1. F. Franco-Navarro. Phytopathology Program-Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Montecillo, Montecillo 56230, Mexico State, Mexico. *E-
F. Franco-
Franco-Navarro. Phytopathology Program-
Program-Colegio de Postgraduados-
Postgraduados-Campus Montecillo, Montecillo 56230, Mexico State, Mexico. *E-
State, Mexico. *E-
mail: ffranco@colpos.mx.
mail: ffranco@colpos.mx.
ffranco@colpos.mx.
Project: Conservation and Sustainable Management of Below-Ground Biodiversity [PROJECT FUNDED BY GEF]
Below-
Experimental plots with Lily (Lilium longiflorum) were located within a farmer
Field experiments using three important crops for the farmers from four localities in the buffer zone of the
Field experiments using three important crops for the farmers from four localities in the buffer zone of the
from property. Thirty five experimental plots in random blocks (seven treatments, five
treatments,
Biosphere Reserve ““Los Tuxtlas”, Veracruz were carried out in order to identify how specific agricultural
Biosphere Reserve Los Tuxtlas” Veracruz were carried out in order to identify how specific agricultural
Tuxtlas”, replicates) were settled in the Ejido Benigno Mendoza. Treatments covered lily
practices of these crops impact on the structure of soil nematodes fauna, and establish sustainable agricultural
practices of these crops impact on the structure of soil nematodes fauna, and establish sustainable agricultural
nematodes monoculture and lily with different rotation crops (velvetbean, Mucuna pruriens var.
(velvetbean,
practices that benefits farmers and maintain soil nematodes fauna in balance. In two experiments, palms
practices that benefits farmers and maintain soil nematodes fauna in balance. In two experiments, palms
fauna utilis, and jicama, Pachyrhizus erosus), inoculation or not inoculation of nitrogen-
jicama, nitrogen-
(Chamaedorea hooperiana) were planted to Natural and Secondary forest in Ejido Lopez Mateos and Ejido San
(Chamaedorea hooperiana) were planted to Natural and Secondary forest in Ejido Lopez Mateos and Ejido San
hooperiana) fixing bacteria and arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi, solarization+cattle manure 30 days
arbuscular-
Fernando, respectively; another experiment was settled in the Ejido Benigno Mendoza, using lily (Lilium
Fernando, respectively; another experiment was settled in the Ejido Benigno Mendoza, using lily (Lilium (Lilium before planting, conventional lily farming (traditional local practices) and an absolute
practices)
longiflorum) as crop, and finally a demonstrative experimental field sowed with (Zea mays) was settled in the
longiflorum) as crop, and finally a demonstrative experimental field sowed with (Zea mays) was settled in the
longiflorum) (Zea mays) control.
Ejido San Pedro Soteapan. Different tactics were applied in each crop, both alone and in combination. Total
Soteapan. Different tactics were applied in each crop, both alone and in combination. Total
Ejido San Pedro Soteapan. ABUNDANCE & TROPHIC STRUCTURE
abundance of nematodes, structure in terms of relative abundance of different trophic groups and other
abundance of nematodes, structure in terms of relative abundance of different trophic groups and other
indices based on microbial feeder nematodes were estimated. In the palm experiment from Lopez Mateos,
indices based on microbial feeder nematodes were estimated. In tthe palm experiment from Lopez Mateos,
he Mateos, 900 BEGINNING 1st Cycle 900 1st HARVEST
there was a generalized reduction of nematodes at final of the experiment at nursery phase, but in natural
there was a generalized reduction of nematodes at final of the experiment at nursery phase, but in natural
experiment 800 800
forest, the soil of palms showed a significant increase in abundance of nematodes. In the Palm experiment
forest, the soil of palms showed a significant increase in abundance of nematodes. In the Palm experiment
abundance 700 700
from San Fernando, there was an increase of nematodes at final of the experiment, but in Secondary forest, soil
from San Fernando, there was an increase of nematodes at final of the experiment, but in Secondary forest, soil
of 600 600
with growing palms showed a lower number of nematodes than that observed in nursery. Respect to the lily
with growing palms showed a lower number of nematodes than that observed in nursery. Respect to the lily 500 500
experiment in Benigno Mendoza, there was a generalized reduction of nematodes along the experiment after
he
experiment in Benigno Mendoza, there was a generalized reduction of nematodes along tthe experiment after 400 400
planting of the first cycle. At the final of the experiment with ““Temporal” maize (summer), an increase of
planting of the first cycle. At the final of the experiment with Temporal” maize (summer), an increase of
Temporal”
Number of nematodes
300 300
nematodes and dominance of plant parasites happened. In the case of ““Tapachole” maize (winter), from
nematodes and dominance of plant parasites happened. In the case of Tapachole” maize (winter), from
Tapachole” 200 200
flowering at 1st cycle to flowering at 2nd cycle there was an increase of the number of nematodes. The
flowering at 1st cycle to flowering at 2nd cycle there was an increase of the number of nematodes. The
increase 100 100
presence of crops favored the increase of plant parasite nematodes and therefore they were dominant in
presence of crops favored the increase of plant parasite nematodes and therefore they were dominant in
nematodes 0 0
Jicama
Jí Mucuna Jicama i
M Jí Mucuna Solarization Regional
M i S l i ió T i Total Solarization+
T i S l i ió
Jicama Mucuna Jicama Mucuna Solarization Regional Total Solarization+
comparison to the other trophic groups. These results show that the agricultural activity has effects on soil
comparison to the other trophic groups. These results show that the agricultural activity has effects on soil
effects inoculated inoculated non- non- + Cattle
inoculated inoculated manure
Control Control Cattle manure
(2 cycles)
inoculated inoculated non- non- + Cattle
inoculated inoculated manure
Control Control Cattle manure
(2 cycles)
(3 cycles) (3 cycles)
nematodes and that procedures as application of organic matter, inoculation of benefic microorganisms, crop
nematodes and that procedures as application of organic matter, inoculation of benefic microorganisms, crop P E PREDATORS
R
M OMNIVORES
rotation, etc., can help soil does not lose the organisms richness and plant production is not affected.
richness and plant production is not affected.
rotation, etc., can help soil does not lose the organisms richness
O
BF BACTERIAL FEEDERS
FF FUNGAL FEEDERS
PP
PLANT PARASITES
900
BEFORE PLANTING 900 BEGINNING 3rd Cycle
800 800
Palms (Chamaedorea hooperiana) originating from nursery were planted to Natural forest in Ejido Lopez 700 700
Mateos. In Lopez Mateos twenty four experimental plots (eight treatments, three replicates) were settled.
Mateos. replicates) 600 600
Treatments covered solarization or not solarization, inoculation or not inoculation of arbuscular-mycorrhizal
solarization, arbuscular- 500 500
fungi, and application or not application of organic matter; all tactics were tested alone or in combination. At 400 400
the end of the monitoring, an evaluation of the structure of soil nematodes fauna was carried out in Natural
soil 300 300
forest. A comparison with the adjacent areas was achieved in order to evaluate the effect of the plantations on
order 200 200
soil nematodes fauna.
ABUNDANCE & TROPHIC STRUCTURE
100 100
0 0
Jicama Mucuna Jicama Mucuna Solarization Regional Total Solarization+ Jicama Mucuna Jicama Mucuna Solarization Regional Total Solarization+
1100 inoculated inoculated non- non- + Cattle Control Cattle manure
BEGINNING NURSERY
inoculated inoculated non- non- + Cattle Control Control Cattle manure Control
1000
FINAL NATURAL FOREST inoculated inoculated manure
(3 cycles)
(2 cycles) inoculated inoculated manure
(3 cycles)
(2 cycles)
900
1100
800
700 1000
Number of nematodes
600 900
500 800
400
700 A demonstrative experimental field with a history of maize (Zea mays) cultivation was
selected in the Ejido San Pedro Soteapan. The experiment was settled in one hectare
Soteapan.
300
600
200
under a random block experimental design (four treatments, five replicates) and
500
100
400
treatments covered maize monoculture and maize in rotation with velvetbean and
0
300
1100
1000 FINAL NURSERY 200
application or not application of fertilizer (regional dose).
ABUNDANCE & TROPHIC STRUCTURE
900 100
800 0
S+Myco S+Myco+S S+OM S+OM+ S+OM+ S+OM+
SOWING 1st Cycle
700 S S+Sol
ol Sol Myco Myco+S
600 ol
500
400
PRE PREDATORS
2200 2200 FLOWERING 2nd Cycle
2000 2000
300 OM OMNIVORES
1800 1800
200
BF BACTERIAL FEEDERS
100 1600 1600
0 FF FUNGAL FEEDERS 1400 1400
S S+Sol S+Myco S+Myco+S S+OM S+OM+ S+OM+ S+OM+
ol Sol Myco Myco+S PP PLANT PARASITES 1200 1200
ol
1000 1000
800 800
600 600
400 400
Number of nematodes
Palms (Chamaedorea hooperiana) originating from nursery were planted to Secondary forest in Ejido San 200 200
Fernando. In San Fernando thirty two experimental plots (eight treatments, four replicates) were settled. 0 0
MAIZE + FERTILIZATION MAIZE MAIZE-MUCUNA + MAIZE-MUCUNA MAIZE + FERTILIZATION MAIZE MAIZE-MUCUNA + MAIZE-MUCUNA
Treatments covered solarization or not solarization, inoculation or not inoculation of arbuscular-mycorrhizal
solarization, arbuscular- FERTILIZATION FERTILIZATION
PR PREDATORS
E
fungi, and application or not application of organic matter; all tactics were tested alone or in combination. At OM OMNIVORES
the end of the monitoring, an evaluation of the structure of soil nematodes fauna was carried out in
soil BF BACTERIAL FEEDERS
FF FUNGAL FEEDERS
Secondary forest. A comparison with the adjacent areas was achieved in order to evaluate the effect of the
achieved PP
PLANT PARASITES
plantations on soil nematodes fauna. 2200
FLOWERING 1st Cycle FLOWERING 3rd Cycle
ABUNDANCE & TROPHIC STRUCTURE
2200
2000
2000
1800
FINAL SECONDARY FOREST
1800
6000 6000
1600
1600
BEGINNING NURSERY
5000 5000 1400
1400
1200
1200
4000 4000
1000 1000
Number of nematodes
3000 3000 800 800
600 600
2000 2000
400 400
1000 1000 200 200
0 0
0 0 Í
MAIZE + FERTILIZATION ÍMAIZE Í MAIZE-MUCUNA + Í MAIZE-MUCUNA MAIZE + FERTILIZATION MAIZE MAIZE-MUCUNA + MAIZE-MUCUNA
S S+Sol S+Myco S+Myco+S S+OM S+OM+ S+OM+ S+OM+ Secondary
6000
FINAL NURSERY ol Sol Myco Myco+S
ol
forest FERTILIZATION FERTILIZATION
5000
4000
PRE PREDATORS
OM OMNIVORES 1. FRECKMAN, D. W. & ETTEMA, C. H. 1993. Assessing nematode communities in agroecosystems of varying human
1. FRECKMAN, D. W. & ETTEMA, C. H. 1993. Assessing nematode communities in agroecosystems of varying human
communities
intervention. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 45: 239-261. 2) LIANG, W., LAVIAN, I., STEINBERGER, Y.
intervention. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 45: 239-
3000
BF BACTERIAL FEEDERS 239-261. 2) LIANG, W., LAVIAN, I., STEINBERGER, Y.
2000 FF FUNGAL FEEDERS 2001. Effect of agriculture management on nematode communities in aa Mediterranean agroecosystem. Journal of
2001. Effect of agriculture management on nematode communities iin Mediterranean agroecosystem. Journal of
n agroecosystem.
1000
PP PLANT PARASITES Nematology 33: 208-213. 3) THORNTON, C. W. AND MATLACK, G. R. 2002. Long-term disturbance effects in the
Nematology 33: 208-
208-213. 3) THORNTON, C. W. AND MATLACK, G. R. 2002. Long- Long-term disturbance effects in the
nematode communities of South Mississippi Woodlands. Journal of Nematology 34: 88-97. 4) WANG, K. H.,
nematode communities of South Mississippi Woodlands. Journal of Nematology 34: 88- 88-97. 4) WANG, K. H.,
0
S S+Sol S+Myco S+Myco+S S+OM S+OM+ S+OM+ S+OM+ MCSORLEY, R. AND GALLAHER, R. N. 2004. Relationship of soil management history and nutrient status to nematode
MCSORLEY, R. AND GALLAHER, R. N. 2004. Relationship of soil management history and nutrient status to nematode
management
ol Sol Myco Myco+S
ol community structure. Nematropica, 34: 83-95.
community structure. Nematropica, 34: 83-
Nematropica, 83-95.
1