . The noise of music in the streets, because it takes our
attention off our work, and if we are ill it may make us tired.
8 . Because the snow makes a soft cover over the hard road.
9 . A cat.
10. Songs.
Notes
15 . NEWS

account
advertisement
news
bottle
brick
burst
cork
cry
drop
glove
jelly
lip
net
poison
ring
rub
shelf
smash
stocking
throat
clean -- dirty
long -- short
tall
Other Words :
paper (s) ;
crime , detail , discovery , event , fact , line , picture , print ,
reading , statement , story , surprise , weather ;
development (e) , representative (e) , shock (e) , society (s) ,
stage (s).
15 . NEWS
"What news is in the newspaper this morning ?"
"Here is a long account of what the wind did yesterday. It took part
of the roof off one of the buildings in the town and a brickcame down on
the head of a man in the street. His lip was cut and his nose was broken
by the blow. Another brick went through the front window of a store, and
a great hole was made by the smash. A great amount of rain came
down in some places. the water-pipes got very full and water from
a burst in one of them go into some office buildings."
"What does the newspaper say about the weather today ?"
"We will have rain again, but not as much wind as we had
yesterday."
"That is good news. What is that short account there ?"
"It is about a small boat which went down in the sea not far fro the
land. One man was in it, but when he saw the danger he put on his
body the ring of cork which was on the side of the boat, and this kept
him up in the water till help came."
"Who gave him help ?"
"A man who saw him from the harbor.
Here is an account of a small boy who took some poison when his
mother was not in the room. When she came in and saw him with
the bottle at his mouth, she gave a cry and took it quickly fro him. but a
small amount of the poison went down his throat, and got into his
stomach. It was only a drop, but it made him very ill."

"Why did his mother have poison in the hose ?"
"She had a dirty glove, and this sort of poison will get gloves clean if
you put some of it on a bit of cloth and give them a rub with it."
"Where was the bottle ?"
"It was on a high shelf where pots of jelly were kept."
"How did he get it ?"
"He got on a seat and took it down.
Here is another bit of news about a great fish which was taken from the
sea in a net. It was as long as a tall man."
"What is that on the back of the newspaper ?"
"That is an advertisement for coats. They seem good and cheap."
"Which seems the best."
"This one. it is better than any of the others."
"Yes, that is a very good coat. I will go and see it."
"I will come with you. I see that this stocking has a hole in it, and if
the store has any cheap stockings I will get some."
"Have you any money ?"
"Yes, I have enough for the stockings."
"When will you be ready ?"
"I am ready. Let us go."
Questions
1 . In what ways was the man in the street damaged by the blow
from the brick ?
2 . What other damage did the wind do ?
3 . What made the water get into the office building ?
4 . What kept the man up in the water ?
5 . What did the small boy take from the bottle ?
6 . Why was he ill ?
7 . Where did he take the bottle from ?
8 . What is the use of the poison which the boy took ?
9 . How as the fish taken from the sea ?
10. What other things are there in the pages in addition to news ?
Answers
1 . His lip was cut and his nose was broken.
2 . It sent a brick though the window of a store (and made a great
hole).
3 . A burst in one of the water-pipes.
4 . A ring of cork (which he put on his body when he saw the

danger).
5 . Some poison.
6 . Because a small amount of the poison went down his throat
and got into his stomach.
7 . From a shelf where pots of jelly were kept.
8 . It will get gloves clean if you put some of it on a bit of cloth and
give them a rub with it.
9 . In a net.
10. Advertisements.
16 . AMUSEMENT
amusement
laugh
chain
collar
cup
friend
hat
jump
love
monkey
neck
rail
run
shirt
stop
tail
top
trousers
twist
whip
kind -- cruel
happy -- sad
fat
Other Words :
smile ;
humour (e) ;
interest , music , pleasure ,
song , story ;
ball (s) , card (s) , competition
(s) , fiction (s), picture (s) , play
(e) , record (s) , sage (s) , and
(e) .
16 . AMUSEMENT
Yesterday my friend and I saw
something which gave us
great amusement. We were in the
garden with a ball when a man came

through the street with a music-box, and on the top of it was a
small monkey. The monkey had on red trousers and a blue shirt.On
its neck was a collar, and on this was a chain.
When the man was opposite the house he made a stop. Some boys
and girls were with him, and my friend and I got up on the rail at the
front of the house, where we saw everything over their heads.
The man took the chain off the collar and the monkey got down with a
jump and went to the hand-part of the music box and gave it a turn.
After that the man took it, and while he made the music the monkey got
up on the box again and took the hat of the man and put it on its head.
That made us all give a laugh, because the hat came down over the
face of the monkey almost of its chin. After that the monkey did some
other things which gave the boys and girls much amusement.
After a short time, the man gave a cup to the monkey, and it came
and put it out to everyone for money. But when it went near to one boy,
he put out his hand and gave thetail of the monkey a twist. That
was cruel, and my friend, who is very kind, gave a cry, and said
“Please don‟t do that !" The face of the boy got very red, and he let the
tail go. The monkey went quickly to the man, who took it in his arms and
said kind words to it, till it seemed happy again. Love makes animals
happy.
My friend is very sad when he sees an animal sad or in pain. Boys
and girls are sometimes cruel to animals because they do not see that
what they do gives them pain. If a man gives a horse blows with
a whip, we all see that that is cruel. But if you have a dog and keep it on
a chain and do not ever let it have a run, or if you give it so much food
that ii gets fat and slow, that is almost as cruel, though it may seem
kind.
When we gave my father an account of the monkey he said : “When
you two boys are older such things will not give you amusement.
Animals are not happy when they are taken about the streets in coats
and trousers, even if their owners seem kind to them.” We said that if
the monkey came again we would not go and see it, and my father said
that he might later give me a dog.
Questions

1 . What came through the street when the two boys were playing
in the garden ?
2 . What did the monkey have on ?
3 . What did the two boys do which made it possible for them to
see over the heads of the others?
4 . How did the monkey get down from the box?
5 . Why did the boys and girls give a laugh?
6 . What do you have drink in at a meal?
7 . What cruel thing did a by do to the monkey?
8 . What makes animals happy?
9 . What cruel thing may a man do to a horse?
10. How may you be cruel to a dog even if you do not give it
blows or keep it on a chain?
Answers
1 . A man with a music-box and a small monkey.
2 . Red trousers and a blue shirt, and a collar on in its neck (with a
chain on it).
3 . They got up on the rail at the front of the house.
4 . It gave a jump.
5 . Because the monkey put the hat of the man on its head and
the hat came down over the monkey‟s face (almost to its chin).
6 . A cup.
7 . He gave its tail a twist.
8 . Love.
9 . He may give it blows with a whip.
10. You may give it so much food that it gets fat and slow.
17 . EDUCATION
education
knowledge
answer
berry
lift
look
strong -- feeble
important

school bite
bone
card
feather
fold
kick
muscle
question
toe
touch
walk
wing
necessary
stiff
Other Words :
history , learning , science ;
history (s) ;
attention , behaviour , book , brain , fast , language , law ,
memory , mind , observation , reading , reason , rule , thought,
writing ;
reason (e) , though (e)
17 . EDUCATION
The business of a school is education,, which is teaching and
learning. Education is the way to knowledge, because we get
knowledge by learning, and teaching gives us help in learning. Any help
which is given to us in our learning is teaching.
We go to school for education, but we do not get all our education
there. Every sort of learning is part of it, and much of our learning is
done outside the school-room. When you are having a walk in the
country or in the town, you are seeing new things and getting new
knowledge all the time. And if an older person is with you, he is giving
you teaching every time he gives an answer to a question about the
things which you see. Even if he says only that the bright
red berry which you are putting out your hand for is a poison berry, or
that you are in no danger of a bite from the bright fly on your hand, all
that is education.
We get the greatest help from teaching abut such things as plants, or
animals, or machines, when we may give them a look and a touch. A
country friend may give us an account of thewing or a bird, but till we
see a feather our knowledge will not be complete. We may have the
knowledge that the help of a muscle is necessary for every move of a
finger or a toe, and that other muscles are doing the work when we give

anything a lift or a kick ; but if we did not ever give attention to our arms
and legs we would not see how the muscles do these things. And
though words may give us help in learning the form and size of
every bone in our bodies, they do not give us the knowledge which we
get when we see a bone or put our hands on it.
Another important part of our education is doing things and making
things. We may get much knowledge from seeing something being
made, but we get much more when we take the hammer and wood or
the needle and cloth in our hands. In most schools this sort of learning
comes first. They let the young boys and girls do things for
which strong fingers and much knowledge are not necessary, like
getting a house or a ship cut from stiff card or making small boats and
boxes with bright paper by giving it one fold after another. These things
may not seem very important, but by doing them well the feeble fingers
are getting stronger and the young brains are getting knowledge which
will have a value for more important work.
Questions
1 . What are the two processes in education ?
2 . Why is education the way to knowledge ?
3 . When we take a walk in the country with an older person, how
may he give us knowledge ?
4 . When do we get the greatest help from teaching about such
things as plants and animals ?
5 . What two things do the bodies of birds have which our bodies
do not have ?
6 . What is necessary for moving fingers or toes ?
7 . What are the hardest parts of our bodies ?
8 . Why do schools let young boys and girls do and make
things ?
9 . Why is work for which strong fingers are necessary not given
to young boys and girls at school ?
10. Give two examples of work which they may do.
Answers

1 . Teaching and learning.
2 . Because we get knowledge by learning, and teaching gives us
help in learning.
3 . By giving us answers to our questions.
4 . When we may give them a look and a touch.
5 . Wings and feathers.
6 . The help of muscles.
7 . The bones.
8 . Because doing and making things are an important part of their
education.
9 . Because the fingers of young boys and girls are feeble.
10. They may get a house or a ship cut from a stiff card or they
may make small boats or boxes with bright paper.
18 . READING
ink
letter
page
print
reading
writing
book
grip
mark
meeting
pen
pencil
pleasure
pocket
roll
slip
skirt
snake
story
surprise
tight -- loose
beautiful
secret
yellow
Other Words :
advertisement , note , prose , verse ;
cop;y (e) , fiction (s) , letter (e) , star (e) , stop (e) ;
account , hearing , knowledge , list , record , statement ;
line (e) , sense (e)
18 . READING

One of the first and most important parts of school teaching
is reading, because a book is the shortest way to most of the
knowledge necessary for a good education. If men had no knowledge
of writing they would have no books for reading. Learning the form of
every letter is necessary for writing, but less so for reading at the start.
You may get a knowledge of the form of a word before you have a
knowledge of the separate letters in it. But you will not get very far till
you give attention to the letters, and the sounds which the letters have.
Writing on paper may be done with a pencil or with
a pen and ink. Very young boys and girls have pencils for writing,
because if pens are given to them they may let the ink go on the table
when they are taking the pen from the ink-pot, or a slip of the pen may
make a dirty mark on a clean page of the writing-book.
In early times men had no print, but only writing, and a book did not
have the form which it has now. It had no pages then, and no stiff cover.
It was a roll. This was before any paper such as we have now was
made. The writing was put on something which was very like paper, but
stiffer than paper.
Reading is more than a way to knowledge ; we may get
great pleasure from it. Reading a good story makes most boys and
girls happy, even those whose school books give them the least
pleasure.
Yesterday I saw in a book an old story about a beautiful young girl
who had no mother. The woman to whom her father was married was
cruel to her, and made her do all the dirty work of the house, and she
was very sad. The smooth skin of her hands got rough, and her feet
were cut by the stones, because even in the very cold weather she had
no shoes.
One day when she was coming through some trees after getting
wood for the fires, she saw a feeble old woman putting sticks in a
basket. “You seem tired,” said the girl. “Let me get your basket full for
you, while you have a rest.” “Yes, please do so. I am very tired,” said
the old woman, and the girl took the basket. When she came again with
the sticks, the old woman said : “You are a kind girl, so I will do
something for you.” While she was saying these words she took a small
round box from thepocket of her skirt. Inside was a small parcel with

a tight cord round it. When she got it loose the girl saw a bit of
bright yellowstone in the paper. “ Take this,” said the old woman, “ and
put it in the bed of the woman who is cruel to you, but keep outmeeting
secret. Do not say anything about it, even to your father.” Then the girl
gave a cry of surprise, because suddenly the old woman was not there,
but only a small yellow snake going very quickly over the grass.
With the parcel tightly in her grip, the girl went to the house, and that
night, before the woman was in bed, she put the stone under the cover.
In the morning, the woman was nowhere in the house, and she was not
ever seen again. Though the surprise of the father and all the servants
was great, they were all much happier when she was gone. And only
the girl gave any attention to the account of a small yellow snake which
was seen going from the house that morning.
Questions
1 . Why is the learning of reading one of the first steps in
education ?
2 . What knowledge is necessary for writing ?
3 . What two ways of writing on paper are there ?
4 . How were books in early times different in form from the books
we have now ?
5 . Before there was paper, what was writing done on ?
6 . What may reading do for us in addition to giving us
knowledge?
7 . What sort of reading gives most boys and girl‘s pleasure ?
8 . Where did the old woman take the box from ?
9 . What was in the parcel ?
10. What did the girl do when she saw a snake in the place of the
old woman ?
Answers
1 . Because a book is the shortest way to much of the knowledge
necessary for a good education.
2 . A knowledge of the forms of the letters.

3 . With a pencil, and with a pen and ink.
4 . They had no pages or stiff covers they Were rolls.
5 . On something which was very like paper, but stiffer than
paper.
6 . It may give us great pleasure.
7 . The reading of a good story.
8 . From the pocket of her skirt.
9 . A bit of bright yellow stone.
10. She gave a cry of surprise.
19 . THE EARTH
earth
moon
mountain
star
attraction
direction
distance
dust
existence
growth
middle
month
motion
powder
quality
range
root
seed
substance
year
thick -- thin
fixed
physical
present
Other Words :
air , island , land , mine , river , sea , sky , sun ;
country (e) ;
coal , map , metal , nation , oil , said , sand , stone , system ;
space (e)
19 . THE EARTH 1
At one time men said that the earth was flat, and fixed in space like
an island in a great sea. But now everyone has the knowledge that the
earth has almost the form of an orange and is all the time going round. It
has two sorts of motion. Every 24 hours it makes a complete turn, like a
ball with a rod through the middle when you give it a push with your

finger. And all the time it has been doing this, it has been going forward,
till at the end of a year it has gone completely round the sun.
The motion of the earth round the sun gives us summer and winter ;
its other motion gives us night and day. The direction of the turn is from
west to east, and that is why we see the sun going across the sky from
east to west.
The earth goes round the sun and not out into space because
the distance between the earth and the sun is kept fixed by
theattraction of the sun. Every star in the sky is kept in its place by
attraction. Our earth is a cold star. It is one of the 8 great stars which go
round the sun.
All physical things have this quality of attraction for other physical
thing The attraction between the earth and the moon keeps
the moon going round the earth, and other stars have other moons
which are kept near them by their attraction. The moon goes round the
earth in a shorter time than the earth goes round the sun. The moon
goes round the earth in a month.
A very long time before the existence of men, the earth was a mass
of fire going round in space. It got colder till some thing like a hard skin
came over it, thin at the start, but slowly getting thick, though even now
the substance in the middle of our earth has not got cold.
At a later time the earth had water all over it. Then, here and there, a
mass of land came up through the sea, making amountain or
a range of mountains, and the first dry land came into existence.
But this new dry land was not like dry land at the present time. It had
no plants or animals on it, and not even any earth for theseed or root of
a plant. The earliest plants and animals did not have their existence on
the land, but in the water, and some books say that all plants and
animals have come from a substance like jelly in the sea. The growth of
plants was not possible till powder from the stones had made a cover
of dust for the land. Then, slowly, some of the animals came from the
water on to the land, and from them the first land animals came. But
men did not come into existence till much later.
-----
1 . See the Notes on this Step.

Questions
1. What did men say at one time about this earth
2. What are the two motions of the earth?
3. Why does the sun seem to go from east to west?
4. What keeps the earth from going out into space?
5. What sort of body is the earth?
6. What goes round the earth?
7. What was the first dry land?
8. Why were there no plants on the first dry land?
9. What are the first plants and animals said to have come from?
10. What made a cover of dust for the land?
Answers
1 . That it was flat and fixed in space.
2 . It makes a turn and it goes round the sun.
3 . Because the turn of the earth is from west to east.
4 . The attraction of the sun.
5 . It is a cold star.
6 . The moon.
7 . Mountains or ranges of mountains which came up through the
sea.
8 . Because it had no earth for their seeds or roots.
9 . A substance like jelly in the sea.
10. Powder from the stones.
-----
1 . "The earth," The expansion from earth as a substance to the earth as the star covered by that substance,
and on which we are living, is a very natural one, needing only to be pointed out to be quite clear.
20 . HISTORY

event
history
record
addition
colour
comparison
desire
expert
guide
increase
judge
library
line
map
need
opinion
position
potato
process
reason
past -- future
certain
frequent
probable
Other Words :
power (e) ;
agreement , change , development , discovery , government ,
nation , peace , religion , society , tendency , trade , war
20 . HISTORY
If we make a comparison between the time men have been on
the earth and that part of their existence of which we have
any record, we see that the start of history was not very early. The
only account we have of the time before men had a knowledge of
writing, and even of a long time after, is that which has been given by
the broken stones of early towns, and bits of metal and other
substances which have been taken from them. Then come records on
stone and some bits of writing on paper, but these are not frequent till
much later, and not one of them give us complete
and certain knowledge of any event.
Even after the start of history, the records are far from complete. One
reason for this may be that much of the knowledge which we have a
desire for at the present time may not have seemed important to men of
past times, and may not ever have been put in writing. But the most
important reason is the loss of most of the old records. Men have not at
all times kept such things with care, and a great number of those which
would have had value for history are not now in existence.
When we come to later times, we have more records, but they do not

all give us certain knowledge. Sometimes they give us two almost
opposite accounts of one event. A historyexpert gives attention to all
the old accounts and then says which is the most probable one. But
though lie may he a good judge, lie is only giving us his opinion, and
so our knowledge the event is only probable, not certain.
In later years men saw the need for records, and in our time the
record of every important event in the history of any country is kept with
the greatest care. Every library has shelves of books about the present
time. The men of future times will certainly have a good knowledge of
the process which has made them what they are. But even with all
these books as a guide, some of their experts will probably have
opposite opinions about some past events.
A map gives great help in the learning of history. The position of any
country on the map is frequently a good guide to a knowledge of its
history. On some maps of the earth every country has a line round it,
and all the land which is part of it has onecolour. If we make a
comparison between earlier and later maps, we will see from
an increase in the amount of any colour that the country which has that
colour has made an addition to its land. Though some countries have
not as much land as others, they may be quite as happy, and even
happier.
History is not only the account of great events. It is the record of the
existence of men and women, and things which seem small may
sometimes be very important. In Ireland the growth of the
first potato was an event in its history, and is as much a part of its
record as the growth of its towns.
-----
See the Notes on this Step.
Questions
1 . What name do we give to the record of past events?
2 . How do we get our knowledge of times before men had a
knowledge of writing?
3 . What is the chief reason why the number of early records is

very small?
4 . When different accounts are given of one event, what does the
history expert do?
5 . When he does this, what is he giving us?
6 . What need did men see in later times?
7 . What name do we give to a place where books are kept?
8 . What use will the books about the present time have in the
future?
9 . What is frequently a good guide lo a knowledge of the history
of any country?
10. If we see that there has been an increase of on, colour on the
map of the earth, what knowledge does that give us?
Answers
1 . History.
2 . From the broken stones of early towns and bits of metal and
other substances which have been taken from them.
3 . The loss of most of the old records.
4 . He gives attention to all the old accounts and says which is the
most probable one.
5 . His opinion.
6 . The need for records.
7 . A library.
8 . They will give the men of future times a good knowledge of the
process which has made them what they are.
9 . Its position on the map.
10. The knowledge that the country which has that colour on the
map has made an addition to its land.
21 . INVENTION1
instrument
(invention)
angle
camera
chance
ray
screw
spring
hollow -- solid
able
delicate

crack
experience
fight
glass
measure
plane
steam
watch
wax
whistle
wire
view
electric
Other Words : --
machine ;
apparatus , control , discovery
21 . INVENTION
From the earliest times men have been seeing new uses for the
substances which the earth gives them, and making new sorts of things
for work or pleasure. Every such thing is an invention. Not only the
great machines of our time, but things like a knife and a screw and
a spring are inventions. The burning
of wax for light was no less an invention
than electric light. though it was not such a
good one.
These early inventions do not seem as
surprising as those which are nearer to us,
but without their help we would not have had
the later ones. Without the spring the
invention of the watchwould not have been
possible, and so on. One of the most
important of the older inventions
wasglass. To this delicate substance, which
at the start was used only for making
beautiful things, we are in debt for a great
part of our present knowledge.
Men early got the knowledge that when
a ray of light went through glass, the direction in which it went into the
substance sometimes made an angle with the direction in which it came
out, and that with a bit of glass which was thin at the edges and thick in
the middle, rays might be bent in such a way that they came together at

one point. But it was not till much later that they got a way of taking
the measure of these angles, and saw clearly what surprising uses this
quality of glass might have. Able men were were hot slow in profiting by
this knowledge. One of the first of the new inventions was
an instrument for getting a better view of things which are a great
distance away, such as the moon and stars Almost at the same time
another instrument was made for seeing very small things clearly. It will
readily be seen how important these inventions were for making
additions to our knowledge.
Another invention which was based on the knowledge of light rays
was the camera. The little bit of glass at the front sends the rays to the
right points on the plate at the back.
The bulb which is part of some cameras is another invention. When it
is crushed in the hand, it sends a current of air through a pipe to a
delicate spring which is in the box. When this spring is moved, the light
is let in through the glass. The bulb is hollow like the pipe. If it
was solid, it would have no air in it. When there is a crack in the bulb, it
will not do the necessary work, because the air gets out and does not
go through the pipe.
Another sort of bulb is the glass electric light bulb. In these electric
bulbs we may see the delicate wire through which the electric current
goes.
Electric machines are now taking the place of some which are worked
by steam, but steam is still one of the most valued servants of man.
One of the most Important inventions based on the use of steam is the
steamboat. One of the less Important is the steam whistle.
The plane which is used to make wood smooth is one of the oldest
inventions. The airplane in which we may take a flightthrough the air is
one of the newest and most surprising.
It is sometimes said that chance has given us some of the most
important Inventions, but without the help of experiencechance would
have done little for us.
-----
1 . See Notes on this Step.

Questions
1 . What is an invention?
2 . What were five early inventions?
3 . What quality of glass made possible the invention of
instruments for seeing very small things and things a great
distance away?
4 . For what are these instruments important?
5 . What does the bulb of a camera do when it is crushed in the
hand?
6 . Why is it hollow?
7 . Give an example of another sort of bulb.
8 . What is inside an electric bulb.
9 . What two sorts of power are named here as used for working
machines?
10. What is the use of a plane?
Answers
1 . Any new sort of thing which is made by man.
2 . Knives, Screws. springs. wax-lights, and glass.
3 . The quality of getting rays of light bent when they go through
it.
4 . For making additions to our knowledge.
5 . It sends a current of air to a delicate spring which is in the box.
6 . Because if it was solid it Would have no air in it.
7 . An electric-light bulb.
8 . A delicate wire Through which the electric current goes.
9 . Electric (current) and steam.
10. A plane is used for making wood smooth.
22 . FEELING

belief
comfort
disgust
doubt
fear
(feeling)
hope
humour
impulse
interest
nerve
regret
sense
shame
balance
heart
horn
insect
reaction
shock
normal -— strange
angry
conscious
second
Other Words :
amusement, approval, desire, hate, hearing, love,
pain, pleasure, respect, smell, sound, surprise, taste ;
care (e), touch (e)
art, colour, harmony, heat, religion;
agreement (e), attraction (e).
22 . FEELING
Fear sometimes makes us do very surprising things. One night
the nerve of one of my teeth was giving me a feeling of pain, and it was
certain that I would not be able to go to sleep till the pain was stopped.
But I had nothing in the house which would be of use, and the only
way of getting anything was by going to the house of a friend. The
distance was not long, but the road went through a wood, and there
was a story going about that a strange animal with a
great horn had been seen there some days earlier.
I had no belief that there was such an annual, and no doubt that
I would be quite safe in the wood, so I made a start without any fear.
But before I had gone very far a strange sound came to my ears It
was not like the normal cry of any animal of which I had had

experience, and it sent a wave of fear through me. My reason was quite
certain that there was no danger, but I was not as happy as I had been
before I even had an impulse to go back, but shame and the hope of
stopping the pain in my tooth kept me from doing so, though not from
having a feeling of regret that I had come.
I went forward more quickly, with every sense awake. The touch of
an insect on my face was enough to make my blood go cold. Suddenly
a second cry came, much nearer than the first. This time
my reaction was to make a complete stop. My heartseemed to come
into my throat and my feet to be fixed to the earth. A minute later I was
going back as quickly as my legs would take me.
The wood was dark, and after only two or three steps I put my foot
into a hole. I was unable to keep my balance, and I came down on my
face. The shock of the fall sent all the breath out of my body, and my
senses went from me for a time.
When I was conscious again, my first feeling was a pain in my head.
Then my fear came back and I got on my feet. But before I had taken a
step, a sound came which sent all fear from me. It was the strange
sound again, but this time it was clearly over my head, and there was no
doubt that it was the cry of a night bird.
With a look of disgust at my trousers covered with wet earth, I went
on again. I was angry because I had not had more sense, but when I
got to the house of my friend, and was giving an account of my
experience in comfort before a bright fire, amusement took the place of
my bad humour. Everyone took a great interest In my story, and when
they were certain that no serious damage had been done by my fall,
they had a good laugh about it.
Questions
1 . What did the man in this story go to the house of his friend
for?
2 . What was said to have been seen in the wood?
3 . Why did he have no fear at the start?
4 . Why did the sound which came to his ears put fear into him?
5 . What kept him from going back

6 . What made his blood go cold?
7 . What was his reaction to the second cry?
8 . Why did he have a fall when he put his foot into a hole.
9 . What was his feeling when he saw his dirty trousers
10. What were the feelings of has friends when he gave them an
account of his experience?
Answers
1 . Something for stopping the pain in (the nerve of) his tooth.
2 . A strange animal With a great horn.
3 . Because he had no belief that there was such an animal.
4 . Because it was not like the normal cry of any animal of which
he had had experience.
5 . Shame and the hope of stopping the pain in his tooth.
6 . The touch of an insect on his face.
7 . He made a complete stop.
8 . Because he was unable to keep his balance.
9 . Disgust.
10. Interest and amusement.
23 . ART
(art)
ornament
picture
arch
brass
canvas
chalk
circle
copper
copy
curve
design
frame
hook
jewel
paint
polish
suggestion
square
vessel
black -— white
complex —- simple
mixed
Other Words :

Music, song, verse
fiction (s), picture (s), Nay (e), stage (e,)
taste (e), touch (s), writing (e) ;
attraction, colour, form, line, pleasure,
science, value
feeling (s).
23 . ART
The art of early man was rooted in his physical needs. The
first picture was probably a copy of the form of some animal necessary
for food, and was made with chalk or paint on the rough stone wall of a
hole in the side of a mountain. Such pictures were probably made, not
only for pleasure, but because men had the belief that in some way
these copies made the animals come when they were needed. Even the
first design which was cut on a bit of metal, or painted on a cup or
other vessel, was almost certainly not only an ornament, but an
instrument for keeping the owner of it safe from danger, or helping
him in some other way.
But the strange impulse to make copies of things which were
needed for existence was the start of a new and very important
experience. With it came the pleasure in making and doing beautiful
things which has made the growth of art possible.
At the start, all the forms which were used by painters and designers
in their work were copies of the forms which they saw in things about
them, but it is surprising how early they put them together in new ways.
They saw very quickly that even simple forms, such as the squareand
the circle, might be joined in a great number of complex designs to
make pictures which were not copies of anything. The curve of a leaf
might give the suggestion for a design which was not at all like leaves,
but only a number of forms and colours put together in a way which was
pleasing to the eye.
The earliest painting was done with only one or two colours.
Red, black, and white were very common, because they were the
colours of common substances which might be used as paints. The
knowledge of more uncommon paints, and of the way to get

them mixed so that they made new colours, did not come till later.
Metal-work was one of the earliest of the arts. The metals which have
been most used in art are gold, silver, copper, and copper mixed with
another metal to make it harder. The brass of which kettles and curtain
rods are made, and which we keep bright with polish, is another mixed
metal with copper in it, but the one used in art is different. It is brown,
not yellow like brass.
The growth of the knowledge of building gave man a new sort of art,
and at the same time gave a new interest to some of the other arts. Men
made the lines of their structures beautiful, and the flat walls gave a
chance for paintings and for designs in stone or wood. It was not till
quite late in history that a picture was commonly something in
a frame which might be put on ahook on a wall and moved from place
to place. Before that it was a part of a building. The art of building has
given us a number of beautiful forms. One of the most beautiful is
the arch, which has been used most in the buildings of Europe.
From the start men have all the time been learning new processes of
art. One very important invention was that of painting oncanvas with
paints mixed with oil. But that is only one of a great number of such
inventions, not only in painting, but in all the other arts which make use
of physical substances.
We sometimes give the name art, not only to the great arts, but to
any expert way of doing or making anything. So we may say that cutting
a jewel is an art, or that there is an art of cooking.
Questions
1 . Where were the earliest pictures made and with what
substances
2 . What were they probably copies of?
3 . Why?
4 . Give examples of simple forms winch were early used for
making complex designs.
5 . How may natural forms, like the form of a leaf, have been
responsible for a new sort of picture?
6 . What were the commonest colours used in early paintings?

7 . What metals have been most used in the history of art?
8 . Why did the art of building give a new interest to the other
arts?
9 . What was one of the most important inventions in the art of
painting?
10. Give two examples of processes which are said to be arts in
the second sense of the word.
Answers
1 . On the rough stone walls of holes in the mountains, with chalk
or paint.
2 . The forms of animals necessary for food.
3 . Because early man had the belief that these copies made the
animals come when they were needed.
4 . The square and the circle.
5 . They may have given suggestions for designs which were not
copies of anything.
6 . Red, black, and white.
7 . Gold, silver, copper, and copper mixed with another metal.
8 . Because the walls gave a chance for paintings and designs in
stone or wood.
9 . The invention of painting on canvas with paints mixed with oil.
10. Cutting a jewel and cooking.
24 . TRADE
exchange
(trade)
band
coal
competition
cotton
distribution
industry
insurance
mine
nut
produce
rice
silk
tin
tray
chief
dependent
elastic
fertile
hanging

iron
linen
wine
worm
Other Words :
market ;
business (e), country (e), industry (e), offer (s)
agreement, balance, company, credit, debt, government, harbour,
loss, manager,
money,offer, organization, price, profit, secretary, station, tax,
transport;
representative (e).
24 . TRADE
All business is based on trade, which is the exchange of goods. The
simplest form of trade is the exchange of one sort ofproduce for
another, but this sort of trade is not very common at the present time. In
some parts of the earth men still give the skins of animals and other
things it exchange for food, or cloth, or bright ornaments for their bodies
but most countries make use of an instrument of exchange, that is, of
money. The invention of money made trade a very much more
complex thing.
Most countries have more than enough of some things for their
needs, and not enough of others. In one part of the earth there may be
great fields of rice for food but no iron for making machines. In another
there may be a great amount of tin for cooking-vessels, but no leather
for boots and shoes. So almost every country sends goods to other
countries, and with the money which it gets in exchange for them, it
makes payment for the goods Which other countries send to it. In this
way distribution is made of the things of the earth.
In every great country today men and women are dependent on
the industry of persons in other lands for some of the things most
commonly used. If you are in England, your dress may be of silk which
has been made by a small worm in China, or your shirt of cotton which
has come from the cotton fields of India. You may keep papers together
with a band of an elasticsubstance taken from a plant in South America,
or keep your accounts on paper produced in Canada. You may have for

your morning meal, on a tray from Japan, oranges which a shod time
before were hanging on the trees in South Africa. If you are in Belgium,
the coal you put on your fires may have come from a mine in Wales,
and if you are in the United States, the winewhich you have at a meal is
probably the produce of France or Spain or Italy.
Almost all the produce of the earth has some use. A nut, or the root
of a plant, or a small fish, may give substances which are most
important to man. So even a country which is not very fertile, and has
no mines of metal, may be the producer of something for which other
countries will give money.
When the produce of one country is like that of another, there
is competition between them for trade with other countries.Linen was
at one time one of the chief things produced by Europe, but when
cotton came into the markets of the West It took the place of linen,
because it was cheaper and better for some uses, and the linen trade is
now very small.
We are in debt to trade for a great Increase in the comforts of
existence. One of the things which it has given us, which Is sometimes
overlooked, is insurance. The first form of insurance was against the
loss of goods on the sea, and it is said to have had its start among the
traders of Phoenicia.
Questions
1 . What is the simplest form of trade ?
2 . What effect did the invention of money have on trade?
3 . What substances are used for making : (a) machines (b)
cooking-vessels (c) boots and shoes
4 . How is money used in trade between countries?
5 . What is one outcome of trade between countries?
6 . Give the names of two substances used for clothing which
England gets from other countries with the names of the countries
from which they come.
7 . What do we get iron mines?
8 . What takes place between two countries when the produce of
one is like that of the other

9 . What trade has been made less important by the coming of
cotton into the markets of the West
10. Give the name of one thing for which we are in debt to trade.
Answers
1 . The exchange of one sort of produce for another.
2 . It made trade more complex.
3 . (a) Iron ; (b) tin ; (c) leather.
4 . A country sends goods to others and gets money in exchange
for them ; then with that money it makes payment for goods which
other countries send to it.
5 . A distribution of the things of the earth.
6 . Silk from China and cotton from India.
7 . Coal and metals.
8 . Competition.
9 . The linen trade.
10. Insurance.
25 . TRANSPORT
carriage
cart
driving
journey
porter
station
train
(transport)
brake
bridge
change
condition
engine
level
power
rate
river
slope
ticket
weight
same -— different
parallel
possible
waiting
Other Words :

boat, harbour, road, ship;
carriage (e), engine (s), line (e), rail (s), smash (s). vessel (e);
air, connection, distance,flight, foot. horse, map,
motion, move, parcel, sea, steam, trade, way.
25 . TRANSPORT
The transport of men and things over great distances in a very short
time is common thing in our day. But this ha been madepossible only
by invention little more than a hundred years old. Not till 1801 was
an engine used for sending a ship through the water, and this was quite
a long time before the first train made its first journey. Up to then the
quickest way of going from place to place on land was on horseback,
and journey over the sea were made in sailing-ships These sorts of
transport seem very slow to us now, in comparison with the rate of a
train or a steamship. But they were much quicker and better ways of
getting over the earth than men had had in earlier times.
The invention of the wheel was a great event in the history of
transport. Before that, animals took men and things on their backs, but
wheels gave an animal the power of moving a much greater weight. It
may readily be seen how important this was for trade.
When man had made his first rough cart, he was on the way to the
invention of the carriage, in which journeys Were commonly made
before the coming of the train. The design of the carriage went on
getting better and better. The addition of abrake for keeping it from
rolling down slope, and of springs for making the motion less rough,
were great comforts.
In most countries, carriages of great weight, pulled by four or even
more horses, were used for going long distances Achange of horses
was made at different stopping-places on the road, and in this way a
quicker journey was possible Experts were needed for driving Such
carriages, and if the condition of the roads was bad this was very hard
work. Some times, if it was necessary to get across a river and there
was no bridge, the driver made his horses go through the water.
Journeys in those days were frequently full of strange experiences.

But today even a long journey is very simple. A man goes to
the station, gets ticket, and takes a seat in the waiting train. His bags
and boxes are put in the railway carriage by a porter, and at a fixed
time the train goes. Though the rate of motion is very great, the train
goes smoothly, and he may have a sleep or do some reading while it is
quickly taking him to the end his journey.
The two parallel rails of metal which are the road for the wheels of a
train go through rough fields and across mountains where a carriage
and horses would be unable to go. The power of the engine takes the
train up long slopes at almost the samerate as over country which is on
a level. There are no stops for rest or food, or because the roads are
bad.
At present the only form of transport quicker than the train is the
airplane. This the newest and quickest form of transport which we have.
It does not seem possible now that anything will ever be quicker, but the
history of transport has not come to an end, and it may still have some
surprises for us.
Questions
1 . What makes the old forms of transport seem slow to us?
2 . What invention made a great change to transport
3 . Why was this invention important for trade
4 . By what two additions were carriages given greater comfort?
5 . What was done to make journeys by carriage quicker?
6 . Where do you go to get on a train, and what is it necessary to
do before you take your seat?
7 . Who puts the bags and boxes in the carriage
8 . What sort of road is necessary for the wheels of a train?
9 . What power puts a train in motion
10. What is the quickest form of transport?
Answers
1 . The rate of trains and steamships.
2 . The wheel.

3 . Because wheels gave an animal the power of moving a much
greater weight.
4 . By the addition of a brake for keeping the carriage from rolling
down slopes, and of springs for making the motion less rough.
5 . A change of horses was made at different stopping-places on
the road.
6 . To the station it is necessary to get ticket.
7 . A porter.
8 . Two parallel rails of metal.
9 . The power of the engine.
10. The airplane.
26 . PEACE
harmony
(peace)
war
army
attack
attempt
church
connection
death
destruction
fight
flag
gun
hate
hospital
lead
relation
religion
waste
wound
living -— dead
military
violent
wrong
Other Words :
friend , government , love , order
agreement (e) ;
cause (e).
26 . PEACE

Even in very early times, when it was almost as common for two
countries to have a war as for two men to have a fight there were some
who had the feeling that this condition was not right. The love
of peace has been a part of the teaching of almost every
great religion, and it is clear from this that the men of the past were
conscious of the value of working in harmony with one another.
But till only a short time back, almost no one, not even those who had
belief in religion, had any hope that we would ever be able to put an end
to war, and no serious attempt was made to take steps against it. One
reason was that war seemed to be a necessary outcome of the
competition between countries. Though every war was clearly bad for
one side, it seemed to be good for the other ; and it did not seem
possible that man would ever give up this violent way of getting profit.
So even those who saw that war was bad had the opinion that it was
necessary, and that they would have to put up with it. And in the eyes of
most men it seemed not only necessary but natural, and their great
hope was to see their country‟s flag waving over other countries.
But there has been a great change in the relation of war to trade,
and so in the feeling about war. In present conditions no country gets
any profit from the use of arms, though when a war has been
started hate and fear will keep it going. Theconnection between the
trade of all countries is so complex that damage to one is damage to all,
and the loss to a country in this way is much greater than anything it
may have a hope of getting by making an attack on another. Dead men
and burned towns are only a small part of the price of war today. The
had conditions which come after it seem to have no end, and it is not
possible for anyone who has had experience of them not to see that the
old view of war as good business is quite wrong.
Another point we have to take into account is that the invention of
new machines for the destruction of men has made the fear of war
greater than it has ever been before. In a present-day war,
violent death comes not to hundreds but to thousands, and not only to
those in the army, but to persons taking no part in the fight. No one in a
country which is at war is safe, even in ahospital or a church. With the
help of these new inventions the destruction of every building and

every living thing in a town would be quite possible. And in comparison
with the forms of death which are the work of these
latest military instruments, awound from a gun gives little pain. Not
only lead and steel, hut even crueller instruments of destruction, are
now used in war.
All these things have made men conscious that wax is not only bad,
but completely against reason. War has at all times been a
shocking waste of time. of money, and of men. It is now clearly seen to
be so, and that gives the greatest hope for peace which there has ever
been in history.
Questions
1 . What has been part of the teaching of every great religion?
2 . What do we see from this?
3 . Why did men in the past have no hope that there would ever
be an end to war?
4 . What has been the cause of a new feeling about war?
5 . What keeps a war going when it has been started
6 . Why does no country now get any profit from the use of army?
7 . What has made war more feared today than ever before
8 . What do these new inventions make possible?
9 . Give the names of two metals which are used for making
instruments of war.
10. Why have men a better hope for peace now than they have
ever had before?
Answers
1 . The love of peace.
2 . We see that the men of the past were conscious of the value of
living in harmony with one another.
3 . Because war seemed to be a necessary outcome of the
competition between countries.
4 . The change in he relation of war to trade.
5 . Hate and fear.

6 . Because the connection between the trade of all countries is
so complex that damage to one is damage to all.
7 . The invention of new machines for the destruction of men.
8 . The destruction of every building and every living thing in a
town.
9 . Steel and lead.
10. Because it is now clearly seen that war is a waste of time, of
money, and of men.
27 . LANGUAGE
discussion
fiction
(language)
list
prose
talk
verse
error
fact
idea
mind
order
purpose
rhythm
rule
sign
statement
tendency
thought
trick
true -— false
material
natural
regular
Other Words :
answer, argument, cry, letter, name,
question, reading, voice, word, writing ;
observation (e), sense (e)
ear, education, mouth, society, song, sound;
sign (s).
27 . LANGUAGE
The chief purpose of language is the exchange of thought or

Step by step english communication

Step by step english communication

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (19)

En vedette

En vedette (13)

Similaire à Step by step english communication

Similaire à Step by step english communication (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Step by step english communication