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Managing Phytophthora cinnamomi



                 Liz Dann, Ken Pegg, Luke Smith
                 QPIF, Indooroopilly, QLD

                 Tony Whiley
                 Sunshine Horticultural Services
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Topics covered

  • Experimental results
     • Rootstock trials
     • Optimisation of phosphonate applications
  • Integrated control




                              © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Phytophthora root rot (PRR)




                          © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




PRR linked to seasonal physiology of the tree

- temperature & soil saturation play a major role in PRR severity


• Optimum temperature for
  • PRR development 19 – 25° C
  • Avocado growth 21 – 33°C

• < 22 °C     root growth slows = PRR severe

• > 27 °C     avocado grows better than Pc = PRR less severe

• Pc stress on trees greatest in spring
                                 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Effect of rootstock on PRR




                             © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Velvick clone (7.7)                                  SHSR-04 (2.7)
Reed (8.3)




                      © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Clonal Hass (4.8)




            © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Duranbah rootstock trial, tree health

                 10
                           a                               a                                             a
                                                  a            a             a             a
                 8                                    ab
   Tree health




                 6                    bc
                                                                                                                                    cd
                 4                                                                                                     d
                 2

                 0




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                                                 7




                                                                                                                             ss
                                                                                   0

                                                                                                   d
                                               as
                      as




                                               ke
                                 sa




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                                                 l
                                              na




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                                                                                                  e
                                              in

                                             ke




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                     t




                                            om
                               Du




                                            Du




                                                                                                             R-
                                                                                               Re
                  La




                                            dl
                                           clo




                                          Du




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                                        ee




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                                                                                                       SH
                                         rr
                                    ck




                                      Ba
                                      ks
                                 lvi

                                              c
                               Ve

                                           lvi
                                      Ve




                                                               © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




This work is continuing…
                                        SHSR-02




                           © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Optimising phosphonates




                          © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




How do phosphonates work?



                  Dual action:
• High root levels – direct antimicrobial action
• Low root levels – plant defence responses activated

• Moves with photosynthates, accumulates and persists in
  plant tissue with greatest metabolic activity at time of
  application


                               © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Methods of phosphonate application

•   Trunk injections
•   Foliar sprays
•   Bark application
•   Soil application

        Phosphonate applications must be
         continued for the life of the tree


                           © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Trunk injection

• Most effective treatment – 20% PO3 injected at even
  spacing around the trunk (15mL per metre canopy diam.)
• Central wood retains its transport function (unique in
  avocados)
• Injury to xylem near injection site
   – Becomes non-conductive
   – Replaced by tree in 1 – 2 years
• Healthy trees – 1 annual injection at maturation of
  summer flush
• Sick trees – 2 injections - at maturation of both summer
  and spring flushes
                               © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Foliar Sprays

• Achieve same root concentrations as injections
• Need to monitor root levels to determine number of
  applications necessary
• 0.5% (8.3mL/L of the 600 product)
• More sprays required to achieve 0-50ppm, than >50ppm
• No applications within 6 weeks of flowering




                             © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Bark Sprays

• Highly effective in young trees where stem has some
  photosynthetic (green) activity
• Very effective against trunk cankers
• Unable to achieve and maintain adequate root levels in
  older trees, unless applied frequently
• 20% product with 2% bark penetrant
   – Higher than 20% causes chemical cincturing




                               © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Soil Drenching

• Initial increase in root concentration but quickly declines
• Need to apply monthly to maintain root levels
• Moves in xylem with water transport, thus not effectively
  distributed to target tissues




                                 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




© The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Later maturing varieties eg. Reed
                                80
  phosphorus acid level mg/kg




                                60
                                                  inject
                                                  foliar
                                40                bark
                                                  untreated

                                20


                                 0
                                     ay




                                                  l




                                                                                                 ov
                                                          ug
                                            n




                                                                                ct
                                                                 p




                                                                                                                   ec
                                                Ju
                                          Ju




                                                               Se


                                                                               O
                                     M




                                                                                                N


                                                                                                                  D
                                                         A




 Inject, bark, foliar                           Foliar
                                                                © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Think about using metalaxyl

• Upward movement in transpiration
  stream – taken up only by roots
• Prevents colonisation of
roots by zoospores (major)
• Toxic to germinating
chlamydospores (minor)
• If feeder roots healthy, will
be absorbed before
degradation by soil micro-
organisms
• Off patent (cheaper)

                              © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Integrated control

•   Drainage
•   Nursery practices
•   Cultural control
•   Resistance
•   Chemicals
     – Phosphonates
     – Metalaxyl




                        © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries




Acknowledgements

Thank you to the many growers
and collaborators for supporting
          our research!




                        © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009

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Elizabeth Dann

  • 1. Managing Phytophthora cinnamomi Liz Dann, Ken Pegg, Luke Smith QPIF, Indooroopilly, QLD Tony Whiley Sunshine Horticultural Services
  • 2. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Topics covered • Experimental results • Rootstock trials • Optimisation of phosphonate applications • Integrated control © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 3. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Phytophthora root rot (PRR) © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 4. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries PRR linked to seasonal physiology of the tree - temperature & soil saturation play a major role in PRR severity • Optimum temperature for • PRR development 19 – 25° C • Avocado growth 21 – 33°C • < 22 °C root growth slows = PRR severe • > 27 °C avocado grows better than Pc = PRR less severe • Pc stress on trees greatest in spring © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 5. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Effect of rootstock on PRR © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 6. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Velvick clone (7.7) SHSR-04 (2.7) Reed (8.3) © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 7. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Clonal Hass (4.8) © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 8. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Duranbah rootstock trial, tree health 10 a a a a a a a 8 ab Tree health 6 bc cd 4 d 2 0 04 7 ss 0 d as as ke sa g l na A1 e in ke Ha t om Du Du R- Re La dl clo Du S ee Th SH rr ck Ba ks lvi c Ve lvi Ve © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 9. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries This work is continuing… SHSR-02 © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 10. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Optimising phosphonates © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 11. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries How do phosphonates work? Dual action: • High root levels – direct antimicrobial action • Low root levels – plant defence responses activated • Moves with photosynthates, accumulates and persists in plant tissue with greatest metabolic activity at time of application © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 12. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Methods of phosphonate application • Trunk injections • Foliar sprays • Bark application • Soil application Phosphonate applications must be continued for the life of the tree © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 13. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Trunk injection • Most effective treatment – 20% PO3 injected at even spacing around the trunk (15mL per metre canopy diam.) • Central wood retains its transport function (unique in avocados) • Injury to xylem near injection site – Becomes non-conductive – Replaced by tree in 1 – 2 years • Healthy trees – 1 annual injection at maturation of summer flush • Sick trees – 2 injections - at maturation of both summer and spring flushes © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 14. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Foliar Sprays • Achieve same root concentrations as injections • Need to monitor root levels to determine number of applications necessary • 0.5% (8.3mL/L of the 600 product) • More sprays required to achieve 0-50ppm, than >50ppm • No applications within 6 weeks of flowering © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 15. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Bark Sprays • Highly effective in young trees where stem has some photosynthetic (green) activity • Very effective against trunk cankers • Unable to achieve and maintain adequate root levels in older trees, unless applied frequently • 20% product with 2% bark penetrant – Higher than 20% causes chemical cincturing © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 16. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Soil Drenching • Initial increase in root concentration but quickly declines • Need to apply monthly to maintain root levels • Moves in xylem with water transport, thus not effectively distributed to target tissues © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 17. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 18. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Later maturing varieties eg. Reed 80 phosphorus acid level mg/kg 60 inject foliar 40 bark untreated 20 0 ay l ov ug n ct p ec Ju Ju Se O M N D A Inject, bark, foliar Foliar © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 19. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Think about using metalaxyl • Upward movement in transpiration stream – taken up only by roots • Prevents colonisation of roots by zoospores (major) • Toxic to germinating chlamydospores (minor) • If feeder roots healthy, will be absorbed before degradation by soil micro- organisms • Off patent (cheaper) © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 20. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Integrated control • Drainage • Nursery practices • Cultural control • Resistance • Chemicals – Phosphonates – Metalaxyl © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009
  • 21. Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries Acknowledgements Thank you to the many growers and collaborators for supporting our research! © The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2009