1. Will Salt Restriction Lead to Unhealthier Diets for Supertasters?

2. Introduction Dr. Sharma started research career with studies on the effects of salt on blood pressure - the debate on salt reduction was not new then - the debate is still alive today. The question is not whether or not increased salt intake can increase blood pressure in some people - indeed, it does and much of my work at the time focused on trying to understand the physiology and genetics of this phenomenon.

3. Does it Work? Proponents of sodium restriction point to the number of heart attacks and strokes that could theoretically be prevented if population-wide salt reduction did indeed translate into lower blood pressure for the population, but to this date, this has yet to be shown in a prospective randomized-controlled trial proving that eating less salt actually saves lives. Critics of these proposals fear that reducing the salt intake of the population may have unintended consequences for some.

4. Study A new spin on this theory of unintended consequences now comes from a paper by John Hayes and colleagues from Pennsylvania State University, published in the latest edition of Physiology and Behavior. Hayes and colleagues examined the response of so-called “bitter supertasters” to varying amounts of salt in a wide range of foods. These bitter supertasters make up about 25% of the population and are genetically hypersensitive to bitter tastes, leading them to naturally avoid some vegetables and other foods that taste naturally bitter. The researchers assessed the liking and intake of foods with varying amount of saltiness among 87 healthy adults (45 men).

5. Experiment Supertasters reported greater saltiness in chips/pretzels and broth at levels comparable to regular-sodium products; greater sensory and/or liking changes to growing sodium concentration in cheeses (where sodium ions mask bitterness) and broths; and less frequently salting foods. Increased propensity for bitter supertasting, independently explained variability in consuming high-sodium foods by impacting salt sensation and/or liking. Bitter-supertasters reported greater changes in sensation when more salt was added to broth, which then associated with greater changes in broth liking, and with more frequent high-sodium food intake.

6. Findings In contrast, greater papillae number was associated with less frequent high-sodium food intake via reduced liking for high-fat/high-sodium foods. The researchers conclude that, variation in sensations from salt is associated with differences in hedonic responses to high-sodium foods and thus sodium intake between bitter-supertasters and non-supertasters. Despite adding less salt, bitter supertasters consumed more sodium through food, as salt was more important to preference, both for its salty taste and masking of bitterness.

7. Salty is Good? The researchers suggest that bitter-supertasters may use increased salt to mask bitterness in naturally bitter foods including vegetables and other foods that may be deemed to be healthy. Reducing salt intake may make these foods less appealing to supertasters and may therefore adversely affect their nutrient intake. Whether or not this is in fact true, it does appear that some people may have a natural (genetic) preference for higher salt in their diets - and may respond to population wide restrictions in salt use by simply reaching for the shaker.

8. About Dr. Arya M. Sharma Dr. Arya M. Sharma, MD/PhD, FRCPC is Professor of Medicine & Chair for Obesity Research and Management at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. He is also the Medical Director of the Edmonton Capital Health Region’s interdisciplinary Weight Wise Program. Dr. Sharma is also the Scientific Director of the Canadian Obesity Network funded through the federal Networks of Centres Excellence program. Dr. Sharma has authored and co-authored more than 250 scientific articles and has lectured widely on the etiology and management of obesity and related cardiovascular disorders. He sends his informative messages through his blog Dr. Sharma’s Obesity Notes. For more information on Obesity visit; Website: http://www.drsharma.ca/ Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Dr-Arya-Sharma/115328778486319