SMEs & KOSGEB Guide to Support Turkish Small Businesses
1. SMEs
&
KOSGEB
Small and Medium Enterprises
Development Organisation
ANKARA, 2012
www.kosgeb.gov.tr
2. CONTENTS
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT TURKEY
SME CONCEPT
Their Role in Economy, SME Policies, Their Strengths
SMEs IN TURKEY
SME Policies, Institutional Structure, Problems
KOSGEB
Function, Administrative Structure, Supports and Activities
www.kosgeb.gov.tr
3. REPUBLIC OF
TURKEY
783.562 m2 area,
74.7 million population (TUİK 2011),
Young population; average age: 29.7 (TUİK 2011),
76% population live in urban areas, 24% in rural areas,
World’s 17th; Europe’s 6th largest economy (IMF, 2011),
According to 2011 growth rates, second in the World.
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5. WHAT IS SME :Small & Medium Enterprises
SME? (EU, World Bank, UN)
SMB: Small & Medium Business (ABD)
SME DEFINITIONS
Different thresholds are applied for maximum number of employees in
different countries:
-In Japan 250,
-In the USA 500,
-In Turkey 150 (until 2006, according to KOSGEB)
In some countries SMEs are defined by only financial thresholds;
-In Brazil enterprises whose annual income is less than Brazil Real of 90
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million.
6. WHAT IS EUROPEAN UNION SME DEFINITION
SME? The most widespread definion in international area: EU
SME Definition
It is used for monitoring the rules for Competition Policy,
however every country is free in their national legislation.
(Financial threshold is regarded for public aids. )
Number of Annual Annual Balance of
Category Employees Revenue Payments
Medium < 250 ≤ € 50 million ≤ € 43 million
or
Small < 50 ≤ € 10 million ≤ € 10 million
Micro < 10 ≤ € 2 million ≤ € 2 million
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7. THEIR ROLE IN
ECONOMY Backbone of Economy;
-99.8% of enterprises in EU (EUROSTAT)
-90% of enterprises in developing countries (Peter Pang, BIS)
Their most remarkable characteristic is creation of employment;
- In the USA 47 % of employment (OECD)
- In China 50 % of employment (Peter Pang, BIS)
- In EU countries 77 % of employment (EUROSTAT)
- In Brazil 62 % of employment (IBGE)
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8. THEIR ROLE IN
ECONOMY Major source of Value Added in Economies;
- In EU Countries 58% of total value added (EUROSTAT),
-In Japan 53% of total value added (Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs),
- In South Korea 51% of total value added (OECD)
High investment potential;
- In Japan 40% of total investment
- In the USA 43% of total investment
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9. STRENGTHS Flexibility in decision making mechanisms,
Enthusiasm of managers for growth and entrepreneurship,
Eagerness for innovation,
Faster adaptation to changes in market and technology, compared to
large enterprises,
Better knowledge of local markets due to physical closeness to
customers,
Specialisation in products, increasing product diversification,
Resistance to economic fluctuations due to high share of owner’s equity
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10. SME POLICIES Between 1945-1970:
IN THE WORLD
-Policies directed to large enterprises to eliminate the effects of 2nd
World War and ensure capital accumulation.
Importance of SMEs are realised by policy makers after economic
problems such as Oil Crisis of 70s and unemployment in 80s.
Because,
-SMEs are less affected by problems compared to large enterprises.
-They make important contribution to business and employment creation.
Not only Western but also developed Far Eastern Countries (Taiwan,
South Korea), owe their industrial development of today to their dynamic,
SME oriented industries.
Globalisation:
-Modern SME Policies: Entrepreneurship, innovation, environment,
energy,
-European Union SME Policies
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11. SME POLICIES IN EU
SME POLICIES Objectives:
IN THE WORLD Drawing attention to SMEs potential in entrepreneurship and
employment creation,
Establishing entrepreneurship culture,
Improving business environment (technical and administrative,)
Providing new financial sources,
Encouraging innovation and R&D activities,
Increasing awareness and capabilities in environment and energy,
SME Definition: 1996 and 2003,
Europe Small Enterpirises Charter: 2000 (Principles),
EU Small Business Act: 2008 (Principles and Applications),
Community Programs: CIP, 7FP (Applications and Financial Support)
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12. SMEs IN Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology
TURKEY Regulation in Definition, Qualifications and Classification of Small
and Medium Sized Enterprises
Small and Medium Sized Enterprise (SME): Enterprises which
employ less than 250 employees, and whose annual net sales
revenue or financial balance of payments do not exceed 25 million
TL and classified as micro enterprise, small enterprise or medium
scaled enterprise according to this Regulation
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13. SMEs IN
SME DEFINITION IN TURKEY
TURKEY
has been harmonised with EU definition in 2006.
Number of Annual Balance
or
Category Employees Annual Revenue of Payments
≤ 1 million TL ≤ 1 million TL
Micro 1-9 ($ ($
570.000) TL
≤ 5 million 570.000) TL
≤ 5 million
Small 10-49 ($ 2.9 ($ 2.9
milyon) million)
≤ 25 million TL ≤ 25 million TL
Medium 50-249 ($ 14.3 ($ 14.3
million) milyon)
1TL=$1,75 (2012)
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14. SMEs in
TURKEY DISTRIBUTION OF TURKISH ENTERPRISES
ON SCALE BASIS
(TUIK 2008)
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15. SMEs in SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENTERPRISES
TURKEY
(TUIK 2008)
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16. IMPORTANCE
of SMEs in SMEs in TURKISH ECONOMY
TURKEY
Number of SMEs 2.580.075 99.9 %
Number of
Persons 7.865.403 78 %
Employed
Generated Added
150 billion TL 55 %
Value
Investment
51 billion TL 50 %
Amount Achieved
by SMEs
55 % of TOTAL EXPORTS
(TUIK 2008)
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17. DEVELOPMENT STAGE
Before 1950’s:
SME POLICIES
in TURKEY -SMEs were very small and established with inadequate working capital
,
-Working with family members or craftsmanship
1960’s: Growing trade activities as a result of the rise in the welfare
of EEC countries,
1963: Five-Year Development Plan; approaching ‘small industries’
1980’s: General re-organization of economy in Turkey, liberalization ,
globalization
1990: Establishment of KOSGEB
1996: Customs Union
-Experiencing the international competitiveness,
-Concentration of public measures
2000 and beyond: EU effect
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18. SME STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (2011-2013)
POLICY
9.MULTI ANNUAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
KOSGEB STRATEGIC PLAN
MAKING
(2007-2013)
Sinceto National Papers and institutional mission;
Parallel 2003
Produced along with EU accession
Objective 1 : Developing managerial and institutional
Essential document guidelining transitions on
Develops business environment sensitive to needs of SMEs
skills of SMEs
economic, cultural and social issues.
Main 2 : Increasing R&D and innovation driven
Includes; strategy areas;
Objective
-Mid-Term Programme (2010-2012) SMEs transfer them
-Supporting entrepreneurship that
activities of SMEs, and ensuring
into new investments,
-Annual Programme (2012) institutional skills of SMEs
-Developing managerial and
Objective 3 : Disseminating entrepreneurship culture to
-Paying attention to SMEs while developing business environment
help set new firms
-Enhancing R&D and innovation capacity of SMEs
Objective 4 : Providing development of the organization
-Helpingqualitative service
to offer SMEs to easier access to financial sources
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20. INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONS ACTIVITIES
STRUCTURE NON-GOVERMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
UNION OF CHAMBERS AND Representing the private sector, providing the
COMMODITY EXCHANGES OF solidarity and the association between the
TURKEY Chambers and the Commodity Exchanges
Coordination and representation of craftsmen
CONFEDERATION OF TURKISH
and artisans, vocational assessment of the
TRADESMEN AND CRAFTSMEN
members, providing vocational trainings
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Supporting technology development projects
FOUNDATION OF TURKEY
SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED
ENTERPRISES SELF EMPLOYED Declaring opinions related to the SMEs, in
PERSONS AND MANAGERS varied working environment
FOUNDATION OF TURKEY
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21. PROBLEMS OF
TURKISH SMEs ? Finance and guarantee problems,
? Lack of qualified human resources,
? Inadequacy of capital formations for know-how and
technology investments,
? Being open to the innovation but being reluctant to
implement asserting the high costs,
? Lack in marketing skills,
? Not making feasibility works or business plans even if they
have the entrepreneurial spirit,
? Having a limited knowledge and awareness in topics such as
Industrial Property Rights, quality and environmental
protection
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22. KOSGEB
SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
Established in 1990,
Focusing only on SMEs, the unique public institution
-Providing services parallel to the economy policies of the country,
Sectors to be supported are identified by the decisions of the Council
of Ministers,
Every enterprise defined as SME is in its target beneficiary:
-A total of 2.580.070 enterprises (2008 TUİK)
www.kosgeb.gov.tr
23. VISION OF
KOSGEB To be a model organization in the world, which is effective in
determining SME and entrepreneurship policies, which
encourages the SMEs to undertake an important role in global
market
Takes the National Development Plan into consideration:
-Prioritized sectors,
Takes the socio-economic roles of SMEs into consideration:
-Supporting mechanisms developed according to the geographic and
inter-regional differences,
-Improving the job creation and employment capacities.
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24. VISION OF KOSGEB
KOSGEB
Takes the necessities of globalization and the competitiveness into
consideration, which are:
-Increasing the exporting capacities of SMEs,
-Providing access to the valuable information and the networks,
-Internationalization of SMEs,
-Increasing the innovation levels.
Takes the modern SME policies in to consideration:
-Strong cooperation with the international institutions,
-Renovated supporting mechanisms based on the projects.
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25. -Meeting annually
KOSGEB -Setting out principles of annual
ADMINISTRATIVE work plans in accordance with the
STRUCTURE Development Plan and Programs
GENERAL
ASSEMBLY Taking decisions about the budget
and implementation in accordance
with the principles set out in the
EXECUTIVE General Assembly
COMITEE
OFFICE OF PRESIDENCY
–THE PRESIDENT-
MONITORING,
UNITS DEVELOPING
MODELS AND POLICY
EVALUATION AND SERVICE CENTERS
COORDINATION UNITS
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26. UNITS -ENTERPRENEURSHIP DIVISION
DEVELOPING - REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
MODELS AND -SME MARKET RESEARCH AND EXPORT PROTMOTION
POLICY DIVISION
-SME TRAINING AND CONSULTANCY DIVISION
-SME FINANCE RESEARCH DIVISION
-PROJECT COORDINATION DIVISION
-TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION SUPPORTS
DEPARTMENT
-Designing regional and local development models
-Continuous improvement of KOSGEB Support Models
-Developing new financial instruments
-Providing solutions to the training and consultancy needs
of enterprises
-Making researches on foreign markets and the legislation
-Designing SME-oriented projects or supporting projects
developed by the SME
-Planning supports and actions focused on Technology and
Innovation
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27. SERVICE
UNITS
-KOSGEB SERVICE CENTERS (75)
-TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CENTERS (28)
-R&D INNOVATION COOPERATIONS (45)
-TECHNOLOGY INCUBATORS WITHOUT WALL (8)
-SYNERGY FOCAL POINTS (77)
-Strengthening the relation between industry and public
-Provision of KOSGEB support mechanisms
-Improving the cooperation between universities and
industry
STRUCTURES WHICH ARE IN DIRECT CONTACT
WITH SMEs.
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28. KOSGEB
SUPPORTS and
SERVICES
WHO CAN BENEFIT FROM KOSGEB SERVICES?
Any SME which was established in Turkey and registered in KOSGEB
Data Base,
-Web-based system; www.kosgeb.gov.tr
-FOR REGISTRATION; Filling SME Information Form, Selection of
Service Center
635.000 registered SMEs in KOSGEB Data Base
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30. KOSGEB
SUPPORTS and
SERVICES MAIN
OTHER
OBJECTIVES SUPPORT
SME CREDIT
MECHANISMS SERVICES
MECHANISMS
-Competitive
SMEs -Alternative -Cooperation
finance model activities for
-Project the benefit of
-Business and Oriented -Contribution
to National SMEs
Employment -For the needs SME Finance -Activities
and problems System under EU
-Models of SMEs membership
-Easy access
Parallel to to sources for process
Economic SMEs -Projects
Policies -Laboratory
Services
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31. SUPPORT -Manufacturing,
MECHANISMS -Management Organization,
SME PROJECT -Marketing,
SUPPORT -Foreign Trade,
PROGRAMME -Human Resources,
-Financial and fiscal affairs,
-Information Management
-Promoting projects developed in
order to attain flexible solutions
to enterprise specific problems,
Project costs to be supported are
decided by KOSGEB Evaluation -Establishment of project culture
and Decision Board. and consciousness at SMEs,
-Improving project making
capacity of SMEs
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32. SUPPORT
MECHANISMS Thematic Programme Based on
THEMATIC Call: KOSGEB determines the area
PROJECT for call itself.
SUPPORT Professional Organization Project
PROGRAMME Support Programme: The owner
of the project idea determines the
area.
-Aiming the thematic areas at
macro strategy documents,
MAIN OBJECTIVE:
-Taking into account regional and
Ensure compliance of SMEs with sectoral needs,
national and international
legislation and the priorities - Promoting professional
organizations for developing
projects for the benefit of SMEs
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33. SUPPORT
MECHANISMS MAIN COOPERATION AREAS:
COOPERATION -Supply, marketing,
COLLABORATION
SUPPORT -Low capacity utilization,
PROGRAMME -Weak competitiveness power,
-Finance
- At least 5 business come
together to enhance their
capacity and competitiveness,
“Common solutions for - Benefiting from economies of
common problems” scale to provide resource-
conserving,
-Developing cooperation culture
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34. SUPPORT MAIN SUPPORT ITEMS
MECHANISMS
R&D, INNOVATION -Machinery, equipment,
AND INDUSTRIAL hardware, raw material,
IMPLEMENTATION -Softare and services
SUPPORT
PROGRAMME -Staff,
-Technopark rent, Industrial and
Intellectual Property Rights
-Developing SMEs and
entrepreneurs possessing new
- R&D Innovation Programme ideas and inventions based on
-Industrial Implementation science and technology,
Programme -Supporting innovation activities,
-Commercializing results of R&D
and Innovation Projects
www.kosgeb.gov.tr
35. SUPPORT 3 SUB PROGRAMMES:
MECHANISMS
- Applied Entrepreneurship
ENTREPRENEURHIP Trainning
SUPPORT -New Entrepreneur Support
PROGRAMME
-Business Incubator (İŞGEM)
Support
-Supporting entrepreneurship
TARGET GROUP:
-Establishing successful and
-General groups sustainable businesses,
-Young people -Disseminating entrepreneurship
-Women culture,
-Disadvantaged groups -Promoting entrepreneurship
based on local dynamics
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36. SUPPORT ON;
MECHANISMS Domestic Fairs, Foreign Business
Travel, Promotion, Matching,
GENERAL
Qualified Personnel, Training and
SUPPORT
Consultancy, Energy Efficiency,
PROGRAMME
Design,Certification,
General Test-Analysis,
CE Marking
- Enabling SMEs to produce high
quality and efficient goods/services,
Target Group:
- Encouraging the general
-SMEs having low capacity of enterprise development activities
developing progect of the SMEs,
-SMEs in sectors just included to - Promoting marketing activities of
KOSGEB target group SMEs in order to expand their
domestic and international market
shares
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37. SUPPORT
GOING-PUBLIC PROCESS
MECHANISMS
EMERGING -Ensuring being processed in the
ENTERPRISES Istanbul Stock Exchange Market
MARKET SME (IMKB) Emerging Enterprises
SUPPORT Market,
PROGRAMME
-Providing opportunity to procure
funds from capital markets
- Market counselor consultancy fee,
commission to intermediary fee,
-Independent auditing service fee, For the SMEs having
-Capital Market Board(SPK) development and growth
registration fee,
potential
- Istanbul Stock Exchange (IMKB)
Market Emerging Enterprises
Market List acceptance fee
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38. SPECIAL PURPOSE CREDITS
KOSGEB CREDIT
AND FINANCE MAIN OBJECTIVE: -Employment Credit
MECHANISMS -Export Credit
Find traditional and alternative
solutions to the financial needs of -Machinery-Equipment Credit
SMEs in -Emergency Credit
-Operational Capital Credit
PROCESS KOSGEB PROVIDES ALTERNATIVE
-Low interest rate FINANCE SOLUTIONS FOR SMEs;
-Covers all the interest or a large -Credit Guarantee Fund is established
proportion within the partnership of KOSGEB,
-Possibility of long-term TOBB, 20 public and private Banks.
repayment KOSGEB is partner of KOBI AS, serving
-KOSGEB credit guarantee for venture capital and IVCI (Istanbul
Venture Capital Initiative).
main capital
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39. BUDGET
KOSGEB BUDGET NUMBERS
NUMBERS
KOSGEB BUDGET (2012) 253 MILLION $
REALIZED AMOUNT AS KOSGEB SUPPORT 168 MILLION $
(2011)
REALIZED SUPPORT RATIO IN OVERALL BUDGET %69
(2011)
NUMBER OF APPLICANT SMEs (2010) 12.967
NUMBER OF APPLICANT SMEs (2011) 30.000
1$=1,75 TL
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40. Number of Number of Realized
Number of
SUPPORT PROGRAM Approved Projects Support
Aplicants
SUPPORTS IN (1$=1,75 TL) Projects Granted Amount
NUMBERS SME Project Support
(2010-2011) Programme 2,079 1,427 399 8.2 Million $
Thematic Project Support
59 23 3 43.3 Million $
Programme
Cooperation&Collaboration
116 90 42 5.6 Million $
Support Programme
R&D, Innovation and
Industrial Practice Support 2,328 1,126 1,569 23.1 Million $
Programme
Entrepreneurship Support
3,45 2,716 4,133 11.8 Million $
Programme
General Support Programme 34,881 - 18,879 36 Million $
Developing Enterprises
Market SME Support 5 1 0 0
Programme
OVERALL 42,918 5,383 25,025 85 Million $
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41. KOSGEB TECHNOLOGY
SUPPORTS KOSGEB TECHNOLOGY
AND INNOVATION
NUMBER OF APPLICANTS
SUPPORTS (MILLION $) 4,082
NUMBER SUPPORTED NEW1.7
2003
NUMBER OFOF SUPPORTED PROJECT 2255
881
ENTREPRENEURS
2004 7.3
COMPLETED PROJECTS
CONTRIBUTION TO EMPLOYMENT 1,212 15257
NUMBER OF COLLECTED
2005 4.6
PATENT/UTILITY RATIO BY SUPPORTED 55%
COMPLETION MODEL 312
FIRMS 2006 2.1
NUMBER OF SMEs MOVED TO
114
TECHNOPARKS AFTERPROJECTSFACILITY 881
COMMERCIALIZED KOSGEB 1.7
2007
COMMERCIALIZATION RATIO
SALE VOLUME OF SUPPORTED 2.6
2008 FIRMS 73%494 Million $
EXPORT VOLUME OFOF WORKSHOPS 195
ACTUAL NUMBER SUPPORTED FIRMS 97.5 Million $
2009 2.5
RATIO OF WORKSHOP FULLNESS 72,31%
Numbers belong to 1992-20123.7
2010 term
Numbers belong to 1992-2012 1$=1,75 TL
2011 11.2
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42. KOSGEB
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
SUPPORT
2010 2011
Number of 2010 Number of Number of
KOSGEB NEW ENTREPRENEUR Number of 2011
Support İŞGEM* workshops Current
SUPPORT ($)
PRACTICAL ENTREPRENEUR workshops
530.455 80.347.726
Programme for actually occupied Employment
NUMBER OF SUPPORTED
TRAINING 309 1389
Developing
ENTREPRENEURS 134 3147
Women OF PARTICIPANTS
NUMBER 11.534 47.480
Entrepreneuship 3 73 42 72
As of December, 2011 (*İŞGEM: Business Development Center)
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43. Amount of
KOSGEB CREDIT SUPPORT Contribution
Credit Interest
MECHANISMS Number of to
Volume covered by
Beneficiary Employment
Assigned to KOSGEB
Firm (Staff
firms (Million $)
headcount)
THEME OF CREDIT INSTRUMENT (Million $)
SME SUPPORT CREDITS
SME EXPORT SUPPORT CREDITS
SME EMPLOYMENT SUPPORT CREDITS
MACHINERY&EQUIPMENT SUPPORT
CREDITS FOR FOOD INDUSTRY
TRANSFER TO OIZ SUPPORT CREDITS 204.781 6.4 0.56 32.623
FOR LEATHER SECTOR
INFORMATICS SUPPORT CREDITS
SME MACHINERY&EQUIPMENT
SUPPORT CREDITS
MANUFACTURER ARTISANS SUPPORT
CREDITS
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45. DISTRIBUTION OF
SUPPORTED FIRMS ON
SCALE BASIS
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46. PROJECT FOR IMPLEMENTATION
OTHER SERVICES OF SMALL BUSINESS ACT IN
BALKAN COUNTRIES AND
EU ORIENTED TURKEY
KOSGEB ACTIVITIES -Pictures actual situation of the
country in scope of the Act,
-Puts efforts on building suitable
environment to SMEs with field actors
ENTERPRISE EUROPE NETWORK
-National Coordinator
EUROPEAN SME WEEK -Manages 7 consortia of which 5 are
Turkey’s coordinator in context run individually by KOSGEB,
of SME Week run by the EU with -Brings 24 actors together for a
37 countries common goal (public, university,
NGOs)
www.kosgeb.gov.tr
47. CO-OPERATION FIELDS
OTHER -Running joint projects
SERVICES
CO-OPERATION -Taking part in working groups
ACTIVITIES IN -Setting up KOSGEB Business-
FAVOR OF SMEs Matching Centers with counterparts
-Forming and signing Collaboration
Protocols
PRACTICALLY
ACTORS
-Information&Experience sharing -International, regional and
-Mutual use of data bases national field bodies (i.e., OECD,
-Organization of joint training Black Sea Economic Organization,
Sessions Chambers, Universities)
-Organization of seminars and -Counterparts from target
conferences countries
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48. PURPOSE: Under a protocol which signed with
OTHER -Improve international relations KOSGEB’s counterpart organization
SERVICES between SMEs -Sharing of information
-Elimination of administrative -Identification of potential partners
burdens -Support of organizational issues
-development of strong -Support of local legistation
relationship through a formal -Feasibility studies
platform
There are two Matching Center in MATCHING
Germany. (Köln, Münih) CENTER
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49. AIM:
OTHER -Raising awareness amongst SMEs
SERVICES on energy efficiency, environment,
KOSGEB -Increasing the capacity to
PROJECTS empower institutional and public
incentive infrasturucture,
-Helping to develop a market in
above areas
-Exchanging knowledge and
experience,
-Providing technical support, -KOSGEB PROJECT FOR
ENVIRONMENT ROAD MAP
-Training,
-Demo/Pilot projects, and -KOSGEB PROJECT FOR
aplications, ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT
-Analysis&Reports
IN SMEs
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50. OTHER -EU MEDA PROJECTS (Completed)
SERVICES KOSGEB -PRIVATIZATION SOCIAL SUPPORT
PROJECT (Completed)
INTERNATIONAL
PROJECTS -PROJECTS UNDER THE EU 6TH FP
(Completed)
-STRENGHTENING ECONOMY IN
ANATOLIA PROJECT (Ongoing)
-Exchanging knowledge, expert,
-Trainings for public experts and
entrepreneurs, -EU
-Recovery of job losses after
privatization, -WORLD BANK
-Labs specified to Quality -GIZ OF GERMANY
Assurance (textile, shoemaking)
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