1. Statistical Office in Rzeszow
COHERENT RESEARCH SYSTEM
FOR TRANSBORDER AREAS -
CBC INDEX
Marek Cierpiał-Wolan, PhD

2. Why is transborder statistics so important for in-transition and post-transition
countries? It should deliver tools in order to measure phenomena tricky to estimate.
 For countries with ongoing process of liberalisation of crossing the border (e.g. introduction of
Shoengen zone).
Many information gaps pertaining socio-economic phenomena.
 For countries where there is tightening of the rules of crossing the border.
Higher dynamics of socio-economic processes in transborder regions
and higher intensity of non-registered socio-economic phenomena.
2

3.  MONITORING of socio-economic phenomena in transborder areas on the basis of
administrative registers and statistical databases.
 SAMPLE SURVEYS at the border and in the neighbourhood:
 Questionnaire survey at the border
 Survey of travelling foreigners in tourist accommodation establishments.
 Household survey – e.g. modules concerning international tourism, unregistered
work, volume of unregistered purchase).
 Survey of unregistered economy (e.g. market points, retail sales points), with the use of
experience of Gray Economy Research Centre.
3

4. Entities of the national economy per 1000 population in border area by
The monitoring has been carried out on the website voivodships and gminas in 2010
As of 31 III
since March 2008 at the address http://www.stat.gov.pl/rzesz/
Statistical information and elaborations:
 Area and population in border areas by the European
Union’s external border on the territory of Poland;
 Vital statistic and migration of population in border areas
by the European Union’s external border on the territory
of Poland;
 Entities of the national economy located in border areas
by the European Union’s external border on the territory
of Poland;
 Labour market;
 Tourism;
 Health care;
 Environmental protection.
4

5. Dynamics of newly registered entities of the national economy in Podkarpackie Voivodship
(I-VI 2005=100)
250
POLAND
200
PODKARPACKIE
VOIVODSHIP
Powiats (LAU 1):
Bieszczadzki
150
Jarosławski
100
Lubaczowski
50
Przemyski
0 Przemyśl city
I-VI 2005 I-VI 2006 I-VI 2007 I-VI 2008 I-VI 2009 I-VI 2010 I-VI 2011
5

6. Dynamics of average employment (DG-1)
(I-VII 2007=100)
112
110
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
94
I-VII 2007 I-VII 2008 I-VII 2009 I-VII 2010 I-VII 2011
Podkarpackie Voivodship border powiats
Data concern economic entities employing more than 9 persons. Podkarpackie voivodship – 1571, border powiats - 196
6

7. 295,1
RUSSIA 151,0
183,3
498,5 Obwód LITHUANIA
kaliningradzki
Gronowo Grzechotki
Skandawa
Braniewo
Bezledy Gołdap
Warmińsko- Rudawka
Purpose of the survey – obtaining -mazurskie Obwód
2051,6 Kuźnica
grodzieński 227,7
information about the expenses of Podlaskie
Bobrowniki
BELARUS
1101,6
108,2
foreigners in Poland and Poles Siemianówka
Czeremcha
abroad (scale and structure), purpose
Białowieża
Obwód
Połowce
Mazowieckie Kukuryki
brzeski
of visit, distance from the place of 2254,0 Terespol
361,1
POLAND Sławatycze
residence and place of purchase
1640,0 Dorohusk Obwód
from the border and frequency of Lubelskie wołyński 528,7
Zosin
crossing the border. The survey is 653,1 Hrubieszów
656,7
Hrebenne
conducted on 15 border crossings. 1699,0 613,5
Podkarpackie Werchrata
1660,7 Korczowa UKRAINE
396,9
Przemyśl
Obwód
2597,8
Medyka
lwowski 968,6
511,6 Krościenko 995,1
Foreigners Poles
(thous. people)
Passenger border traffic at crossings at the EU’s external border in 2010
7

8. Countries: Countries:
38.0 1.3
Russia Russia
10.8 0.1
173.4 23.9
Belarus Belarus
9.3 2.1
277.8 18.5
Ukraine Ukraine
41.2 4.2
mln € %
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 40 30 20 10 0
Expenses: Foreigners Poles Foreigners expenses/export relation
Poles expenses/import relation
8

9. DISTANCE FROM THE BORDER TO
THE PLACE OF RESIDENCE OF POLES
AND FOREIGNERS CROSSING THE
EUROPEAN UNION’S BORDER ON THE
TERRITORY OF POLAND
The highest number of
foreigners and Poles covered by
the survey was residing at the
distance of up to 50 km from the
border – around 74% and above
96% respectively, with almost
61% foreigners and 50% Poles
in the zone of up to 30 km.
9

10. DISTANCE FROM THE BORDER TO
THE PLACE OF PURCHASE OF
POLES AND FOREIGNERS CROSSING
THE EUROPEAN UNION’S BORDER
ON THE TERRITORY OF POLAND
The highest number of foreigners
and Poles was making purchase at
the distance of up to 50 km from
the border – around 71% and 96%
respectively. With almost 55%
foreigners and about 94% Poles
making purchase in the zone of up
to 30 km.
10

11.  Local
 delivering information for entrepreneurs in order to take effective decisions
concerning setting up firms or branches in transborder areas (e.g. Korczowa Dolina –
modern distribution-trading complex located 2.5 km from the Ukrainian border, within the limits of the Polish-
Ukrainian visa-free traffic zone, important trading hub in the region),
 delivering information for local authorities in order to facilitate development of
entrepreneurship and improvement of infrastructure (e.g. local tax reliefs, designation of
additional lands for economic activity);
 Regional
 delivering information to self-government and government institutions in order to
lead politics increasing the competitiveness of a region (awareness of large scale economic
activity in transborder areas makes this domain an important element of regional development strategies);
 National
 delivering information which influence Balance of Payments consistency;
 International
 delivering information which enable taking common or compatible decisions on
both sides of the border (e.g. new border crossings, legislation on Local Border Traffic, infrastructural
investments).
11

12.  Taxonomic measure of development – towards transborder index
 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
12

13. Indicators NUTS 2 (LAU 1):
1. Population per 1 sq km
2. Population at age 15-64 in % of total population
3. Net migration per 1000 population
4. Infant deaths per 1000 live births
5. Natural increase per 1000 population
6. Students per 1000 population
7. Doctors per 10 thousand population
8. Average monthly gross wages and salaries
9. Entities of national economy per 10 thousand population
10. Gross domestic expenditures on R&D per 1000 population
11. Number of beds per 1000 population
12. Number of foreign tourists per 1000 population
13. Tourist traffic intensity index by Charvat
14. Percentage of employed persons in market services
15. Employed persons per 1000 population
16. Dwellings completed per 1000 population
17. Unemployment rate
18. Gross Domestic Product per capita
19. Area of national and landscape parks in % of grand total area of unit
20. Emission of particulate pollutants from plants generating substantial air pollution per 1 sq km
21. Emission of gaseous pollutants from plants generating substantial air pollution per 1sq km
22. Forest cover in % 13

14. LU BELSKIE
VOLYN OBLAST
PO L AN D
Ś LĄSKI E
MAŁ OPOLSKI E PODKARPACKIE
LVIV OBLAST
VÝCHODNÉ S LOVE NSKO
UK R A I N E
S L OV A K I A
S TREDNÉ SLOVENSK O
IVANO-FRANKIVSK
OBLAST
ZA KARPATTIA OB LAST
REGION TMRi
MAŁOPOLSKIE VOIVODSHIP 0,629
ŚLĄSKIE VOIVODSHIP 0,492
STREDNÉ SLOVENSKO 0,439
VÝCHODNÉ SLOVENSKO 0,408
PODKARPACKIE VOIVODSHIP 0,392
LUBELSKIE VOIVODSHIP 0,335
LVIV OBLAST 0,329
ZAKARPATTIA OBLAST 0,236
IVANO-FRANKIVSK OBLAST 0,222
VOLYN OBLAST 0,209
14

15. Biała Podlaska
Lublin
Chełm
POLAND Lp. REGION TMRi
Częstochowa
1. Liptovský Mikuláš (SK) 0,548
Zamość
Tarnobrzeg 2. Poprad (SK) 0,506
3. powiat tatrzański (PL) 0,501
Tychy
4. Kraków (PL) 0,373
Kraków 5. Krupina (SK) 0,330
Tarnów Rzeszów
6. Jaremcze (UA) 0,329
Przemyśl 7. powiat leski (PL) 0,326
Krosno
Nowy Sącz 8. powiat cieszyński (PL) 0,325
9. Ružomberok (SK) 0,312
Svidnik
Zilina Bardejov 10. Tvrdošin (SK) 0,310
Poprad .... ..................... ............
SLOVAKIA Presov Humenne 232. Radziechów (UA) 0,044
Banska Bystrica Brezno
233. Lokachi (UA) 0,042
Roznava Kosice-
-okolie 234. Busk (UA) 0,040
Banska Stravnica Trebisov
235. Horodenka (UA) 0,038
236. Horokhiv (UA) 0,037
237. Turka (UA) 0,033
0,548 - 0,448
238. Turiis'k (UA) 0,032
0,447 - 0,348
239. Żydaczów (UA) 0,031
0,347 - 0,248
240. Przemyślany (UA) 0,008
0,247 - 0,148 241. Rohatyn (UA) -0,013
0,147 - 0,070
15

16. AHP allows one to assess the validity of the factors affecting the development of local
units (strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats), to determine their
synthetic assessments of internal and external conditions, and on this basis, to identify the
types of developmental units.
Types of strategies
1. Aggressive strategy (maxi-maxi) is created for areas where strengths and
opportunities prevail in their environment. This is a strategy of strong expansion and
diversified development.
2. Conservative strategy (maxi-mini) is based on the large internal potential but must
also attempt to overcome the threats from the outside.
3. Competitive strategy (mini-maxi) is created for areas where strengths overweigh
weaknesses, and the layout of external conditions is favorable.
4. Defensive strategy (mini-mini) is created for areas where there are fewer
developmental opportunities than in areas belonging to other strategies. These areas
exist in less favourable surroundings and their potential for growth is weaker. This
strategy is mainly to provide them such a position that is currently in the country and
minimize risks and weaknesses occurring within the area.
5. Mixed strategy for other areas that do not have clear strengths and weaknesses mix
strategy is created.
16

17. 1.5
Competitive strategy Aggressive strategy
Opportunities
małopolskie
1
małopolskie
stredne slovensko
stredne slovensko
0.5
vychodne
slovensko
iwano-frankowski
wołyński
Weaknesses
vychodne
slovensko
Strengths
śląskie podkarpackie lwowski
0
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
wołyński lwowski
iwano-frankowski zakarpacki
lubelskie
Mixed strategy
-0.5
podkarpackie
śląskie zakarpacki
-1
lubelskie
Threats
Defensive strategy Traditional strategy
-1.5 17

18. 1
Competitive strategy Aggressive
Opportunities strategy
brzozowski
0.8 lubelski
Użgorod
Luts'k brzozowski
Volodymyr- rzeszowski
Volyns'kyi 0.6 Krupina
Turčianske Luts'k bielski
lubelski
Użgorod rzeszowski
Teplice
Stryj Liptovský Mikuláš
Turčianske
0.4
Teplice sanocki
Jaremcze
Przemyśl
Kovel' Medzilaborce
0.2
Weaknesses
Strengths
Rohatyn Horokhiv sanocki
0
Medzilaborce
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Ivanych Mixed strategy parczewski
Liuboml'
Borysław -0.2
Żydaczów kolbuszowski
hrubieszowski
Morszyn rycki
Lokachi Czop kolbuszowski
Przemyślany Turka -0.4
Volodymyr- Żory Morszyn
Volyns'kyi Busk
hrubieszowski Jastrzębie-Zdrój
Košice III
-0.6
Borysław Košice III
Turka Jastrzębie-Zdrój
-0.8
Przemyślany
Żory
Defensive strategy -1 Traditional strategy
Threats
18
-1.2

19. Biała Podlaska
LUBELSKIE Lub lin OLYN OBLAS T
V
Chełm
P O L AN D
ŚLĄSKI ęstochowa
POLA ND
Cz E
Zamość
Tarnobrzeg
MAŁ OPOLSKIE PODK ARPACKIE
Biała Podl as ka
Tychy LV IV O BLA ST
Kraków
Tarnów Rzeszów
U K RAI NE
VÝCHODNÉ SLOVENSKO Przemyśl
Krosno
S L O VA K IA Nowy Sącz
STREDNÉ SLOVENSKO Lublin
Ch ełm
IVANO-FRANKIVSK
Zilina
Svidnik
Bardejov OBLAST POLANDLUBE LSKIE VOLY N OBLA ST
ZAKARPATTIA Częstochowa
Poprad OBLAST P O L AN D Zamość
Strategy: Ś LĄSKIE
SLOVAKIA Presov Hume nne Tarno brzeg
mixed
Banska Bystrica Brezno
aggressive Roznava Kosi ce-
-okolie Tychy PODKA RPACK IE
competitive Trebisov MAŁ OPOLSKIE
Kraków
Banska St ravnica Tarnó w Rzeszów
defensive LVIV OBLAST
Strategy:
mixed traditional Przemyśl
Krosno
Nowy Sącz
U K R AI N E
aggressive
VÝCHOD NÉ SLOVENSKO
competitive STREDNÉ SL OVENSKO Sv idnik
Bardejov
Zilina
S L O VA K IA IVANO-FRANKIVSK
defensive Poprad
OBLAST
Presov Humenne
ZAKARPATTIA
traditional SLOVAKIA OBLAST
Bans ka Bystrica B rezno
Roznava Kosice-
-okolie
B anska S travnica Trebisov
19

20. Directions for creating a coherent research system:
 determination of the specificity and creation of a typology of border areas:
 specification of the most important endogenous and exogenous
factors affecting the economy and regional development
(entrepreneurship, labour market, exchange rates, price levels, environmental protection, living
conditions, migration, tourism, etc.),
 clustering of border crossings and border areas in terms of similarity.
20

21.  inventory of information resources of official statistics;
 use of extra-statistical sources of information (e.g.mobile telephone operators, travel
agencies, regional offices – permits to work issued for foreigners, foreign administrative sources);
 combining information from the registers and sample surveys;
 preparing methodological reports (e.g. for CBC Index – choosing of spatial units, selecting of
variables and methods) ;
 cooperation between countries in:
 conducting joint research;
 creating a uniform information infrastructure (knowledge base on
transborder areas);
 undertaking initiatives, preparation and implementation of projects
with the use of the EU’s funds.
21

22. 22