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Chapter 10,[object Object],Nervous System,[object Object]
Levels of Nervous System,[object Object],Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord,[object Object],Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and the autonomic nervous system,[object Object],Nerves within PNS are:,[object Object],Afferent (sensory) – transmit impulses to CNS,[object Object],Efferent (motor) – transmit impulses away from CNS,[object Object],Autonomic Nervous System,[object Object],Sympathetic – causes reactions,[object Object],Parasympathetic – causes sympathetic reaction to calm down/counteracts the sympathetic reaction,[object Object]
Neurons,[object Object],Picks up an impulse and transmits it via the spinal cord to the action device,[object Object],CNS (afferent nerve) or muscle (efferent nerve),[object Object]
What Happens in a Neuron?,[object Object],Acetylcholine – chemical present at synapse to help make the connection,[object Object],Cholinesterase – counteracting chemical to stop connection,[object Object]
Other Cells in the Nervous System,[object Object],Astrocytes – “star cells”,[object Object],Microglia – “small glue”,[object Object],Oligodendroglia – “few/scanty dendrite glue”,[object Object],Ependymal cells – “upper garment”,[object Object]
The Brain,[object Object],Cerebrum: Largest part of brain; Right and left hemisphere with each hemisphere having four major lobes: frontal, occipital, temporal and parietal,[object Object],Ventricles: Spaces and canals that contain cerebrospinal fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord,[object Object],Thalamus: Coordinates sensory impulses to brain,[object Object],Hypothalamus: Controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, emotions; regulates hormone release from pituitary gland,[object Object],Brain Stem:,[object Object],Cerebellum – voluntary movement, maintain balance, posture, muscle tone,[object Object],Pons – nerve fiber tracts that connect cerebellum and cerebrum to rest of brain,[object Object],Medulla Oblongata – nerve tracts cross so right side of body is controlled by left side of brain and vice versa,[object Object],Respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor center,[object Object]
Spinal Cord,[object Object],Gray Matter – neuron cells bodies,[object Object],White matter – axon coated with myelin sheath,[object Object]
Meninges,[object Object],Three layers of connective tissue,[object Object],Dura mater: thick protective membrane just below skull,[object Object],Subdural space located under dura mater and contains many blood vessels,[object Object],Arachnoid membrane: resembles a spider web,[object Object],Arachnoid space: open web below arachnoid membrane,[object Object],Pia mater: layer closet to brain,[object Object],KNOW YOUR CRANIAL NERVES AND FUNCTIONS!,[object Object]
Pathologic Conditions to Know,[object Object],Hydrocephalus,[object Object],Normally congenital,[object Object],Head swells – increased pressure inside brain,[object Object],Objective is to get increased fluid off of brain with a shunt,[object Object]
Spina Bifida,[object Object],Imperfect union of the vertebra,[object Object],Spina bifida occulta – malunion or absence of a vertebra is only detected on x-ray,[object Object],Spina bifida cystica – very serious; meninges of spinal cord protrude through vertebral opening and form a cyst to outside of body,[object Object]
More Conditions to Know,[object Object],Alzheimer’s Disease,[object Object],Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,[object Object],Epilepsy,[object Object],Huntington Disease,[object Object],Multiple Sclerosis,[object Object],Myasthenia Gravis,[object Object],Palsy,[object Object],Parkinson’s Disease,[object Object],Tourette Syndrome,[object Object],Herpes Zoster (shingles),[object Object],Meningitis ,[object Object],HIV encephalopathy,[object Object],Brain Tumors,[object Object],Cerebral Concussion & Cerebral Contusion,[object Object]
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA/Stroke),[object Object],Brain tissue dies because of lack of blood flow to a portion of brain,[object Object],Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – lose a period of time in short term memory,[object Object],3 Major causes of CVA,[object Object],Thrombus (clot),[object Object],Embolus (floating clot),[object Object],Hemorrhage (ruptured vessel),[object Object]
Results of Stroke,[object Object],Seen on opposite side of the body from which the stroke took place,[object Object],Affects depend on the portion of the brain that has been destroyed,[object Object],Hemiparesis (slight paralysis),[object Object],Hemiplegia (paralysis on right or left side of body),[object Object],Flaccid – no muscle contractions,[object Object],Spastic – remain contracted/stiff,[object Object]
Know These!,[object Object],The Laboratory Tests/Clinical Procedures at End of Chapter,[object Object]
Chapter 22,[object Object],Psychiatry,[object Object]
What To Know,[object Object],What is the DSM-IV-TR?,[object Object],What is the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist?,[object Object],Know the Psychiatric clinical symptoms,[object Object],Know the vocabulary (general terms, symptoms, and disorders),[object Object],Know the phobias,[object Object],Abbreviations,[object Object],AD,[object Object],ADHD,[object Object],DSM-IV-TR,[object Object],ECT,[object Object],MMPI,[object Object],OCD,[object Object],SAD,[object Object],TAT,[object Object],WAIS,[object Object],WISC,[object Object]

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