2. Introduction
The heel bone of horse was used as dice and was
called Taxillus. This Word evolved into Talus
In 1919, Anderson published a series of foot injuries
sustained by aviators in World War I which he called
Aviator's Astralagus.
In 1970, Hawkins developed a classification of talus
fractures, which provided guidelines for treatment as
well as the prognosis of different fracture types
Later on, Canale and Kelly Expanded the HAWKINS
classification system and introduced type 4 .
3. OSSEOUS ANATOMY OF
TALUS
Talus is one of the 7 tarsal bones of the foot.
It acts as a connecting link between the Foot
and the Leg
It is unique as 60% of it’s surface is articular,
which articulates with Tibial plafound, Medial
malleolus, Lateral malleolus, Calcaneum, and
Navicular bones.
It has Ligamentous and Capsular attachments,
but no muscular attachments
5. Head
Head is intra-articular
• Anteriorly : NAVICULAR bone
• Inferiorly : Sustentaculum Tali of
Calcaneum
Head is supported inferiorly by Plantar
Calcaneo-navicular or Spring ligament
All three together form Talo-Calcaneo-
Navicular joint
6. Neck
NECK is non-articular
Directed forward , medial word ,
downward
It forms 15˚ angulation medially with
the body
Medial - Sinus Tali corresponds with
Sinus Calcani to form TARSAL
CANAL
Lateral - tarsal canal opens into
funnel shaped TARSAL SINUS
8. Body
BODY :
• Superior surface
• Inferior surface
• Lateral surface
• Medial surface
• Posterior surface
9. Lateral process
LATERAL PROCESS :
• Wedge shaped
• Superiorly and Laterally - Lateral
malleolus
• Inferiorly and Medially -
Calcaneum
10. Posterior process
POSTERIOR PROCESS :
• It has Medial and Lateral tubercle
• FHL passes in between.
• Lateral : Anterior, Lateral, and Posterior Talofibular
Ligament
• Medial : Deltoid ligament
• OS TRIGONUM - seen in 50% people, develops
from separate ossification centre posterior to Lateral
tubercle.
11. VASCULAR ANATOMY OF
TALUS
Talus -60% of it’s surface is articular
It receives blood supply through Capsular and Ligamentous attachments, and
Nutrient foramen in the Neck
Talus is supplied by
A. Anterior Tibial artery
- Dorsalis Pedis artery
B. Posterior Tibial artery
- Posterior tubercle artery
- Artery of Tarsal Canal
- Deltoid artery
C. Peroneal artery
- Artery of Tarsal Sinus
15. >Head and Neck - by DPA
>Body
- Medial 1/3 - Deltoid lig
- Middle 1/3 - Artery of Tarsal Canal
- Lateral 1/3 - Artery of Tarsal Sinus
>Posterior tubercle
- Branches from Posterior Tibial artery
16. Crucial Anastomotic Sling is
formed in the Tarsal canal b/n
Artery of Tarsal canal and Artery
of Tarsal Sinus
It gives branches to the Body of
Talus from Distal to Proximal
In # Neck of Talus, this is
disrupted leading to
Osteonecrosis of Body of Talus
18. CLINICAL
EXAMINATION
Patients presents with h/o trauma
Followed by c/o Pain and swelling of the
hind foot
Restriction of movements of the ankle
O/E : Tenderness over Talus and Subtalar
joint
: Restriction of Ankle and Subtalar
movements
19. RADIOLOGICAL
EXAMINATION
X- RAYS
1. AP VIEW
2. LAT VIEW
3. CANALE VIEW
- For better visualization of neck
of Talus
A view of the talar neck achieved by
placing the foot plantigrade on the x
ray film and angling the beam at
75degrees top the perpendicular.
20. CT SCAN - required to detect the fracture pattern
MRI SCAN - may be done to identify the soft tissue
injury
21. CLASSIFICATION
TALAR HEAD FRACTURES
TALAR NECK FRACTURES
TALAR BODY FRACTURES
LATERAL PROCESS FRACTURES
POSTERIOR PROCESS FRACTURES
22. TALAR HEAD
FRACTURES
MECHANISM OF INJURY:
• Fall from height, with Foot in plantar
flexion and compression force along
the long axis of the forefoot
Talo-Calcaneo-Navicular joint
disruption
Shortening of the medial column
Loss of the Medial longitudinal arch
25. TALAR NECK
FRACTURES
Most common type of Talar
Fractures
It is so called, if # inferior line
is distal to Lateral process of
Talus
AVIATORS ASTRAGALUS :
Pilots resting the sole of
the foot on the rudder bar in
crashing plane at the point of
impact causes
Hyperdorsiflexion of ankle
causing Talar neck #
26. MECHANISM OF
INJURY
With Hyperdorsiflexion, Posterior capsular ligament of Subtalar jt
rupture and Neck of Talus impacts against Anterior edge of Tibia,
leading to TALAR NECK #
With continuation of dorsiflexion force, Calcaneus with rest of foot
sub luxate forward, leading to Subtalar Subluxation
With continuation of dorsiflexion force, Posterior capsular ligaments
of ankle jt, Posterior Talo-fibular lig, and Deltoid lig rupture
Body of Talus is the wedged Postero-medially out of Tibial mortise,
b/n Medial malleolus and Tendo-achilles, leading to Subluxation of
ankle jt
With further dorsiflexion, Talo-navicular jt subluxation occurs
27. HAWKIN’S
CLASSIFICATION
Type I : Nondisplaced
Type II : Displaced with Subtalar
Subluxation
Type III : Assoc with Subtalar and Ankle
subluxation
Type IV : Assoc with Subtalar, Ankle and
Talo-Navicular subluxation
AVN
TYPE I 0-25%
TYPE II 25-50%
TYPE III 50-75%
TYPE IV 75-100%
34. TALAR BODY
FRACTURES
It is so called, if # line is proximal to Lateral
process of Talus
Incidence of AVN is same in Neck and
Body #, but Post-traumatic arthritis is more
with Body #.
35. MECHANISM OF
INJURY
Axial compression of Talus between Tibial
Plafound and Calcaneum.
Occurs due to fall from height or Motor
vehicular accidents
38. CALCANEOTIBIAL FUSION
BLAIR TIBIO-TALAR SLIDING GRAFT
ARTHRODESIS
Antero-lateral incision Antero-lateral incision
Talectomy done Comminuted # fragments are removed
Posterior Displacement of navicular to
come in contact with Tibia
Sliding graft from anterior surface Tibia
used to fill the gap
Painless and stable No Posterior displacement of navicular
Decrease in Height and length of foot Foot is not shortened
Ankle and Subtalar jt are lost Subtalar and Talo-navicular jt are intact
Compensatory Midtarsal movements are
present
Subtalar and Midtarsal movements are
present
39.
40.
41.
42. LATERAL PROCESS OF
TALUS #
Lateral process # occurs on
EVERSION OF DORSIFLEXED AND
AXIALLY LOADED FOOT
Seen in Snowboarding injuries
Lateral process has attachments to
Anterior, Lateral and Posterior Talo-
fibular ligaments
V-sign for Radiographic diagnosis
47. POSTERIOR PROCESS
OF TALUS #
Posterior process of Talus has
Medial and Lateral tubercles
with FHL passing in the groove
Medial tubercle - Deltoid Lig
Lateral tubercle - Posterior
Talofibular lig
48. MECHANISM OF
INJURY
Medial tubercle of Posterior
process # - Forceful eversion of
the ankle
Lateral tubercle of Posterior
process # - Forceful inversion of
the ankle
51. 1. OSTEONECROSIS of Body of Talus :
in # neck of Talus, Due to loss of blood supply
- TALECTOMY + TIBIOCALCANEAL FUSION
- BLAIR TIBIO-TALAR SLIDING GRAFT ARTHRODESIS
2. Post-traumatic Arthritis
3. Malunion of Neck of Talus
- CORRECTIVE OSTEOTOMY OF NECK
4. Skin necrosis
52. HAWKIN’S SIGN
Osteonecrosis is identified based on AP
radiograph between 6 and 8 weeks.
Subchondral lucency is indicative of
relative osteopenia secondary to bony
resorption and an intact blood supply.
Progresses from medial to lateral due to
vascular re-establishing from medial side
of dome through deltoid ligament.
Indicative of diffuse osteopenia with
vascular congestion suggests continuity of
blood supply