The document introduces concepts related to the internet. It defines the internet as a global network connecting billions of computers and devices. It then outlines the chapter which describes the history of the internet, components of the internet, and common internet applications and terms such as email, file transfer protocol, and web browsers. The document provides details on these topics to explain to readers how the internet works and what it can be used for.

1. CHAPTER TWO (2)
INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNET
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2. Learning Objectives
 After completing this chapter you will be able to:-
– Introduce the concept of the Internet
– Describe the internet components
– Describe WWW and its use.
– Introduce to Internet Navigator
– Explain the usage of Electronic Mail
– Describe the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
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3. Chapter Outline
 Introduction
 Brief History of the internet
 The use of internet
– Discovery
– Communication
– Collaboration
 Internet terms
– www, web publishing, homepage, web browser, search engine
– Protocol, IP, DNS, HTTP, URL, HTML, ISP
– E-mail, Newsgroup, video conferencing, FTP, Telnet, Forum
 Benefits using the internet
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4. Introduction
 The Internet or “Net” (network of networks) is
the largest computer network in the world that
connects billions of computer users.
 The word internet comes from combination
between “interconnection” and “Network”
 Network is a collection of computers and
devices connected via communication
channels and transmission media allow to
share resources (hardware, software, data,
information).
 Generally nobody own internet.
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5. Who manage the internet?
 Because the individual networks that
participate in the Internet are owned by
different entities, the Internet would cease to
function without some sort of organization.
 Several nonprofit organizations and user
groups, each with a specialize purpose, are
responsible for its management.
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6. Who manage the internet?
 Major organizations in Internet
governance and development.
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7. Brief History
 Internet evolved from an early US
government-funded “internetworking” project
called the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET) in 1969.
 Purpose: to connect researchers from 4
universities in USA.( Stanford Research
Institute, UCLA, UC Santa Barbara and
University of Utah)
 In 1980s the actual internet was born when
other networks connected with ARPANET.
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8. Brief History (cont…)
 In 1982 the word internet started.
 1986: First “freenet” created in Case Western
Reserve University
 1991: US government allowed business
agencies to connect to internet.
 Now all peoples can connect to internet and
improve their life and work quality.
 The internet support various aspects in our
life.
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9. Why was the internet created?
 The concept of internet was developed
while the US was in the mid of cold war
with Soviet Union.
– Established a secure form of military
communication.
– Creating a means by which all computers
could communicate.
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10. The use of Internet
 Internet for discovery
 Internet for communication
 Internet for Collaboration
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11. Internet For Discovery
 Allowed user (people) to access information in
database in different locations. e.g. information from
virtual library and information centre such as tourist
development centre of Malaysia (TDC).
 The ability and facility of education, government
service, trading and business world can be improved.
 Discovery: By explore and navigate million web
pages in internet
 Surfing process by using web browser (Internet
explore, Netscape Navigator, opera, etc)
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12. Internet For Communication
 Communication is a process transmitting and receiving
symbol, data, image, text, document, graphic etc by using
various computer devices. (hardware and software)
 Through communication people can share and exchange
information. Also influencing and understanding each
others.
 Communication including the process of collecting,
processing, distributing, sharing, retrieving, transferring
and storing the information
 Internet now being a main communication tool. Using
video conferencing, internet phone, ICQ, Messenger,
email etc.
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13. Internet For Collaboration
 Workers in business organization now can collaborating
each other in handling works, meetings, discussion and
information sharing.
 Collaboration is about sharing works between 2 or more
individuals or groups in finding the solution or task
performing.
 Collaboration include not only workers in organization but
including external parties like customer, supplier,
competitor, stakeholder to increase productivity and
competitiveness
 Collaboration using computer application like groupware,
lotus notes, screen sharing and others communication
application.
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14. Internet Terms
 WWW  URL
 Webpage / Homepage  HTML
 Web Publishing  ISP
 Web browser  E-mail
 Search Engine  Newsgroup
 Protocol  Video conferencing
 Internet protocol  FTP
 DNS  Telnet
 HTTP  Forum
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15. WWW
 The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and
commonly known as the Web, is a system of
interlinked hypertext/hypermedia documents
accessed via the Internet.
 Hypertext is text displayed on a computer or other
electronic device with references (hyperlinks) to other
text that the reader can immediately access, usually
by a mouse click or keypress sequence.
 Hypermedia is used as a logical extension of the term
hypertext in which graphics, audio, video, plain text
and hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-
linear medium of information.
 Creator: Timm Berners-Lee, 1989.
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16. Does the web and Internet the
same thing?
 Internet = collection of networks that
connect millions of businesses,
government agencies, educational
institutions, and individuals.
 WWW = the means we use to access
information over the internet
– Different communication protocols
– Special link (hyperlink) that enable users to
jump from one place to another on the
web.
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17. Web Page
 A web page or webpage is a document or resource of
information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and
can be accessed through a web browser and displayed
on a monitor or mobile device.
 This information is usually in HTML or XHTML format,
and may provide navigation to other webpages via
hypertext links.
 It can contain text, graphics, audio, video and has built-
in connection or links to other web documents.
 A web page has a unique address called a Uniform
Resource Locator (URL).
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18. Elements of Web Page
 A webpage can contain numerous types of information, which is able to be seen, heard or interact by the end user:
 Perceived (rendered) information:
– Textual information
– Non-textual information:
• Static images on raster graphics, typically GIF, JPEG or PNG; or vector formats as SVG or Flash.
• Animated images typically Animated GIF and SVG, but also may be Flash, Shockwave, or Java applet.
• Audio, typically MIDI or WAV formats or Java applets.
• Video, WMV (Windows), RM (Real Media), FLV (Flash Video), MPG, MOV (QuickTime)
– Interactive information: more complex, glued to interface.
• For "on page" interaction:
– Interactive text.
– Interactive illustrations: ranging from "click to play" image to games, typically using script, Flash, Java applets, SVG, or
Shockwave.
– Buttons: forms providing alternative interface
• For "between pages" interaction:
– Hyperlinks: standard "change page" reactivity.
– Forms: providing more interaction with the server and server-side databases.
 Internal (hidden) information:
– Comments
– Linked Files through Hyperlink (Like DOC,XLS,PDF,etc).
– Metadata with semantic meta-information, Charset information, Document Type Definition (DTD), etc.
– Diagramation and style information: information about rendered items (like image size attributes) and visual specifications, as Cascading
Style Sheets (CSS).
– Scripts, usually JavaScript, complement interactivity and functionality.
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19. Web site
A related collection of Web pages.
 Visitors to a Web site access and view
Web pages using software program
called a Web browser.
 Types of Web site:
– Portal, news, informational, educational,
business/marketing, entertainment, blog,
wiki, social network, personal.
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20. Home Page
 Home page is a main page or first page
view to internet users after they type the
personal or organization internet
address.
 E.g. user type URL (Uniform Resources
Locator) address :www.uum.edu.my.
 Users can explore other web pages
through home page.
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21. Home Page
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22. URL (Uniform Resources
Locator)
A URL is a webpage’s unique address.
 Compose of several parts that help identify the
web document.
 1st part indicated the protocol (set of rules) used
to retrieve the specified document.
 The protocol is generally followed by a colon, two
forward slashes, the domain name (host name),
sometimes the path to a specific Web page or
location in a Web page, and the Web page
name.
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23. URL
 http://www.us-parks.com/grand-canyon-national-park/scenic-vistas.html
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24. Protocol
 A set of guidelines or rules.
 Communications protocol is a formal description of
message formats and the rules for exchanging those
messages.
 Format that agreed to transfer data between two
devices.
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 File transfer protocol (FTP)
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Post Office Protocol (POP)
 Networks News File Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); Normally use
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together with IP

25. HTTP
 HTTP stand for HyperText Transfer
Protocol.
 HTTP is the protocol (set of rules) that
allows files to be transferred from a
computer that hosts the website (web
server) so that we can see the website
on the computer using a browser.
 E.g. http://www.uum.edu.my
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26. Domain Name System (DNS)
 Domain Name Identifies the site’s host based on the
Domain Name System (DNS).
 The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming
system for computers, services, or any resource connected
to the Internet or a private network.
 DNS makes it possible to assign domain names to groups
of Internet users in a meaningful way.
 It translates human-friendly computer hostnames into IP
addresses (provides mapping between IP addresses and
Host names).
 Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP
addresses
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27. Domain Name
 For example, www.example.com (domain name
translates to 192.0.32.10
 The suffix after the dot (such as .com or .edu) is
called the top-level domain.
 This suffix indicates the kind of organization to
which the host belongs.
 Example of top-level domain:
– .com commercial sites
– .edu education
– .org organizations
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28. Top-level Domains
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29. Examples of country codes
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30. Internet Protocol (IP)
 The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating
data across a packet-switched internetwork using the Internet
Protocol Suite, also referred to as TCP/IP.
 The first major version of addressing structure in IP, now
referred to as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) and the latest is
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6).
 Each computer connected to internet will has a unique address
known as internet number or Internet IP address
 User do not need to remember the number because IP number
represented by Domain Name System (DNS).
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31. IP Address
 Each time we connect to the internet, the computer is assigned
a unique identification number.
 This number, called an Internet Protocol address (IP address),
is a set of four numbers separated by periods and is commonly
known as dotted decimal or dotted quad.
 E.g. 123.45.245.91
 IP addresses are the means by which all computers connected
to the Internet identify each other.
 Each website is assigned an IP address that uniquely identifies
it.
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32. Web Browser
 A software application for retrieving, presenting, and
traversing information resources on the World Wide
Web.
 It allows to locate, view, and navigate the web.
 It can have a Graphical User Interface, meaning they
can display pictures (graphics) in addition to text and
other forms of multimedia such as sound and video
like Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome and
Opera, or can be text-based, like Lynx or Links.
 First web browser was develop in 1991: Mosaic
develop by Marc Andreessen.
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33. Example of Web Browser
 Google chrome
 The newest
browser on the
market,
distributed by
google.
 Unique features
include
thumbnail
access to the
most recently
visited sites
from the home
page.
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34. Example of Web Browser
 Neo Planet & Opera
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35. Web Search Engine
A searching facility designed to search for
information on the World Wide Web.
 It helps user to get information with fast and easy.
 The search results are usually presented in a list of
results and are commonly called hits.
 The information may consist of web pages,
images, information and other types of files.
 Example of popular search engine: Google,
Yahoo, Hotbot, Ecite, lycos, ask.com, live search,
etc.
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36. Search Engine
 Popular search engines
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37. Web Publishing
 Web publishing is a software to help user to develop web page,
edit and publish to internet and intranet.
 They are edited using four broad categories of software:
– Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML
markup are manipulated directly within the editor program
– WYSIWYG offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe
Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is
edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated
automatically by the editor software.
– WYSIWYG online editors which create media rich online presentation like
web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents.
– Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users
to quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed
HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add
pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct
manipulation of HTML code.
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38. HTML
 Stand for Hypertext Markup Language.
 HTML is a markup language (sets of rules for
marking up blocks of text) so that a browser
knows how to display them.
 It uses to develop hypertext document in
WWW or intranet.
 This language will determine connection
between web pages and view form of a web
page.
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39. HTML
E.g. Hypertext Markup Language Document
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40. HTML Coding
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41. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 FTP is a facility to transfer files between
computers which connected to internet.
 It is used to upload and download files from one
computer to another.
 FTP files use an FTP file server, whereas HTTP
files use a Web Server.
 To upload and download files from FTP sites, we
can use file transfer software such as WS-FTP,
Fetch, or CuteFTP or a Web browser such as at
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/
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42. File Transfer Protocol
 FTP directory using Netscape Navigator
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43. Telnet
 Both a protocol for connecting to a remote computer and a TCP/IP
service that runs on a remote computer to make it accessible to other
computers.
 A terminal emulation program for TCP/IP network
 Allows real time connection between user and remote computer.
– Telnet is used to connect to mainframe computers or servers from the PC.
– Telnet client application which runs on your PC, connects to the Telnet server
application which runs on a remote computer.
– Telnet enables to take control of a remote computer (the server) with your PC (the
client) and manipulate files and data on the servers as if the server were your own PC.
 User who wants login to remote computer need a host account (domain
name or IP address of the computer to be connected using Telnet).
 Logon information (login name or ID and password) is generally
required.
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44. Telnet
 Telnet to access PSB UUM
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45. Communication Through the
Internet
 E-mail is fast becoming the main form of
communication in the 21st century, and it is the
primary use of the web.
 However, e-mail is not the only type of Internet-based
communication.
 We can use instant messaging, blogs, podcasts,
social networks, chat rooms, newsgroups, or more
for communicating via the internet.
 We can even talk over the phone through the internet
with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
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46. Electronic Mail
 A written message that is sent and received over the Internet.
 The message can be formatted and enhanced with graphics
and may also include other files as attachments.
 Like ordinary mail, email have address, E.g.
s12345@e-web.uum.edu.my
 An e-mail address identifies an e-mail box to which e-mail
messages may be delivered.
 Most e-mail on the Internet uses the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP).
 E-mail addresses have two parts:
– The part before the @ sign is the local-part of the address, often the
username of the recipient
– the part after the @ sign is the domain to which the e-mail message will be
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47. Electronic Mail
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48. SMTP
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard
for electronic mail (e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol
(IP) networks.
 SMTP is specified for outgoing mail transport and uses TCP
port 25.
 While electronic mail servers and other mail transfer agents use
SMTP to send and receive mail messages,
 User-level client mail applications typically only use SMTP for
sending messages to a mail server for relaying.
 For receiving messages, client applications usually use either
the Post Office Protocol (POP) or the Internet Message Access
Protocol (IMAP) or a proprietary system (such as Microsoft
Exchange or Lotus Notes/Domino) to access their mail box
accounts on a mail server . STID 1103
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49. Instant Messaging (IM)
 IM services are programs that enable people to
communicate in real time with others who are online.
 A form of real-time direct text-based communication
between two or more people using personal
computers or other devices, along with shared
software clients.
 More advanced instant messaging software clients
also allow enhanced modes of communication, such
as live voice or video calling.
 E.g. AOL’s AIM, ICQ, Yahoo!, Google, Windows live
messenger, Pidgin, Meebo.
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50. Instant Messaging (IM)
 E.g. AOL IM enable people to have real-time online
conversation with friends and family
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51. Blogs
 A weblog or blog, is a personal log or journal posted
on the Web.
 Blogs are usually maintained by an individual with
regular entries of commentary, descriptions of
events, or other material such as graphics or video.
 Video log (vlog) is a personal journal that uses video
as the primary content.
 It may contain text, images, and audio.
 E.g: blogger.com, livejournal.com
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52. Podcast
 Combination of “broadcasting” and “iPods”
 A clip of audio or video content that is broadcast over
the Internet using compressed audio and video files
such as MP3s and MP4s.
 The content might include radio shows, audiobooks,
magazines, and educational programs.
 What makes podcasting different from just listening to
an audio file on the computer or a portable media
player like iPod?
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53. Social Networking
 A means by which people use the Internet to
communicate and share information among their
immediate friends, and meet and connect with others
through common interests, experiences, and friends.
 E.g. Facebook.com, myspace.com, ning.com
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54. Newsgroup
 A usenet newsgroup is a repository for messages posted
from many users in different locations.
 It is usually a discussion group, can be made globally.
 Users can change information, experience and opinion
and can discuss various topics such as politic, sport,
education, science etc.
 USENET Newsgroups: First newsgroup introduced by
Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis
 Use the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) ~ an
Internet application protocol used for transporting Usenet
news articles (netnews) between news servers and for
reading and posting articles by end user client
applications.
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55. Newsgroup
 E.g. Newsgroup provided by UUM
web-mail
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56. Video Conferencing
 Videoteleconference or visual collaboration is a set of
interactive telecommunication technologies which
allow two or more locations to interact via two-way
video and audio transmissions simultaneously.
 It allows more than two people meet face to face
virtually at different location without reality attendance
 Benefit: to long distance communication
 Chance to wide communication between business,
academicians, students etc
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57. Video Conferencing
 NetMeeting from Microsoft
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58. Internet Forum
 An Internet forum, or message board, is an online
discussion site.
 It originated as the modern equivalent of a traditional
bulletin board
 It is a web application and collaboration application
managing user-generated content.
 Use for discussion between two and more users
based on interests.
 List of internet forum e.g. Gaia Online (games &
animation, RuneScape (videogame), 4chan (various).
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59. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 ISP refer to a company who provides
internet facilities.
 Users need to open an account to
access internet.
 E.g. ISP in Malaysia: TMNet, Jaring,
Maxisnet.
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60. What You Need to Use Internet
at Home?
 Personal Computers
 Modem- Internal and external model/
Wireless (dial-up connection)
 Fixed line telephone (DSL ~ the
standard broadband technologies in
most areas)
 Internet Account with ISP
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61. Benefits Using Internet
 Communicating with and meeting other people like send
and receive documents, texts, image, graphic world wide
with low cost, fast and almost real time.
 As platform to change idea, information and opinion. Also
download various documents and software’s.
 Participate in electronic commerce such as in shopping for
goods and services, banking and investing.
 Conduct research collaboration between different nation.
 Accessing sources of information, document, graphic,
photo, entertainment and leisure such as online games,
music, videos, books and magazine.
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62. Review
 Introduction
 Brief History of the internet
 The use of internet
– Discovery
– Communication
– Collaboration
 Internet terms
– www, web publishing, homepage, web browser, search engine
– Protocol, IP, DNS, HTTP, URL, HTML, ISP
– E-mail, Newsgroup, video conferencing, FTP, Telnet, Forum
 Benefits using the internet
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