2. • Korean traditional architecture exists within the context of Asian
traditional architecture. Nonetheless, it has developed according to
its own particular set of characteristics—its flexible responses to
topography and surrounding mountains, the organic layout of its
buildings, its reiteration and metastasis of space—that distinguish it
from the architecture of China and Japan.
4. • Goguryeo temples were built with three sanctums arranged to the
north, east and west of a central wooden octagonal pagoda. This
layout corresponds to that of Japan’s Asuka-dera and Horyuji temples,
indicating that Goguryeo’s architectural culture was transmitted to
Japan.
5.
6. Kingdom of Silla
• Silla differed from the other two
kingdoms in its frequent use of
brick-like patterns in the
construction of pagodas. The
pagoda at Bunhwangsa Temple,
for example, consists of stone
cut into the shapes of bricks and
was built using a bricklaying
technique.
10. Goryeo Period
• The construction of stone pagodas and stupas continued in the
Goryeo period. The number of stone pagodas greatly increased, with
strong expressions of regional character. This led to a diversification of
forms and heights, with some pagodas reaching 11 stories.
16. Joseon Period
• The most important and formal buildings in royal palaces and
Buddhist temples used multi-bracket designs. Other important
buildings of lower status, featured columnhead bracket designs.
Normal houses were usually built without the use of brackets, which
is called mindori style.
17. Ikgong Style
The ikgong is a simplified
version of the bracket found
in column-head and multi-
bracket designs, featuring a
bird beak-like protrusion as its
main decorative element.
30. • The distinctive feature of a traditional Japanese building is the way in
which the house is open to nature. The main materials used are
wood, earth, and paper, and the construction spreads out sideways
rather than upwards.
31. Prehistoric Period (Jomon, Yayoi, & Kofun)
• Jomon Period
Dwellings were built directly over an earth floor with a wood foundation and
a thatched straw roof
Inside the house, their floors are hollowed in that’s why they’re often called
“pit dwellings”
• Yayoi Period
Yayoi architecture is similar to Southeast Asia where buildings were raised up
from the ground
Used gable roof
Houses were built on stilts to keep away pests
32. • Kofun period
marked the appearance of many-chambered burial mounds or tumuli (kofun
literally means "old mounds"). similar mounds in Korean Peninsula are
thought to have been influenced by Japan.
33. Buddhist Architecture
• The main hall contained the most prominent object of worship
• The lecture hall, which in early temples was most often the largest
structure, was used by monks as a place for study, instruction, and
performing rituals
• Two types of towers predominated: one with bells that announced
the times of religious observance each day and another in which
canonical texts were stored (the sutra repository)
34.
35.
36. • most important buildings in the temple are the main hall (Hondô,
Kondô or Butsuden) and the pagoda.
• Worshippers stand in the outer chamber facing the inner sanctuary,
with its images of the Buddha, to pray, pressing their palms together.
37.
38. Pagodas
• Square Plans
• Five-Storey High (45m)
• In Construction, they are
virtually suspended around a
central timber to provide
stability to earthquakes
• Ground storey contains images
and shrines
39.
40. Shinto Architecture
• shrine buildings are situated according to the environment
• Komainu, pairs of lionlike figures placed in front of the gates or main
halls of many shrines, serve as shrine guardians.
• The nature of Shinto worship changed, following the introduction of
Buddhism, and shrine buildings borrowed certain elements from
Buddhist architecture. For example, many shrines were painted in the
Chinese style: red columns and white walls.
41. • The jinja, or shrine, is where believers in Japan's indigenous religion,
Shintô, go to worship. Shintô originated in ancient peoples' fears of
demons and supernatural powers, and their worship of these. It has
no written body of doctrine, but it is Japan's main religion and is
practised widely through ceremonies and festivals.
42.
43.
44.
45. Shrine Architecture
• The main sanctuary of a shrine is called the Shinden or Honden. There
are also ancillary buildings such as the Haiden, or outer hall, and the
Hômotsuden, or treasury, but these are not arranged according to
any particular specified layout.
46.
47. Castles
• Castles in Japan underwent their most intensive phase of
development in the Sengoku (Warring States) era from the 15th to
the 16th century
57. Ken: The Japanese Traditional Unit of Length
• equal to six Japanese feet (shaku).
• exact value has varied over time and location but has generally been a
little shorter than 2 meters (6 ft 7 in).
• now standardized as 1 9/11 meter.
• used as a proportion for the intervals between the pillars of
traditional-style buildings
• floor surfaces are still commonly measured not in square meters but
in "tatami" which are equivalent to half of a square ken.
Notes de l'éditeur
Despite such differences, the temple architectures of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla shared one basic feature: the central position of the pagoda.
Temples in all three kingdoms were designed with a pagoda at the heart of their complexes, with other buildings laid out around them.
Changes became apparent in Silla temples immediately after it had
unified the Three Kingdoms. Temple complexes now included not one but
two pagodas in front of their main halls
The stone work of the two-story platform exhibits a superb sense of architectural organization and advanced building methods. Two stone pagodas stand in front of the main hall of the temple. The simpler Seokgatap located to the left of the court represents Buddha's manifestation in a transcendent calm. It has three stories with two pedestal layers and a total height reaching about twenty-five feet. The pagoda consists of simple undecorated pedestal slabs and three-story stupa each of which has five stepped eaves and truncated roofs. These characteristics constitute a typical form of the Korean stone pagodas.
To the right of the court, the complex Dabotap represents Buddha's manifestation in a diversified universe, and is unique in Korea, further so in Asia. With a height of thirty-five feet, this pagoda has one pedestal with a staircase on each side, four main stories with balustrade and is characterized by the final crown-ball-and-plate sequence. The design motif of the lotus flower is apparent in mouldings and other details of the pagoda.
Usually, this is a four sided base that is decorated with a variety of Buddhist imagery.
however, in time, these wooden pagodas became uniquely stone. And while the design of a Korean pagoda has varied through the years, the structural components of the pagoda have remained the same with the base, the body, and the finial.
the Twelve Spirit Generals, the Eight Dharma Protectors, or the Four Heavenly Kings.
These Eight Dharma Protectors were once seen as being evil, but they were later converted by the Historical Buddha, Seokgamoni-bul.
ashes
of eminent monks
Jusimpo style architecture is that in which brackets (wooden structural elements fitted to the tops of columns or beams in order to support the weight of roof eaves) are placed only at the heads of the building’s structural columns, while dapo style architecture features additional brackets between columns.
Though a transition from column-head to multi-bracket styles was in progress in China at the time, the people of Goryeo showed a preference for the former, resulting in magnificent buildings such as Muryangsujeon Hall at Buseoksa Temple
Baeheullim was also used on columns in China and Japan, but nothing compares to the beauty of Muryangsujeon Hall at Buseoksa Temple, which represents the zenith of column-head bracket architecture. Muryangsujeon Hall is also valuable in that it combines the column-head bracket style with a large, paljak (hipand-
gable) roof.
subtly curved way whereby their profile expands gradually until around one third of the way up before gradually contracting again. This technique is known in Korean as baeheullim (entasis)
The Geungnakjeon Hall at Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong, Korea’s oldest extant wooden building, also features the column-head bracket system. Opinions as to exactly when this structure, which became famous following a visit in 1999 by Queen Elizabeth II, was built, but comparison with Chinese buildings indicates that the Geungnakjeon Hall uses 10thcentury architectural forms
This is one of the key distinctions between Goryeo-period and Joseon (1392–1910)-period architecture. roofs. Chunyeo are rafters protruding diagonally out from the corners of a building. A lever type chunyeo rests half within the cross-beams and half on the outsides. The weight on the roof rests on the inner half of the chunyeo, pushing it down and pushing the outer half up through a lever effect, lifting the corners of the roof
Regular houses designed to appear more formal, or buildings within the complex of official places such as palaces, temples, public offices and hyanggyo that were intended to appear less formal, used the ikgong system
In some cases, ikgong can also be found in highly important buildings such as those of Jongmyo Shrine or the shrines of hyanggyo; this can be interpreted as a sign of respect or an emulation of the restraint and frugality of the ancestors they commemorate
Those of high social status lived in complexes with a separate anchae (main building), sarangchae (men’s quarters), haengnangchae (servants’ quarters), sadang
(ancestral shrine) and occasionally a separate banbitgan (kitchen).
In accordance with Silla’s rigid caste system, the homes of its citizens were also subject to various restrictions, in terms of size and ornamentation, according to their statuses. Specific standards dictated details such as the size of rooms, form of staircases, type of roof tiles and roof decorations, form of wooden brackets, ceiling appearance, right to use decorative dancheong painting (red and green colors on the pillars and rafters of a building), height of walls, type of front gate and size of stable. Goryeo, too, placed similar restrictions upon the building of houses; those who violated them could be punished. Nonetheless, those in power did take advantage of their authority to build unnecessarily luxurious buildings. The houses of ordinary citizens are presumed to have not been especially splendid. While wooden beds were used in the houses of those of high status, commoners generally used ondol, which made sleeping on the floor the preferable option. In the late Goryeo period, individuals were encouraged, at the suggestion of Confucian scholars, to install family shrines in their own houses for the performing of ancestral rites.
A distinctive feature of the Hanok (traditional Korean house) is an underfloor heating system called ondol. Literally meaning “warm stones” and developed during the prehistoric period, ondol refers to the system of channels running beneath the stone floor of a room through which heat is delivered from the fireplace in the kitchen.
bang (heated room) floors were built higher up. Korean doors and windows feature a unique form known as angojigi. This design allows them to be opened up and outwards when hung by an upper hinge, or to be opened by sliding to the left or right along a horizontal axis.
In accordance with Silla’s rigid caste system, the homes of its citizens were also subject to various restrictions, in terms of size and ornamentation, according to their statuses. Specific standards dictated details such as the size of rooms, form of staircases, type of roof tiles and roof decorations, form of wooden brackets, ceiling appearance, right to use decorative dancheong painting (red and green colors on the pillars and rafters of a building), height of walls, type of front gate and size of stable. Goryeo, too, placed similar restrictions upon the building of houses; those who violated them could be punished. Nonetheless, those in power did take advantage of their authority to build unnecessarily luxurious buildings. The houses of ordinary citizens are presumed to have not been especially splendid. While wooden beds were used in the houses of those of high status, commoners generally used ondol, which made sleeping on the floor the preferable option. In the late Goryeo period, individuals were encouraged, at the suggestion of Confucian scholars, to install family shrines in their own houses for the performing of ancestral rites.
Construction Method: Shinden-zukuri & Shoin Zukuri
One of the features of Japanese houses is the tremendous variety of roof styles, depending on the locality and the occupation of the owner. These styles can, however, be classified roughly into three styles called Yosemuné, Kirizuma and Irimoya.