Bishop Kenny NJROTC Naval Science 2

1. CHAPTER 11
THE 1990s AND BEYOND

2. The end of the Cold War in 1991 brought
a dramatic lessening of the threat of
nuclear warfare between superpowers.

3. He found himself faced with several very
serious problems:
President
Yeltsin
1. Foremost was revitalizing the
economies of Russia and
ex-Soviet states

4. 2. Disposition of
the armed forces

5. 3. Control of the
formidable Soviet
nuclear arsenal

6. President Yeltsin
He immediately established friendly
working relations with Western heads
of state to pursue economic support.

7. President Yeltsin received aid in
various forms when he made
assurances that he now controlled
the nuclear weapons.

8. January 1993
President President
Yeltsin Bush
They signed the second Strategic
Arms Reduction Treaty (START II).

9. START II called for
both sides to reduce
long-range nuclear
arsenals to between
3,000 and 3,500
warheads within
a decade.

10. START II also called
for the complete
elimination of land-
based multiple-
warhead missiles.

11. Late 1996
He announced that
there would be no
Russian-controlled
nuclear missiles
aimed at any of the
western states.
President Yeltsin

12. Early 1997
He announced
several of the former
President Clinton
Soviet satellite states
would be allowed to
join the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
(NATO).

13. Following the end of
the Iran-Iraq War in
1988, Iraq’s leader,
Saddam Hussein, was
free to attempt other
more aggressive
military adventures to
the south.
Saddam Hussein

15. In August 1990,
Iraqi forces
invaded Kuwait.

16. King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud
King of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia appealed to the United
Nations (UN) and the United States for
help.

17. The UN passed a trade embargo
against Iraq restricting movement
and sale of all goods.

18. In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait,
the U.S. embarked on Operation Desert
Shield, the largest military operation since
the Vietnam War.

19. By the end of 1990, some 450,000 U.S.
military personnel and some 100 U.S.
Navy ships were engaged in operations
in support of Desert Shield.

20. U.S. and Allied ships patrolled in the
Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Red Sea,
enforcing the UN trade embargo against
Iraq.

21. The U.S. military
supported
Operation Desert
Shield in many
ways.

22. The UN Security Council imposed a
deadline of 15 January 1991 for Hussein
to move his forces out of Kuwait or face
military action. He did not leave.

23. On 16 January, a
passive air assault
turned Operation
Desert Shield into
Desert Storm.

24. On 23 February, the Allied ground offensive
into Kuwait and southern Iraq began.

25. General Schwarzkopf commanded
the U.S. and coalition forces.

26. The demoralized
Iraqi troops, cut off
from food and
ammunition
supplies by the air
campaign, quickly
surrendered.

27. By 26 February, Kuwait City was
secured, and on 27 February, a
cease-fire was announced.

28. Iraqi Losses U.S. Losses
• Thousands • 89 combat deaths
of troops
• 38 missing
• Thousands more in action
became prisoners
of war • 212 wounded

29. February 1991
Hussein
reestablished
control over Iraq
following
discontinuance of
hostilities.

30. Extreme measures were taken to
suppress ethnic Shiite Muslims in
southern Iraq.

31. In August 1992, UN forces from the U.S., England,
and France began enforcing no-fly zones.

32. No-Fly Zone
An area over which no aircraft may
fly; Iraqi No-Fly Zone was imposed
after Operation Desert Storm was
completed.

33. The no-fly zone over
southern Iraq was
designed to protect
the Shiites, and the
northern Iraq no-fly
zone to protect the
Kurds from Hussein.

34. Along with the no-fly zones, economic
sanctions (frozen bank assets for
example) and trade embargoes (naval
blockade for example) had been enacted
by the UN to force Hussein to liberalize the
treatment of the Iraqi people and to
comply with the 1991 cease-fire agreement
regarding the inspection of potential
munitions-producing plants and Chemical,
Biological, and Radiological (CBR)
weapons facilities.

35. Economic Sanctions
Economic actions by one or more
states toward another state
calculated to force it to comply

36. In August 1996, Hussein moved 45,000 troops
and 300 tanks toward the Kurdish-held territory
in northern Iraq.
Kurdish - Held
Territory
IRAQ

37. F-14 B-52
August 1996
President Clinton ordered a joint Navy-
Air Force strike against Iraq air defense
systems and bases in southern Iraq.

38. September 1996
The U.S launched
44 Tomahawk
Land-Attack
Missiles (TLAMs).

39. He seemed to have
“gotten the message”
because the troops
and tanks were
withdrawn.
Saddam Hussein

40. 1991
A civil war broke out
in the Balkan country
of Yugoslavia.

41. 1991
Slovenia
Croatia
Bosnia-
Herzegovina
Serbia
Montenegro
These republics broke
Macedonia
apart from the former Soviet
client state of Yugoslavia.

42. Cessation of Soviet aid
caused economic
difficulties.

43. Long-standing
friction between
ethnic groups
contributed to the
break-up.

44. Hungary
Slovenia
Croatia
June 1991
Bosnia -
Herzegovina
Fighting broke
out between the
ethnic Serbs in
Croatia and the
Croat militia.

45. Hungary
Slovenia
Croatia Serbia
The conflict then
Bosnia - broadened into
Herzegovina Bosnia-
Herzegovina
between the Serbs,
Muslims, and
Montenegro Croats.

46. Months of bloody
fighting continued
with atrocities on all
sides.

47. Atrocities
Cruel or brutal acts

48. Late 1991
UN imposes oil, trade, and weapons
embargo against Yugoslavia and Serbia
in an attempt to end fighting.

49. The embargo had little effect, and
the fighting and atrocities continued.

50. Hungary
Romania
May 1992
Economic sanctions
Serbia by the UN against
Serbia and
Montenegro were
imposed with little
effect.
Montenegro

51. Year-End 1992
The situation had
deteriorated to the
point that the former
nation of
Yugoslavia ceased
to exist.

52. Hungary
Serbia
Croatia
October 1992
Bosnia-
Herzegovina NATO established a
no-fly zone over
Bosnia.
Montenegro

53. United Nations proclaimed so-called
“safe areas” around several cities.

54. Air Force planes,
Navy ships, and
aircraft helped
NATO enforce:
• Embargoes
• No-fly zones
• Safe areas

55. He was reluctant to
introduce ground
troops into the
conflict, preferring
diplomatic pressure
instead.
President Clinton

56. Early 1992
Increased naval presence in the
Adriatic Sea

57. Late 1995
The U.S. joined other NATO forces to
bring a halt to the conflict by using
force.

58. Aug and Sep 1995 -
Operation Deliberate Force
Navy and Marine Corps aircraft from the
USS Theodore Roosevelt joined NATO
aircraft to conduct air strikes against
the Serbs.

59. These strikes were
in retaliation for the
Serbs overrunning
UN protected cities.

60. These strikes were also in response to
the Serb’s mortar attacks and the
wounding of more than 80 civilians in
Sarajevo.

61. NATO Strikes Back
Altogether some 3,500 sorties were
flown against some 350 separate
targets.

62. Presidents of Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Serbia, and Croatia signed a treaty to
end the war.

63. Treaty divides Bosnia
into two largely
autonomous parts.

64. Early 1996
NATO deployed 60,000
troops, including 20,000
American Army troops.

65. By the end of 2004, this force had been
reduced to about 7,000 troops.
It was then formally replaced by an equal
number of troops from the European Union.

66. Gulf of
Djibouti Aden
Ethiopia
January 1991
SOMALIA
Civil war erupted
after Soviet aid
Kenya
discontinued.
MOGADISHU
Indian Ocean

67. Rebel troops
forced the
president to flee
the country.
President Mohammed
Siad Barre

68. Rebel troops began battling among
themselves for territory, soon resulting
in widespread anarchy and famine.

69. Anarchy
A state of society without
government or law

70. Due to the large
number of weapons
left behind by the
Soviets, nearly
every male member
of Somalia had a
firearm.

71. Operation Restore Hope
December 1992
• 28,000 U.S. troops took part

72. Operation Restore Hope
Intent was to bring in food supplies and
restore some order to the country.

73. French Foreign Legion units assisted
U.S. Marines in patrolling the streets of
Mogadishu.

74. Persian Gulf Carrier Battle Group

75. March 1993
Clan warlords signed a peace accord
but occasional violence continued.

76. October 1993
A gun battle between U.S. soldiers and
clan members left 18 dead and 75 wounded.

77. March 1994
The date set for all remaining
forces to leave Somalia

78. Several Months Afterward
Some 2,000 Marines were kept
offshore as potential cover for
the remaining UN troops.

79. Mid-1996
Navy-Marine Corps amphibious groups
were called upon to assist in the
evacuation of personnel from Liberia
and the Central African Republic of
Bangui.

80. LIBERIA
REPUBLIC OF
BANGUI

81. Ethnic Violence Famine
Disease
Both of these
countries were
experiencing
these outbreaks.

82. Fleet Marines
reinforced U.S.
embassy Marines
in Liberia during the
crisis.

83. Afghanistan China
Nepal Spring of 1998
Apprehension arose
Arabian over the issue of
Sea
nuclear weapons
Bay of
Bengal
proliferation when
both countries
Sri Lanka exploded nuclear
devices.
Indian
Ocean

84. Proliferation
A rapid and often excessive
spread or increase

85. The Clinton administration and the
United Nations were able to deter
both nations from committing
nuclear destruction.

86. The issue of nuclear nonproliferation
continues to be a major international
concern in the twenty-first century.

87. In April 2001, a Chinese fighter collided
with a Navy reconnaissance aircraft.

88. The Chinese fighter crashed into the
sea killing the pilot.
The Navy aircraft made an emergency
landing at China’s Hainan Island.

89. CHINA
South China
Sea
Gulf of
Tonkin HAINAN

90. The Navy crew of 24 men and women were
detained for 11 days and received a hero’s
welcome when they returned home.

91. The plane was dismantled and
returned to the U.S. in July 2001.

92. Late December 2004
A huge tsunami in the Indian Ocean devastated
much of the seacoast of Indonesia, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, southern India and several other
countries in the region.

93. Tsunami
An unusually large sea wave
produced by a seaquake or
undersea volcanic eruption
A Japanese word that means
“surging walls of water”

94. Before
After

95. By some estimates as many as 370,000
people were killed by the tsunami
itself or its effects shortly thereafter.

96. In response, the U.S. initiated Operation
Unified Assistance, deploying U.S. Navy
ships, P-3 aircraft, and Air Force heavy
lift cargo aircraft.

97. By the end of the operation, helicopters
had flown over 2,000 missions and Navy
and Air Force planes delivered some
12 million tons of supplies to the region.

98. Several thousand casualties were
treated by U.S. medical personnel,
mainly aboard the hospital ship Mercy.

99. Throughout the 1990s and beyond, the
U.S. Department of Defense and Coast
Guard have been called upon to
suppress the illegal drug trade.

100. Central America became a major conduit
of drugs from South American producers.

101. Conduit
A channel or path for conveying drugs

102. Traffickers increasingly relied upon
these methods for hauling legitimate
cargo to transport drugs.

103. All services and
various intelligence
agencies conduct
joint drug interdiction
training with host
countries.

104. Surveillance assets
of the U.S. are used
to track & intercept
boats and aircraft
suspected of
transporting drugs.

105. On the domestic scene, all services
conduct extensive drug awareness
and testing programs designed to
discourage the use of illegal drugs.

106. August 1998
U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
were destroyed by car bombs.

107. Libya Egypt
Saudi Arabia Oman
Red
Sea
Chad Yemen Arabian
Sudan Sea
Ethiopia Somalia
Central
African
Rep.
Dem. Rep
KENYA
Of The Congo
Indian Ocean
TANZANIA

108. The mastermind of
the terrorist attacks
was a wealthy exiled
Saudi Arabian named
Osama bin Laden.
He had proclaimed a
holy war against the
United States.

109. Mastermind
A person who originates or is
primarily responsible for the
execution of a particular idea

110. Holy War
A war waged for what is supposed
or proclaimed to be a holy
purpose, as the defense of faith

111. President Clinton
20 August 1998
Over 70 Tomahawk cruise missiles were fired
against a factory in Sudan manufacturing
chemical weapons and terrorist training camps
run by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan.

112. He escaped injury
and continues to be
a major terrorist
threat against the
United States.
Osama bin Laden

113. In August 2000, the guided missile
destroyer, USS Cole, had a large
hole blown in her port side.

114. Saudi Arabia
Oman
YEMEN Arabian
Sea
Gulf of Aden Socotra
Indian
Somalia Ocean

115. The suicide bombers killed 17
sailors, and 39 others were injured.

116. April 19, 2002
After a successful 14-month effort to
repair the damage suffered in a
terrorist attack, USS Cole returns to
its homeport of Norfolk.

117. Turbulent 1990s
Cold War ended, resulting in drawdown
and consolidation of U.S. armed forces.

118. Allegations of sexual harassment to:
• female junior officers
• civilians
by over a hundred naval aviators

119. Late 1996
Incidents of fraternization and
harassment of female trainees by
Army drill instructors occurred.

120. The tension caused by scandals
involving sexual harassment was
felt throughout the military services.

121. Much progress has been made in recent
years integrating women into the U.S.
armed services.

122. Oklahoma City, April 1995
An explosion in the Murrah Federal
Building killed 168 and injured over
800 innocent people.

123. 27 July 1996
A bomb detonated at the Olympic
games in Atlanta killed one person and
injured others.

124. Reconstruction
Reconstruction July 1996
An unexplained
explosion killed 230
passengers and crew
of TWA Flight 800 off
Long Island, NY.

125. Navy divers assisted in
the salvage operations.

126. Most of the aircraft wreckage was
recovered, assembled, and analyzed to
determine the location and cause of the
explosion.

127. The unthinkable happened on 11 September
2001, when two airliners were crashed into
the twin towers of the World Trade Center in
New York City.

128. A few minutes later a third aircraft
was flown into the Pentagon.

129. A fourth plane, presumed
to be targeted for
Washington, DC, crashed
into the Pennsylvania
countryside.

130. Nearly 2,900 people lost their lives when
both towers of the World Trade Center
collapsed.

131. Nearly 200 were killed at the Pentagon.

132. President Bush Osama bin Laden
President Bush called the terrorist attacks
an act of war and vowed to retaliate against
the terrorist organizations.

133. When the Taliban
government in
Afghanistan would
not give up bin
Laden, the United
States deployed
assets to the
region.

134. These deployments
included:
• aircraft carriers and
support ships in the
Arabian Sea
• over 100 Air Force
fighter-bombers
• a large contingent of
U.S. Special operations
forces

135. 8 October 2001
Operation Enduring
Freedom began with air
strikes by Navy and Air
Force accompanied by
Humanitarian airdrops of
food for the Afghan people.

136. Much of the ground fighting was left to
the Northern Alliance, a loose coalition
of rebel Afghans in northeastern
provinces who had long been fighting
the Taliban control of the country.

137. By late November, the Northern Alliance,
supported by U.S. air attacks and
special forces, gained control of most of
the country.

138. Several key al-Qaida officials had been
killed, but bin Laden himself eluded
capture and is still being sought.

139. In late 2001 and early 2002, international
peacekeeping forces arrived, and
continue to provide training for Afghan
military forces and civilian police.

140. Occasional forays continue to be conducted
in the more remote mountainous regions,
looking for al-Qaida and bin Laden.

141. In October 2004, Hamid Karzai became the
first democratically elected president of
Afghanistan.

142. Shortly after the start of Operation Enduring
Freedom, there were several instances of
deadly anthrax disease spores found in
news offices, postal facilities, and State
Department and Senate offices.

143. Saddam Hussein
By 2002, the continued defiance of the
terms of the 1991 cease-fire by Iraq’s
Saddam Hussein became a major issue
with the United States.

144. Hussein had prevented UN weapon’s
inspections of key sites and intelligence
estimated that he was stockpiling
weapons of mass destruction.

145. President Bush Saddam Hussein
In late 2002, President Bush said that
if the UN failed to take more effective
action, the U.S. might have to take
unilateral military action.

146. Saddam Hussein
President Bush and sons
When the UN Security Council and several
other countries pressed for more time, the
U.S. decided to move towards war if
Hussein and his sons did not leave Iraq.

147. 17 March 2003
President Bush gave Saddam Hussein 48 hours
to leave the country.

148. When Hussein did not leave, the U.S.,
Britain, and several other nations
began Operation Iraqi Freedom.

149. Extensive air and missile attacks began
against Baghdad and other key targets,
and were dubbed “Shock and Awe” by
Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld.

150. American-led coalition troops invaded
Iraq from the south, while airborne
troops parachuted into northern Iraq
to team up with Iraqi Kurds.

151. By 9 April, these forces captured
Baghdad, and on 1 May, President
Bush declared major combat ended.

152. All in all, some 75
percent of the Navy’s
total force was
deployed in support of
Operation Iraqi
Freedom, including:
• 221 of 306 ships
• 33 of 54 attack subs
• 600 Navy and Marine
Corps tactical aircraft

153. Not all hostilities ended with
the capture of Baghdad.

154. Saddam Hussein
Qusay Uday
Hussein Hussein
Hussein and his sons eluded capture for
a time, but eventually both sons were
killed and Hussein himself was captured
in December.

155. Reconstruction efforts
began, including:
• water and electrical
supplies
• retraining of Iraqi
military and civilian
police forces

156. The Coalition Provisional Authority transferred
sovereignty in June of 2004 and Ghazi al-Ujayl
al-Yawr was elected as Iraq’s first president in
January 2005.

157. Attacks by insurgent forces and terrorists
have continued to the present.

158. It remains to be seen what the long-term
outcome of these events will be.

159. 1960s - 1970s
In the early 60s and 70s, the Navy
had nearly 1,000 ships and 600,000
people in uniform.

160. By the year 2005, the number of ships
and people dwindled to less than 300
ships and 370,000 people.

161. Joint Operations
Now the rule rather than the exception

162. Technology
The drive toward new concepts in weapons
and equipment continues at an increasing
rate.

163. China
Gulf of
Laos Tonkin
The Vietnam
experience forced
us to accept the fact
Thailand
VIETNAM that even the most
powerful Navy on
Earth has its
Cambodia limitations.
South
China Sea

164. Events remind us even the
best-intentioned people make
mistakes.
• Iran-Contra affair
• Tailhook scandal

165. Budgetary Constraints
YF-23
We have been forced to accept the fact that
we cannot always acquire new weapons,
programs, or the ships we desire.

166. Pablo Escobar Osama bin Laden
Today’s modern enemies include:
• Terrorists
• Drug trafficking

167. Today, modern enemies:
• Not always easily identifiable
• Cannot be directly attacked

168. Today, our Navy continues to perform
its mission worldwide with distinction,
meeting every challenge given it.

169. There is no doubt that each generation
of Navy men and women will do their
best to continue to protect America and
our way of life from all enemies, both
foreign and domestic.

170. The 1990s and Beyond
Aug 1990 ~ Iraq invaded Kuwait
Jan 1991 ~ Operation Desert Storm
Jun 1991 ~ War in Bosnia began
Aug 1992 ~ Iraqi no-fly zone imposed
Dec 1992 ~ Operation Restore Hope
Apr 1995 ~ Oklahoma federal building
bombed
Jul 1996 ~ TWA Flight 800 salvaged
Sep 1996 ~ Iraq missile attack

171. The 1990s and Beyond
Aug 1998 ~ Bin Laden terrorist base
attacked
Aug 2000 ~ USS Cole attacked
Sep 2001 ~ World Trade Center twin
towers destroyed and
Pentagon damaged

172. What treaty was signed between the
U.S. and Russia in early 1993?

173. What treaty was signed between the
U.S. and Russia in early 1993?
START II

174. What Middle Eastern country was
invaded by Iraq in 1990?

175. What Middle Eastern country was
invaded by Iraq in 1990?
Kuwait

176. What was the deployment of military
forces to the Middle East in response
to the Invasion of Kuwait called?

177. What was the deployment of military
forces to the Middle East in response
to the Invasion of Kuwait called?
Desert Shield

178. By what method was the majority of
equipment and material for Desert
Shield forces delivered?

179. By what method was the majority of
equipment and material for Desert
Shield forces delivered?
Maritime sealift

180. What was the name of the military
operation conducted against the Iraqi
invaders of Kuwait?

181. What was the name of the military
operation conducted against the Iraqi
invaders of Kuwait?
Desert Storm

182. Who was the military commander of
all forces in Desert Storm?

183. Who was the military commander of
all forces in Desert Storm?
General Norman Schwarzkopf

184. How long did the land campaign of
Operation Desert Storm last?

185. How long did the land campaign of
Operation Desert Storm last?
100 hours

186. What was the term Defense Secretary
Donald Rumsfeld used for the initial
attacks of Operation Iraqi Freedom?

187. What was the term Defense Secretary
Donald Rumsfeld used for the initial
attacks of Operation Iraqi Freedom?
“Shock and Awe”

188. Why did the United Nations establish
no fly zones in northern and southern
Iraq?

189. Why did the United Nations establish
no fly zones in northern and southern
Iraq?
To protect the Kurdish and Shiite
Muslims from Saddam Hussein

190. What began the civil war in
Yugoslavia in 1991?

191. What began the civil war in
Yugoslavia in 1991?
Economic difficulties caused by the
cessation of Soviet aid and
long-standing friction between
ethnic groups in the population

192. What actions did the U.S. take to end
the civil war in Bosnia and
Yugoslavia?

193. What actions did the U.S. take to end
the civil war in Bosnia and
Yugoslavia?
Economic sanctions, established
no-fly zones and safe zones, and
application of force

194. What were the major concerns that
led the United States to undertake
Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003?

195. What were the major concerns that
led the United States to undertake
Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003?
Weapons of mass destruction and
nuclear weapons

196. Who was Iraq’s first president after
the fall of Saddam Hussein?

197. Who was Iraq’s first president after
the fall of Saddam Hussein?
Ghazi al-Ujayl al-Yawr

198. What two U.S. embassies were
bombed in August 1998?

199. What two U.S. embassies were
bombed in August 1998?
The embassies in Kenya and
Tanzania

200. What ship was bombed by terrorists
in August 2000?

201. What ship was bombed by terrorists
in August 2000?
USS Cole

202. What events were the result of
domestic terrorism that occurred in
the mid-1990s?

203. What events were the result of
domestic terrorism that occurred in
the mid-1990s?
The bombing of the Oklahoma City
federal building and the bombing at
the 1996 Olympic games

204. What acts of terrorism occurred on
September 11, 2001, that have been
the most destructive acts on
American soil?

205. What acts of terrorism occurred on
September 11, 2001, that have been
the most destructive acts on
American soil?
The collapse of the World Trade
Center and partial destruction of the
Pentagon by hijacked commercial
airliners

206. Who was believed to be behind the
terrorist acts of the USS Cole and
the World Trade Center?

207. Who was believed to be behind the
terrorist acts of the USS Cole and
the World Trade Center?
Osama bin Laden

208. What was the primary function of the
“Shock and Awe” attacks?

209. What was the primary function of the
“Shock and Awe” attacks?
To take out most of Iraq’s command
and control organization