The document discusses key aspects of human-computer interaction (HCI), including its importance, elements, interaction styles, input and output devices, and eye tracking techniques. HCI aims to design human-centered systems by understanding users' visual, intellectual, motor, and memory capabilities. Serious HCI research promises to fundamentally change computing by creating excellent user interfaces. Understanding users and conducting evaluations are important for practitioners. Common interaction styles include command lines, menus, and WIMP interfaces. Input devices include keyboards while outputs include displays, and humans interact visually, auditorily, and through touch. Various eye tracking methods aim to measure gaze, such as electrooculography and video-based techniques. HCI is an interdisciplinary
2. INTRODUCTION
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
STUDY OF INTERACTION BETWEEN HUMAN AND COMPUTER TO
DESIGN HUMAN-CENTRED SKILLS, SO THAT THERE ARE
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS TO CREATE EXCELLENT INTERFACES
WITH ANY TECHNOLOGY.
• IT IS THE HOTTEST TOPIC AMONG IT PROFFESIONALS OF TODAY
• SERIOUS RESEARCH IN THIS AREA HAS JUST BEGUN WHICH
PROMISES OF FUNDAMENTALLY CHANGING COMPUTING
• SPECTACULAR GROWTH OF WORLD WIDE WEB IS THE DIRECT RESULT
OF HCI RESEARCH
• HCI WOULD PLAY A LEADING ROLE IN THE CREATION OF
TOMMOROW’S EXCITING NEW USER INTERFACE SOFTWARE
3. IMPORTANCE
How important is it for a
practitioner to have a deep
understanding of the visual,
intellectual, motor, and
memory capabilities of the
users when they are
designing commercial
systems?
How important is it to have
the knowledge of
implementing empirical
research techniques for
evaluations when they are
rarely used?
11. Stages of design process :
Knowing users
Observation of
users
Creating user
friendly designs
Complexity of
design
DESIGN
Know
user
observ
ation
Creation
of design
Complex
ity of
design
12. In order to develop a user-centered design the
following steps should be followed :
Data Collection
Data Analysis
User Modelling
Design
Prototyping
Evaluation
14. INTERACTION
STYLES
Some common styles of
interaction are :
Command line interface
Menus
Natural Language
Query dialogue
Form-fills and spreadsheets
Wimp
WIMP interface :
oWindows
oIcons
oMenu
oPointer
17. TYPES OF EYE MOVEMENTS
• SACCADE
• FIXATION OF EYE
• OCCURS IN RESPONSE TO MOVING OBJECT
• NYSTAGMUS
• RELATIVE MOVEMENT OF EYE WITH RESPECT
TO ONE ANOTHER
18. WHAT TO MEASURE ?
•Generally visual line of gaze is measured
•Only one eye is tracked
METHODS :
19. SIMPLEST EYE TRACKING TECHNIQUE
USES ELECTRODES PLACED ON THE SKIN AROUND THE EYE
MEASURES CHANGES IN ORIENTATION OF THE POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE
EXISTING BETWEEN CORNEA AND RETINA
USEFUL FOR MEASURING RELATIVE EYE MOVEMENTS
COVERS WIDE RANGE OF EYE MOVEMENTS
BUT ACCURACY LEVEL IS LOW
USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSING NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS
REVEALED BY EYE MOVEMENTS
20. MECHANICAL METHODS
LEAST USER FRIENDLY APPROACH
USES NON-SLIPPING CONTACT LENS – FITS OVER CORNEAL BULGE
TO HOLD IN PLACE SLIGHT SUCTION IS APPLIED
THE LENS HAS SMALL MECHANICAL LEVER, MAGNETIC COIL OR
MIRROR ATTACHED FOR TRACKING
EXTREMELY ACCURATE
CAN EVEN INVESTIGATE TINY EYE MOVEMENTS
BUT, VERY AWKWARD AND UNCOMFORTABLE, COVERS ONLY
LIMITED RANGE
INTERFERES WITH BLINKING
23. USES REMOTE IMAGING OF VISIBLE FEATURE LOCATED ON THE EYE SUCH AS
BOUNDARY BETWEEN SCLERA AND IRIS
24. HOWEVER THIS BOUNDARY IS ONLY PARTIALLY
VISIBLE AT ANY ONE TIME
THE OUTLINE OF THE PUPIL CAN ALSO BE
CONSIDERED
o BUT THIS WORKS BEST FOR ONLY LIGHT COLORED EYES
o BUT TO OVERCOME THIS PROBLEM PUPIL CAN BE
ILLUMINATED
REFLECTION OF THE FRONT OF CORNEA OF LIGHT
BEAM SHOWN AT THE EYE
ANY OF THESE COULD BE USED WITH
PHOTOGRAPHIC OR VIDEO RECORDING
BUT A DEMERIT IS THAT THE HEAD IS TO BE HELD
STATIONARY TO BE SURE THAT ANY MOVEMENT
DETECTED REPRESENTS MOVEMENT OF EYE
A BITE BOARD IS CUSTOMARLIY USED
26. TWO POINT
AS THE HEAD MOVES THE LINE OF GAZE CHANGES
SO THIS CAN BE CONSIDERED AS ANOTHER TYPE OF
EYE MOVEMENT
TO DETECT THIS KIND TWO POINT SYSTEM IS USED
THE HEAD NO LONGER NEEDS TO BE RIGIDLY FIXED
ALTHOUGH IT MUST STAY WITHIN THE CAMERA RANGE
BOTH CORNEAL REFLECTION AND OUTLINE OF THE PUPIL
ARE TRACKED
INFRARED LIGHT IS USED
THE ABSOLUTE VISUAL LINE OF GAZE IS COMPUTED
FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO TRACKED POINTS
30. HCI IS EMERGING WITH VARIOUS OTHER DESIGNS CONCERNED WITH
VOICE AND TOUCH SENSORY ORGANS
VARIOUS PROPOSALS HAVE BEEN PUT FORWARD FOR EMOTION
DETECTION, GESTURE DETECTION
IN EMOTION DETECTION THE PUPILLIARY ACTIONS WOULD HAVE TO
BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION
ALL THESE ADVANCEMENTS WOULD BRING INTO SOCIETY A NEW
ERA OF COMPUTERS
31. HCI IS VERY RICH IN TERMS OF DISCIPLINES AS WELL AS
OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH
WHATEVER WE DISCUSSED WAS JUST A SMALL SUBSET OF THE
TOPICS IN HCI
STUDY OF USER INTERFACE IS A DOUBLE SIDED APPROACH
BY MANIPULATING EYE BEHAVIOUR WE CAN DESIGN INTERFACES
BETWEEN COMPUTER AND HUMAN EYE
STUDYING PSYCHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN WE CAN
DESIGN BETTER INTERFACES FOR THE USER
WORK IN THIS DOMAIN HAS JUST BEGUN.THERE IS A LONG
WAY TO GO BY STUDYING HOW HUMAN MIND WORKS
32. 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
TECHNOLOGY – BRAD A. MYERS
2. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION – MATTHIAS
RAUTERBERG
3. HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION – Prof. Dr. KEITH ANDREWS
4. USABILITY DESIGN – JAN GULLIKSEN
5. FUTURE OF HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION – MICHAEL H. COEN
6. USER CENTERED DESIGN – NICKY DANINO
7. EYES AT THE INTERFACE – R.A. BOLTZ