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Confronting Suburban Poverty: New Agenda for Metro Opportunity
- 1. Confronting Suburban Poverty Challenges and Directions for the Chicago Region Elizabeth Kneebone and Alan Berube Brookings Institution
- 2. 1 The geography of poverty and opportunity has changed 2 Current policies are not aligned to this new geography 3 We need a new agenda for metropolitan opportunity
- 3. 1 The geography of poverty and opportunity has changed
- 4. Today, more of the nation’s poor live in suburbs than in cities 18,000,000 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 1970 1980 1990 Poor Individuals in Suburbs 2000 Poor Individuals in Cities Number in poverty, central cities versus suburbs, 1970-2012. Source: Brookings analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data 2012
- 5. In the Chicago region, the share of poor residents in the suburbs climbed to 52 percent in 2012 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 1970 1980 Poor Individuals in Suburbs 1990 2000 Poor Individuals in Cities Number in poverty, central cities versus suburbs, 1970-2012. Source: Brookings analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data 2012
- 6. One-third of the region’s poor live outside Cook County 2007-11 2000 24% 17% Chicago 32% Rest of Cook 59% Rest of metro 48% 20%
- 7. Poverty has spread beyond older, inner-ring suburbs
- 8. Poverty has spread beyond older, inner-ring suburbs
- 9. Chicago’s urban and suburban poor are similar in many ways Share of urban poor Share of suburban poor 50% 44% 38% 35% 44% 44% 37% 34% 26% 22% 19% 16% Foreign born White nonHispanic Source: Brookings Institution analysis of ACS data Under 18 Female HH with kids Deep poverty HS dropout
- 10. Several factors drive suburban poverty in the Chicago region Population Change Job Location Immigration Housing Regional Economy
- 11. Overall population has grown much faster in the suburbs 8.3% Cities Suburbs -4.5% Percent Change in Population, Chicago Region, 2000 to 2010 Source: Brookings Institution analysis of ACS and Decennial Census data
- 12. Immigration is contributing to growth in suburban poverty 81% 19% Foreign-born population Native-born population Contribution to Growth in Suburban Poor Population, 2000 to 2009 Source: Robert Suro, Jill Wilson, and Audrey Singer “Immigration and Poverty in America's Suburbs”
- 13. Affordable housing is spreading to Chicago’s suburbs 160,188 99,211 2000 2008 Housing Voucher Recipients in Suburbs Source: Brookings Institution analysis of HUD “Picture of Subsidized Housing” data
- 14. Most subprime lending and foreclosures were suburban 68% 70% Subprime Loans Loans in Foreclosure or Lost Share of 2004-08 Loans in Suburbs, Chicago Region Source: Chris Shildt, Naomi Cytron, Elizabeth Kneebone and Carolina Reid, “The Subprime Crisis in Suburbia: Exploring the Links between Foreclosures and Suburban Poverty”
- 15. Jobs sprawl is high in the Chicago region 68% 67% 2000 2010 Share of Chicago Region Jobs Located 10 to 35 Miles from Downtown Source: Elizabeth Kneebone, “Job Sprawl Stalls: The Great Recession and Metropolitan Employment Location”
- 16. The economic downturn left many unemployed in the suburbs 287,032 168,798 Dec. 2007 Source: Brookings Institution analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics LAUS data Dec. 2010 Number of Suburban Unemployed, Chicago Region
- 17. Suburban poverty brings added challenges Transit Access Limited Philanthropic Resources Strained Local Services Change in School Populations
- 18. Suburban commuters have less access to transit 100% 91% City Suburbs Share of Low-Income Neighborhoods with Transit Stop Nearby, Chicago Region Source: Tomer, Kneebone, Puentes, and Berube, “Missed Opportunity” (Brookings, 2011)
- 19. Suburban commuters with transit can’t reach as many jobs 38% 13% City Source: Tomer, Kneebone, Puentes, and Berube, “Missed Opportunity” (Brookings, 2011) Suburbs Share of Chicago Region Jobs Accessible to Low-income Neighborhoods within 90 Minutes via Transit
- 20. Nonprofits are present in Chicago’s suburbs 1.42 1.04 0.86 Chicago Rest of Cook Rest of IL metro Number of Registered Nonprofit Social Service Organizations per Poor Individual, 2007 Source: Alllard and Roth, “Strained Suburbs: The Social Service Challenges of Rising Suburban Poverty,” (2010)
- 21. But suburban nonprofits are considerably smaller $938 $617 $506 Chicago Rest of Cook Rest of IL metro Nonprofit Human Services Revenue per Poor Individual, 2007 Source: Alllard and Roth, “Strained Suburbs: The Social Service Challenges of Rising Suburban Poverty,” (2010)
- 22. Philanthropic support for suburban organizations is limited $68 $2 City Suburbs Human Services, Housing, and Workforce Training Grant Dollars per Poor Person, Chicago Metro Area, 2007 Source: Reckhow and Weir, “Building a Stronger Regional Safety Net” (Brookings, 2012)
- 23. Schools are seeing low-income populations multiply 27% 5% City Source: Brookings analysis of GreatSchools data Suburbs Percent Change in Number of Students Enrolled in Free and Reduced Price Lunch, Chicago Region, 2005-06 to 2009-10
- 24. Low-income suburban students attend schools with belowaverage test scores 59% 39% Middle- or highincome student Low-income student Average School-Wide Proficiency Ranking Statewide, Chicago Suburban Students, 2009-10
- 25. Poverty is not distributing evenly across Chicago’s suburbs Below Average Poverty Rate Growth Carol Stream Above Average Poverty Rate Growth Berwyn Above Average Poor Population Growth Below Average Poor Population Growth Beecher Harvey
- 26. 2 Current policies are not aligned to this new geography
- 27. The legacy system of place-based anti-poverty programs does not map easily onto the suburban landscape $82 billion 81 federal programs 10 agencies
- 28. Suburbs face additional challenges Lack of Capacity Extensive Fragmentation Inflexible, Unreliable Funding
- 29. Chicago’s south suburbs encountered these challenges during the housing crisis Cook County
- 30. Chicago’s south suburbs encountered these challenges during the housing crisis Cook County 19 communities submitted a joint NSP application
- 31. Chicago’s south suburbs encountered these challenges during the housing crisis Cook County 11 municipalities received individual awards
- 32. 3 We need a new agenda for metropolitan opportunity
- 33. Yet innovators across the country are finding creative ways to navigate this system
- 35. Achieve Scale IFF • • • Grew from a $2.7 million loan fund to a 65-person organization with assets totaling $240 million and a loan portfolio of $187 million Serves five states in Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Wisconsin Able to play the role of researcher, lender, consultant, and/or developer depending on the needs of the community Improve systems and networks Promote high-performance organizations Support smart consolidation
- 36. Collaborate and Integrate Chicago Southland Housing and Community Development Collaborative • • • Represents 23 municipalities Continues to be supported by regional institutions and local funders Breaks down policy silos Identify and reduce barriers Reward collaborative approaches Catalyze regional capacity
- 37. Fund strategically Mortgage Resolution Fund • • • Uses a market-based, enterprise-level approach Leverages existing nonprofit expertise and private sector resources Focuses on measurable outcomes Commit to enterprise-level funding Promote tools that leverage public & private resources Develop consistent, comparable data sources
- 38. Creating a Metropolitan Opportunity Challenge could help bring these solutions to scale in regions across the country Federal Place-Based Anti-Poverty Programs $82 Billion; 81 Programs; 10 Agencies Re-purpose 5% : $4 billion
- 39. You can read more about the Metropolitan Opportunity Challenge and the contents of the book on our new website www.ConfrontingSuburbanPoverty.org
- 40. The website provides a host of helpful resources: Profiles of the top 100 metros Tips for taking action Case studies of innovators Video Infographic
- 41. Questions • What are the major challenges you perceive to grantmaking in the suburbs? • Who are the “quarterbacks” in this region? What barriers do they face to scale? • Are there regional (or sub-regional) tables at which funders come together to collaborate? • How can philanthropy and government (federal, state, county, municipal) help each other to confront suburban poverty in the region? • What further research/advocacy is needed to help move these ideas forward?