2. Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering is TECHNOLOGY.
Similar to REGENARATIVE MEDICINES.
Regenerative medicines means use of STEM CELLS.
STEM CELLS:
1. Embryonic stem cells
2. Adult stem cells
3.
4. Sources of cells
Primary source – cells from individual(patient)
Secondary source- cells from cell bank
Autologous cells- cells from same person
Allogenic cells-cells from same species
Xenogenic cells- cells from another species
Syngenic cells- cells from clones
5. Scaffolds
Cells are implanted or 'seeded' into an artificial
structure capable of supporting three-dimensional
tissue formation. These structures typically are
called as scaffolds
Scaffolds usually serve at least one of the following
purposes:
Allow cell attachment and migration
Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors
Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed
products
6. Requirements for scaffolds
High porosity and an adequate pore size
Biodegradability
rate at which degradation occurs has to coincide as
much as possible with the rate of tissue formation
Inject ability
7. Carbon Nanotube
Carbon nanotubes are
among the numerous types
for tissue engineering
scaffolds
They are-
biocompatible,
can be functionalized
with biomolecules.
8. Methods for tissue engineering
scaffolds:
Solvent Casting & Particulate Leaching (SCPL)
It allows for the preparation of porous structures with
regular porosity, but with a limited thickness
Polymer- polylactic acid
Solvent- dichloromethane
Porogen- sodium chloride, crystals of
saccharose, gelatin spheres or paraffin spheres
9. Gas Foaming
To overcome the need to use organic solvents and solid
porogens
Disc-shaped structures made
Exposed to high pressure CO2 for several days
Pressure inside the chamber is gradually restored to
atmospheric levels
Pores are formed by the carbon dioxide molecules that
abandon the polymer
10. Emulsification/Freeze-drying
This technique does not require the use of a solid
porogen
A synthetic polymer is dissolved into a suitable solvent
Water is added to the polymeric solution to obtain
emulsion
Emulsion is cast into a mold and quickly frozen
Frozen emulsion is subsequently freeze-dried to
remove the dispersed water and the solvent
14. Tissue culture
Includes creation of functional tissues and biological
structures in vitro
It requires extensive culturing to promote
survival, growth and inducement of functionality
The major problem is maintaining culture conditions
15. Bioreactors
•Bioreactor is a
device that
attempts to
simulate a
physiological
environment in
order to promote
cell or tissue
growth in vivo
28. Market scenario
Treatments via cell therapy and tissue engineering constitute a $6.9
billion worldwide market.
Market is predicted to grow nearly $32 billion in less than ten years.
Market is growing at rate of 16%.
Market demand increasing for innovative product.
Over the 2009–2018 period,
- organ transplantation segment is expected to grow by 46%.
- dental decay and disease segment expected to grow by 21%.
Increase in Indian tissue engineering market due to Medical tourism
29. Apligraf, by Organogenesis, is the first manufactured
living human organ in 1997
Different product categories:
− Skin substitutes
− Orthopedic cartilage and bone replacement
− Cardiovascular substitutes
− Organs (e.g. kidney, liver, lung)
− Nervous system
− Soft tissue
32. Market segment and
opportunities
Orthopedics:
Orthopedic segment grow at nearly 15% per year
This market include spine, bone grafts, and bone substitutes.
Regenerative medicine therapy is favorable.
Orthopedic treatment is most popular area in Indian medical tourism.
Cardiology:
Regenerative medicine with applications in cardiology and vascular medicine
will rank among the three fastest growing segments .
As CHD (and CVD) rates increase, estimate increases to 17.9 million by 2030.
In 2005, India was estimated to have 3.5 crore CHD patients while in 2010, the
number stood at 4.6 crores.
The most promising area for regenerative medicine is the treatment of
myocardial infarction
33. Wound healing
Globally, 500,000 surgeries were performed to treat
diabetic ulcers
500,000 surgeries to treat venous ulcers
45,000 burn surgeries
940,000 plastic surgeries are performed each year
The most common application for regenerative medicine is
for the treatment of burns.
34. Diabetes:
The number of people with diabetes globally will likely
double between 2003-2030.
An estimated 285 million people, corresponding to 6.4% of
the world's adult population, will live with diabetes in 2010
Surgical transplantation of pancreatic islet cells is
promising application
Neurodegenerative diseases:
18 million people worldwide with Alzheimer’s disease.
20 million people each year will suffer from stroke.
6.3 million people have Parkinson’s disease.
35. Challenges:
Quality control of the materials used in various
surgical applications
Acquiring a fundamental understanding of tissue
differentiation mechanisms
The industry is challenged to develop tissue-
engineered products for a number of surgery-
related applications,
Ethical issue.
.
37. Future:
Technical advances in the various components of the
industry will contribute to market growth.
Focus on the safety and efficacy standards.
Continued development of artificial organs with
appropriate support structures.
Focus on disease areas that have the most patients and
the largest unmet needs
38. Problems with Tissue engineering
Complexity using Human tissue implants
Variability of cells grown.
Standardization of process
Irreversible process
Risk assessment in clinical trials & commercialization.
Ethical problems
39. Ethical problems
•Using Xenogenic cells: Species boundaries crossed
•Using Human embryonic cells: Unethical to use human
embryo & aborted fetus.
•Use of human embryo with large scale cultivation for profit
•Rights of Tissue Donors:
-Profit making
-Information
40. Ethical Problems
Role of Cell banks:
Privacy of Donor
Prolonging of life through Tissue engineering:
Set goal for raising life span through tissue engineering
Playing THEE!!!
Organ trafficking
Cost of using Technology.
41. Organizations in TE
Society for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine (India) (STERMI)
Society for Biomaterials & Artificial organs
Society for regenerative medicines & tissue
engineering (SRMTE)
European tissue repair society
Tissue & cell engineering society
Tissue engineering & Regenerative Medicine
International Society