2. Introduction
Did you know that in many types of bony fish they can
be born a male, transform into a female, and then
convert back to a male. One could also produce sperm
and eggs. These are just two of the many interesting
facts you will learn from this power point presentation
3. Reproduction And Development
Reproduction and development are integral factors of
life. Multicellular organisms arise through a process
that begins with the fertilized egg and ends with a new
individual (Chopin).
The fertilized egg undergoes cell divisions to increase
the number of cells; simultaneously, the cells produced
differentiate into the organs and organs systems of the
fully formed organism (Chopin).
4. Repro. And Development Continue
Fertilization is the fusion of the nuclei of the egg and
sperm, and the single cell that results from this fusion
is called the fertilized egg or zygote (Chopin).
Each of the gametes are haploid which, contains one-
half of the chromosomes
Fertilization restores the diploid number (Chopin).
The egg degrades the cytoplasm and organelles of the
sperm; only the chromosomes of the sperm contribute
to the fertilized egg (Chopin).
5. Repro. And Development Continue
Gastrulation is the folding in of the cells of the blastula
at a point called the blastopore
Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are the three
germ layers from which all cells, tissues and organs
develop (Chopin).
Induction is the process during which individual cells
are "told" what they are supposed to become (Chopin).
6. The Difference Between
Vertebrates & Invertebrates
Vertebrates Invertebrates
Have a backbone Do not have backbone
Have no internal
Have a central system
skeleton
Internal skeleton
Have a fluid-filled
hydrostatic skeleton
7. Reproduction in Vertebrates
Reproduction and development of sexual
characteristics in vertebrates are controlled directly by
the hormones produced in the gonads, estrogens,
progesterone and testosterone (King).
Males brood the eggs until the young hatch and can
swim actively when he expels them into the water ().
In pipe fishes and sea horses the female places her eggs
into the males pouch
Some males can reproduce eggs
8. Vertebrates Cont.
Ovoviviparous Fishes
The female retains fertilized eggs in her body
Embryo is nourished by yolk sac
No nutrient connection between the parent and the
developing embryos (Animal Explore).
Viviparous Fishes
The female retains eggs in her ovary
Embryo is nourished by connection with the mother (Animal
Explore).
9. Bony Fishes
Sexual Maturity
Fishes become sexually mature at various ages,
depending on species. In general, small species begin
reproducing at an earlier age than large species (Animal
Explore).
Reproductive modes
In most species of bony fishes, sperm and eggs develop
in separate male and female individuals (Animal
Explore).
11. Bony Fish Cont.
There are many factors that may influence bony fish
breeding
Changes in the duration of sunlight
Temperature change
Presence of the opposite sex, currents, tides, moon
stages, and presence of spawning areas
Reproduction in bony fishes are generally in cycles
Some bony fishes may spawn many times in a year
Some may reproduce once a year until they die
Others may reproduce only once during their lifetime
13. Reproduction in Invertebrates
Flatworms
Production of millions of eggs
Associated with many difficulties in dispersing the
species
Reproductive
Flat worm’s reproduction is asexual because they can
divide into 2 halves
Each half grows into a separate organism.
They possess both male and female sex organs
The worms practice cross-fertilization
15. A Insects Life Cycle
Insects have two different life cycles
Nymphs
Larva
They are different in ways and are alike in ways
Mostly all insect go through one of the two life
cycles
16. Nymph Cycle
Nymphs are insects that hatch out of the egg.
Feed off of plants, mostly roots of plants.
These insects often eat for many years.
Typical nymph insects look exactly like the adult except
there the young.
Most nymph that looks like the adult will not have wings
and some will have wings.
Nymphs usually shed skin
Grow bigger in size
Some nymphs may come out of the ground and shed their
last layer of skin before actually being a adult
18. Larvae Cycle
Larva’s eggs hatches into caterpillars or larva.
Larvae eats mostly anything it can find to eat to get
nourishment; this can go on for several years and or
several days
Larva looks completely different from the adult
Larva sheds its skin and it becomes a pupa this is the
last time they shed their skin
19. Comparing Fish & Insects
Fish Insects
Sexually Sexually
Created by egg and sperm Created by egg and sperm
Lay eggs Lay eggs
Some die after reproduction Some die after reproduction
Some fishes embryo occur Some fishes embryo occur
outside females body outside females body
Some fishes embryo occur Some fishes embryo occur
inside females body inside females body
21. Contrasting Fish & Insects
Fish Insects
Some fish have live young Most of all insect lay eggs
Some fish die after Most insects go through 2
reproduction cycles after reproduction
Some fish reproduce once in There is simple reproduction
their life There is complex
Some fish reproduce annually reproduction
Some fish reproduce many After insect lay their young it
times a year take about 7-10 days to them
to break out of their egg
22. Conclusion
As you can see every living thing can reproduce and
repeat for generations and generations. The only
difference is how they reproduce. Humans reproduce
inside the mother where the sperm enters the egg. In
fish they sometimes lay eggs and then the male
releases the sperm on them. Last but not least insects
which lay eggs and go through two cycles after
reproduction. It seems like all the same process but
there are many differences.
23. Works Cited
"Animal Explore." Bony Fishes. Discovery Cove Inc, 2011. Web. 28 Nov 2011.
<http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-
fish/reproduction.htm>.
Chopin, Suzzette. "Development." Biology Refernce. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Nov
2011. <http://www.biologyreference.com/Co-
Dn/Development.html>.
Ramel, Gordon. The Placental Mammal and Reproduction. N.p., n.d. Web.
1 Nov 2011.
<http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/reproduction.html>.
King, Peter. "Vertebrate Physiology Bio410." Reproduction. N.p., 01Jan. 2011.
Web. 1 Nov 2011.
<http://people.fmarion.edu/pking/vertphys/reproduction.html>.
Anatomy of Animals. N.p., 2011. Web. 1 Nov 2011. <http://universe-
review.ca/R10-33-anatomy.htm>.
Lense, Liquid. “Flickr.” Flickr. 2010. Web. 8 Dec. 2011.