Professor Brett Bauchner, review Brain and Behavior slides

1. REVIEW FOR EXAM 1
Prof. Bauchner
Psych 180, Section 1
September 24, 2012

2. The Neuron
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chmodel.html

3. Parts Of The Neuron
• Cell Body (Soma): contains the nucleus of the neuron
which contains DNA and other organelles
• Axon: Takes information AWAY from the cell body
• Dendrites: Take information TO cell body (SIGNAL
RECEIVERS)
• Myelin: Insulating fatty layer that SPEEDS UP signal
transmission. Breaks of myelin are called Nodes of
Ranvier
• Presynaptic Terminal: The region of the neuron
conducting signals towards the synapse (contains the
NTs).

4. 3 Types of Neurons
• SENSORY: allow you to receive information
from the outside world via your senses (taste
food, hear a drum)
• MOTOR : permit communication with muscle
fibers to allow you to move your body
(contract or relax a muscle)
• INTERNEURONS: majority of neurons in your
brain…involved in
thinking, remembering, logic

5. What is a neurotransmitter?
• A messenger of neurological information
that travels from one cell to another
WHAT KIND OF NEUROLOGICAL INFO?

6. Types of NTs
• Acetylcholine: MUSCLE ACTION, LEARNING
AND MEMORY
• Dopamine:
MOVEMENT, LEARNING, ATTENTION, EMOTI
ON
• Serotonin: MOOD, HUNGER, SLEEP
• Norepinephrine: ALERTNESS, AROUSAL

7. WHAT IS CNS?
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM
– BRAIN
– SPINAL CORD

8. LOBES OF THE BRAIN
http://www.paulnussbaum.com/

9. FRONTAL LOBE
Organization
Concept Formation
Mental Flexibility
Personality
Execution of behavior (Frontal Lobe is referred to as Executive
System)
Abstract Reasoning
Problem Solving
Planning
Judgment
Ethical Behavior
Inhibition
Expressive Language
Affect
Attention

10. TEMPORAL LOBE
• Memory and new learning
Language comprehension
Auditory processing
Spatial processing
Attention
Emotion

11. PARIETAL LOBE
Reading
Calculation
Attention
Short Term Memory
Cross Modal Processing (e.g.
listening, writing, reading notes)
Spatial navigation
Visual perception and discrimination

12. OCCIPITAL LOBE
Visual Processing
Visually Perceive
Visual Discrimination
Visual Spatial Skill
Facial Discrimination

13. STROOP TASK
BLUE YELLOW RED ORANGE PINK

14. CLASS QUESTION #1 !!
• Which lobe of the brain are we
predominantly using when we attempt the
Stroop Task?
A) Frontal
B) Temporal
C) Parietal
D) Occipital

15. CLASS QUESTION #1 !!
• Which lobe of the brain are we
predominantly using when we attempt the
Stroop Task?
A) FRONTAL
B) Temporal
C) Parietal
D) Occipital

16. Cerebellum
BALANCE, COORDINATION

17. LIMBIC SYSTEM : THE EMOTION
CENTER OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
AMYGDALA- FEAR/SURPRISE
HIPPOCAMPUS- SPATIAL NAVIGATION
CINGULATE GYRUS- HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE
HYPOTHALAMUS - HUNGER, THIRST, SLEEP CYCLE, SEXUAL AROUSAL
THALAMUS

18. THE BRAIN IS PLASTIC?

19. Navigation-related structural change in
the hippocampi of taxi drivers
EA Maguire, DG Gadian, IS Johnsrude, CD Good, J Ashburner, RSJ
Frackowiak, and CD Frith. 2000. PNAS 97(8):4398-4403.
Shenet.org i240.photobucket.com

20. The Hippocampus
• Brain structure which lies under the medial
temporal lobe
• LTM
• Spatial Navigation
• Part of Limbic System- EMOTION
(hypothalamus, amygdala, pituitary)
http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ltm/images/amygdala_hippocam
pus_lateral_large.jpg

21. Plasticity of Hippocampus
• ↑ Volume relative to brain and body size
when small animals engage in behavior
requiring spatial memory (food storage)
• ↑ Volume during SEASONAL CHANGES when
spatial ability is at a maximum (Lee et al., 1998)
• ↑ Volume has been noted in studies with
musicians vs. nonmusicians (Schlaug et al., 1995)

22. Cells of the Nervous System
Five Types of Glial Cells
• Ependymal Cells
– Small, ovoid; found in the walls of the ventricles
– Make and secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Hydrocephalus
– Build-up of pressure in the brain and swelling of the
head caused if the flow of CSF is blocked
– Can result in retardation
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

23. Alcohol as a Teratogen
• Teratogen- a drug or other substance capable of
interfering with the development of a fetus, causing
birth defects
Nlm.nih.gov

24. Statistics on FAS
• Overall incidence (annual) of Fetal alcohol
syndrome: 0.9 per 10,000 births
• Caucasians .9
• Asians 0.3
• Hispanics 0.8
• African Americans 6.0
• Native Americans 29.9 (NWHIC)

25. Brain Imaging of FAS
BRAIN OF BABY
BRAIN OF BABY WIT
WITH NO
HEAVY PRENATAL
EXPOSURE TO
EXPOSURE TO
ALCOHOL
ALCOHOL
Photo courtesy of Sterling Clarren, MD
Areas that might be affected by alcohol exposure depend on WHICH AREAS
ARE DEVELOPING AT THE TIME the alcohol is consumed. Since the brain and
the central nervous system are developing throughout the entire
pregnancy, the baby's brain is always vulnerable to damage from alcohol
exposure.

26. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Specific pattern of FACIAL FEATURES
• CNS Dysfunction
• Pre/post natal growth deficiency
Photo by T Kellerman

27. Distinctive FAS Facial Features:
Human/Mouse

28. Areas of Brain That Can Be Damaged in Utero
By Maternal Alcohol Consumption

29. Agenesis of Corpus Callosum
CONTROL BRAIN
FAS in 9-year old girl
Mattson, et al., 1994; Mattson & Riley, 1995; Riley et al., 1995

30. Kolb & Whishaw, An Introduction
to Brain and Behavior, Third
Edition - Chapter 3

31. Cells of the Nervous System
Five Types of Glial Cells
• Astrocyte
– Star shaped, symmetrical
– Structural support for neurons
– Transports substances between neurons and
capillaries (blood-brain barrier)
– Scar tissue formation
– Enhance brain activity by providing fuel to active
brain regions
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

32. Kolb & Whishaw, An Introduction
to Brain and Behavior, Third
Edition - Chapter 3

33. Cells of the Nervous System
Five Types of Glial Cells
• Microglia
– Originate in the blood as offshoot of immune system
– Phagocytosis: scavenge debris (e.g., dead cells)
• Oligodendroglia Cell
– Glial cell in the central nervous system that
myelinates axons
– Myelin
• Glial coating that surrounds axons
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

34. Cells of the Nervous System
Five Types of Glial Cells
• Schwann Cell
– Glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that
myelinates axons
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
– Nervous system disorder that results from the loss of
myelin around axons

35. Cells of the Nervous System
Five Types of Glial Cells
• Paralysis
– Loss of sensation and movement due to nervous
system injury
• Peripheral Nervous System
– Microglia and Schwann cells help repair neurons
• Central Nervous System
– Repair does not take place, regrowth may even be
inhibited
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

36. Kolb & Whishaw, An Introduction
to Brain and Behavior, Third
Edition - Chapter 3

37. Electrical Activity of a Membrane
Resting Potential
• Resting Potential
– Electrical charge across the cell membrane in the
absence of stimulation
– A store of negative energy on the intracellular
side relative to the extracellular side
– Approximately -70 mV
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

38. Electrical Activity of a Membrane
Resting Potential
• Four charged particles take part in producing
the resting potential
– Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-)
• Higher concentration outside cell
– Potassium (K+) and large proteins (A-)
• Higher concentration inside cell
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

39. Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

40. Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

41. Electrical Activity of a Membrane
Resting Potential
• Maintaining the Resting Potential
– Large A- molecules cannot leave cell: make inside
negative
– Ungated channels allow K+ and Cl- to move into
and out of cell more freely, but gated sodium
channels keep out Na+ ions
– Na+-K+ pumps extrude Na+ from intracellular fluid
and inject K+
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

42. Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

43. Electrical Activity of a Membrane Graded
Potentials
• Hyperpolarization
– Increase in electrical charge across a membrane (more
negative)
– Usually due to the inward flow of chloride ions or
outward flow of potassium ions
– Tetraethylammonium (TEA)
• Depolarization
– Decrease in electrical charge across a membrane (more
positive)
– Usually due to the inward flow of sodium
– Tetrodotoxin
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -

44. • Neurotransmitters - chemical substance released from the end of a
neuron during the propagation of a nerve impulse; it relays
information from one neuron to another.
• Neuromodulators – secreted in larger amounts and diffuse further
(composed of peptides)
• Hormones – produced in endocrine glands – released into
extracellular fluid to be taken up by specific target cells

45. • only specific neurotransmitters will bind with specific receptor sites –
like a key in a lock
• chemical that attaches to a binding site is a ligand
• neurotransmitters are naturally produced ligands
• neurotoxins are also ligands and various drugs have their effect in the
same manner – artificially produced ligands (e.g., LSD)

46. Neurons – from electrical to chemical
Only specific neurotransmitters will bind
with the post-synaptic membrane.

47. Axodendritic – synapse on the dendrite of the neuron
Axosomatic – synapse on the soma
Axoaxonic – synapse on the axon
Axodendritic Axosomatic Axoaxonic

48. • neurotransmitter specific postsynaptic receptors
• open to allow ions to flow into the postsynaptic neuron
• two main types
• ionotropic
• metabotropic

49. • receptor site has its
own ion channel
• contain sodium
channels
• fast acting and short
lasting

50. • indirect method
• located nearby G-proteins
• G-proteins in turn activate
an ion channel
• slower to begin and longer
lasting

51. • G-proteins can also
activate second
messengers – enzymes
that in turn activate an
ion channel

52.  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
 Magnetic resonance imaging in which changes in
elements such as iron or oxygen are measured during
the performance of a specific behavior
 Used to measure cerebral blood flow during behavior
or resting
 Patients must lie motionless
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -
Chapter 6

53. Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -
Chapter 6

54.  Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
 Imaging technique that detects changes in blood flow
by measuring changes in the uptake of compounds
such as oxygen or glucose
 Used to analyze the metabolic activity of neurons
 Radioactive molecules are injected into the
bloodsteam
 Very expensive
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -
Chapter 6

55.  Advantages
 Can detect the decay of hundreds of
radiochemicals, allows the mapping of a wide range of
brain changes and conditions
 Can detect relative amounts of a given
neurotransmitter, the density of receptors, and
metabolic activities associated with learning, brain
poisoning, and degenerative processes
 Widely used to study cognitive function
Kolb & Whishaw, An
Introduction to Brain and
Behavior, Third Edition -
Chapter 6