The document discusses lessons learned from the US EPA's experience in establishing vehicle emissions and fuel efficiency standards. It outlines a three-point strategy used in the US to reduce emissions from vehicles through clean vehicles standards, clean fuels, and clean transportation alternatives. The document also provides an overview of US greenhouse gas vehicle standards and fuel economy standards for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles.

1. US-CHINA CLEAN TRUCK AND
BUS SUMMIT 2012
Karl Simon
Director
Transportation and Climate Division
October 30, 2012
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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2. Lessons Learned from
U.S. EPA Experience
• Using a systems approach produces best results
– Low sulfur fuel needed for advanced vehicle technologies & complete optimization.
– Vehicle performance-based standards achieve the most cost-effective conventional and GHG
emissions reductions.
– Phased approaches achieve early reductions and long-term reductions
• Our regulatory programs designed to promote innovation – well-formulated standards can be
“win-win” for the economy and the environment.
• Voluntary Partnerships
– Collaboration with stakeholders (industry, provincial governments, civil organizations) is critical to
successful win-win policy.
• Strong Compliance
– A robust compliance regime is critical to achieving real-world benefits.
• Also, Regulatory flexibilities and voluntary partnerships play important roles in reducing
emissions and fuel consumption.
– Equitably reward technology leaders and early technology adopters.
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3. Three Point Strategy to Reduce
Vehicle Emissions (GHGs & Air Quality)
1. Clean Vehicles - Develop technology-forcing performance
standards for cars, buses, trucks, and nonroad engines, such as
construction equipment, boats, lawn and garden equipment, and
locomotives
2. Clean Fuels - Develop reformulated gasoline, diesel fuel, and
nonpetroleum alternatives. Use of low sulfur fuels is critical to
enable advanced vehicle technology as well as for the direct
emissions benefits
3. Clean Transportation Alternatives - Develop strategies to
encourage efficient transportation alternatives.
Deliberative Material - Staff Draft - Do Not Cite or Quote 3

4. Los Angeles Beijing
U.S.-China Common Challenges
• Growing Car and Truck Fleets
• Urban Air Quality and CO2 Emissions
• Energy Security and Oil Consumption
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5. Transportation is a Major Contributor to U.S. GHG Emissions
Transportation accounts for roughly 1/3 of total
U.S. GHG emissions and about 2/3 of U.S.
2010 GHG Inventory Totals – U.S. petroleum-based fuel use.
2010 Transportation Sector
Transportation Marine Rail
(1838.6 Tg) 2.1% 2.3%Nonroad
27.0% 10.0%
Light-Duty
Trucks
Other U.S.
17.0%
Sources Medium &
(4778.9 Tg) Heavy-Duty
70.1% Non-
Transportation Trucks
Mobile 19.7%
(204.3 Tg) Passenger Cars
3.0%
38.6%
Aviation
7.0%
Other
3.4% 5
2010 Data - Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (EPA)

6. Conventional Pollutants from U.S. Transportation
Projections for 2017
NOX Emissions VOC Emissions PM2.5 Emissions
NOX Mobile Source VOC Mobile Source PM2.5 Mobile Source
Emissions Emissions Emissions
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7. Overview
• U.S. EPA and U.S. Department of Transportation
work together to implement a strong coordinated
national program of GHG vehicle standards and fuel
consumption standards for:
– Light Duty Vehicles (passenger vehicles)
• Finalized standards for Model Years 2012-2016
• Finalized standards for Model Years 2017-2025
– Heavy Duty Vehicles (commercial trucks & buses)
• Finalized standards for Model Years 2014-2018
• Stage 2 standards under development.
• Programs reduce GHG emissions, improve national
security, improve air quality, and provide significant
life time cost savings to vehicle owners. 7

8. Heavy-Duty Vehicle GHG Standards
• In 2011, U.S. finalized its first Heavy-Duty (HD) Vehicle GHG & Fuel Efficiency
Standards. (“Phase 1”)
– Rule was issued jointly by EPA and Department of Transportation.
– Will address fuel consumption and reductions in CO2 and other greenhouse gases
– Focus on achieving reductions that improved engine performance, aerodynamics and tires.
• Our SmartWay program served as a strong support for rule’s framework.
• Benefits: reduce oil imports, fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and operating
costs. Over the life of 2014-18 MY trucks:
– 530 million barrels less oil
– 270 MMT reductions in GHGs
– $50 Billion in fuel savings
• Single coordinated National Program helps manufacturers to produce a single
fleet of vehicles to meet related National and State requirements.
– The standards have broad support from major stakeholders
• A second phase of HD GHG standards is under development.
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9. Phase 1 Structure
• Program divides a diverse medium-duty and heavy-duty vehicle sector
into 3 regulatory categories:
1. Combination Tractors
2. HD pickups and vans (PUVs)
3. Vocational vehicles (other trucks, buses, ambulances, etc. )
• Separate vehicle and engine standards
• Engines are certified separately and truck compliance determined using
a computer simulation model.
• Flexibilities
– We allow generating emissions credits for averaging, banking, and trading.
– Provides incentives for early certification and advanced and innovative
technologies.
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10. Looking forward to HD GHG “Phase 2” Rule
• HD GHG Phase 2 will focus on energy security and environmental
goals without restricting the industry’s ability to produce a diverse range
of vehicles serving a wide range of needs.
• HD GHG Phase 2 will be based on collaborative outreach with
stakeholders.
• Will consider advanced technologies such as hybrid drivetrains, waste
heat recovery, and full electric vehicles to set stringencies.
• We look forward to continued discussions with MIIT on data sharing,
and harmonization of testing procedures and vehicle model simulation.
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11. Additional Insights
• Technology verification – Need for a credible, neutral, third-party to test
and verify the performance of technologies.
– Low rolling resistant tires
– Aerodynamic devices
– Idle reduction technologies
– Retrofit devices
• Fuel Quality – Low sulfur enables a new generation of modern pollution
control technologies for trucks.
• Compliance – Strong fuel and engine standards achieve little without
strong compliance.
• Collaboration – We look forward to future collaboration in these areas.
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12. For More Information
• EPA’s rulemaking documents and implementation information
can be found at
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/regulations.htm
• EPA’s SmartWay Partnership program can be found at
http://www.epa.gov/smartway/
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