1. Ancy Varghese
09bit046

2. Why Smart Homes??
Smart Home Perspective ....
21st Century
Integration of
19th Cenrury 20th Century comprehensive Living
Elementary tasks based Functional System Environment
on Human Capability & Integration makes life
Flexibility easier Infotainment
Health care

3. To begin with, the intelligent building concept has been
defined by organisations such as :
The Intelligent Building Institute Foundation (I.B.I.) in 1989,
The European Intelligent Buildings Group (EIBG) in 1998,
The Smart Homes Foundation .
These definitions highlight :
1. the integration of all kinds of building systems, services and
controls,
2. the importance of techno-economics,
3. the needs of the owners and end-users.

4. Some questions we need to answer to
know Smart Buildings…
Definition of Smart Building…??
What is Smart?
What is intelligence?
What is human intelligence?
What is building intelligence?
And then, back to the definition of Smart Building…

5. Let us understand Bergson’s theory of
human intelligence first…
"A fundamental role of intelligence is to generate
distinctions that enable an intelligent being to act
in its environment according to its capabilities
and needs;"
Bergson says, "Human beings do not only use
existing tools, but also create tools using their
intelligence"
The ability of the human intelligence to lend
its intelligence to a building was proved by
Bergson.

6. Building intelligence is derived from the
seven forms of the human intelligence of
Gardner's
Thus, the definition of building intelligence is a function of human
intelligence:
HI = f (hiGardner1 ... hiGardner7)
where HI is human intelligence, hiGardner is a form of the human
intelligence as defined by Gardner.
The definition of building intelligence can be defined to be:
BI = f (bi1 ... bin)
where BI is the concept of the Building Intelligence,
bi is a form of the BI and n is the number of forms of the BI.
Bi can be presented as:
bi = f (HI)
where HI is the human intelligence

7. The total intelligence of the interplay between the built
environment and the end-user is:
BIF = f (HI, BI)
where HI is human intelligence, the BI the building intelligence.

8. So now, we can define Smart homes.
Smart homes are buildings which have inculcated this
INTELLIGENCE!

9. Things to be kept in mind while
dealing with Smart Buildings…
• No threshold of Smartness..
• Assessed in terms of performance and not
technology.
• Stakeholders and owner’s requirements are
valuable than any other criteria.
• Behavioral coordination with the residents’ desires.

12. Intelligent building Perspective ....
any device (Smart Machine) becomes a Point for Service Delivery to
the enterprises
Digital Intrusion
Video surveillance detection
Access control
Alarms management
Energy / Inventory ….
Management Fire alarm

14. So in short…
An intelligent building is one that provides a comfortable and
productive environment to the occupants through automated
control systems such as:
• Heating, ventilation, air-conditions (HVAC)
• fire safety
• security
• energy/lighting management.
It is one in which these control systems
are integrated and interact with each other.
“An intelligent building is also one that integrates
telecommunications and control services through one structured
cabling network and management system that meets current and
future technologies, and building/user demands.”

15. • A house or working environment, which
includes the technology to allow for
devices and systems to be controlled
automatically, may be termed a Smart
Home.
• The degree to which this control is
exercised is variable, being a function of
the cost, the person’s own wishes, and
the type of building into which the
technology is to be installed.
• But consider the freedom of choice.

16. Other important concepts for smart
buildings:
• Transdisciplinarity
• Highly interactive
• Integration over a wide range
• Mapping of user requirements with building facilities
• Solving ANOMALIES!!!

17. Smart Index:
There are nine quality environment modules:
1. Environmental friendliness
2. Life cycle costing
3. Comfort
4. Safety
5. Working efficiency
6. Image of high technology
7. Culture
8. Construction process
9. structure

18. Few other advantages:
• "Design for All" concept
• Boon for the disabled.
• Scalability
• Scaled according to stakeholder(usually the occupant)
• Workspace management
• Ergonomics etc…

19. Did you know that buildings are
signficant Energy Consumers?

20. Zero Net Energy Building:ZNEB
• Zero Net Energy Building –ZNEB is a popular term to describe
a building with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon
emissions annually.
 Zero Net Energy
 Zero Carbon Emission
• Aggregate Renewable Energy=“total use”
 Grid connected
 Fully off Grid
• Energy Conservation v/s Energy Harvesting
• New Constructions versus Retrofits-Home Energy Retrofit

21. Concern:
“How to retrofit buildings in cost-effective way to
reduce energy footprint?”
 Detection of Inefficiencies:
 Infrared Thermography-Temperature
 Blower Door Test-Air Tightness
 Applications:
 Testing buildings for compliance with standards for energy efficiency
 Testing building envelopes and window frames for water tightness and
rain penetration
 Duct Leakage Testing of forced air heating/cooling systems
 Testing residential and commercial buildings for air tightness

22. Functions of Smart Buildings:
 Sensing:
• Energy usage sensing, occupancy sensing
• Spatial and temporal usage within building
• Different resolution: cube/zone/floor/department
 Monitoring
 Analytics:
• learn usage patterns
• detect changes, anomalies
• identify waste, oppurtunities for conservation
 Control & Feedback:
• actionable recommendation to users
• Incorporation of user feedback

23. Sensing Technologies:
Electricity usage
• Meter-level, outlet-level, zone-based sensors
 HVAC
• temperature sensors
• airflow sensors
 Water sensors
• flow-level, outlet level
 Gas sensors
 Occupancy sensors
• motion ultrasound, infrared, swipe card, video
• soft sensors: calendar info, wifi

24. Quick glance :How to view usage
data??

25. In short,
 Outlet Sensors are fine grained and are meant for Individual Load
Usage Monitoring ;
 Meter sensors provide aggregate home level usage.
So, how to disambiguate “Individual Load Usage” from total usage
trace?
 Non-Intrusive Load monitoring-NILM
Help me find a loop hole with this NILM, once we get to know what is
NILM, won’t you?

26. NILM with Smart Meters:
Distinguishably different and sometimes unique Signature for each load
Use pattern recognition, learning, mining to identify signatures from a power usage trace
Accuracy depends on sensing resolution
• At second-level: many concurrent events can not be discerned
• At micro-second: good accuracy possible

27. Privacy Leakage : NILM
 NILM inadvertently leaks detailed information about household activities
• How about having a privacy preserving Smart Meter Architecture that
enables an electric utility to achieve its net metering goals, while respecting
the privacy of its consumers.??
This is what Smart Meters do!!-Registration,Tuple Gathering and
Reconciliation.

28. Networking protocols
 Wired Powerline:
1. X10-Domotics-Industry Standard
• Very low bandwidth, limited range (wiring length),primitive MAC layer: no CA, CD
• Only 256 devices, no encryption
• Signals may leak outside home
2. Insteon
• Enhancement to X10, backward compatible:
• Dual-mode mesh topology: powerline + RF
• All Insteon devices are repeaters:USes phase-shift keying to make repetition
synchronous
• Collisions may occur: Can resend messages
Benefits of Insteon:
• Low cost (~$40 per device), More reliable than X10
• Non-proprietary
• Not solely reliant on wired or wireless

29. Continued…
IP: 6LoWPAN: Ipv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area network
Encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6
packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based
networks.
IEEE 802.15.4 devices provide sensing communication-ability in the
wireless domain.
OSIAN, or Open Source IPv6 Automation Network :free and open
source implementation for ipv6 networking in low power devices.
Tiny OS is the underlying system-PPP Connection with billing system
and UDP packets are sent.
So why 6LoWPAN??

30. Wireless protocols?
Zigbee:
• High level communication protocol
• Using small, low-power digital radios
• Less expensive even than bluetooth
• Heard of The ZigBee Smart Energy V2.0 ?
• Zigbee Components:
• Zigbee Coordinator
• Zigbee Router
• Zigbee End Device
 10-75m range, 1mW radios
 Device discovery supported
 128 bit keys for encryption
ZWAVE- another Low power wireless protocol for remote Control

31.  BACnet: Building Automation and Control NETworks
• Designed by ASHRAE (1987), ANSI and ISO standard (1995)
 Widely used in commercial buildings
• control HVAC, ventilation and lighting control
 Discovery service: who-is, I-am, who-has, I-have
 Ability to read and write properties/objects
• analog/binary input/output, events, calendar, program, loop
command, device
 Supports many data-link and physical layer protocols
• Ethernet, ARCNET, RS232, BACnet/IP
 Global Testing lab: SoftDEL, Pune
 BACnet gateways
• front-ends such as HTTP
 Competitors: LonWorks, Modbus

32. Do you know?
 Current practices with HVAC systems.
 Occupancy Sensing and Smarter HVAC
 Smart Thermostat
 Soft sensors: Swipe cards, Wifi Accesspoints,Mobile phones.
 How do thermostats determine when resident leaves or goes to
sleep?
 Programmable Thermostats
 Reactive Thermostats
 Smart Thermostat

33. Think of this…
 Demand side Load Management in Smart Buildings.
 Energy Usage Monitoring
 Peak Load shaving
 Foreground and Background Loads
 Smart Cap:adjust demand to supply
 Smart cap scheduler based on Slack
 LSF-Least Slack First
 Smart Home gateway
 Battery cap:modulte supply to meet demand
 Moral of the Story: Reduced Electricity Bills… Happier User 

34. References:
VTT Institute’s Paper on Smart homes.
IBM’s user manual for IB
Niagra’s(Company) Brochure
Smart Building Concept Lecture series by Prof.Prashant
Shenoy(University of Massachusetts Amherst)
Wikipedia : outlet sensors,meter sensors, thermography, X10,
LONTalk, BacNet
David Irvin and Kevin Fu: Private memoirs of a Smart Meter
Sean Barker, Aditya Mishra, David Irwin, Prashant Shenoy, and
Jeannie Albrecht: Exploiting Home Automation Protocols
for Load Monitoring in Smart Buildings