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Mapping interview transcript
records: theoretical, technical and
     cartographic challenges

                  CCRI
       Gloucester University
               14.02.2013
             Dr Scott Orford
         WISERD, Cardiff University
Overview
•   Background to research
•   Geo-tagging interview transcripts
•   Geo-visualization and mapping
•   Spatial metrics
•   Some emerging issues
•   Use of QGIS in localities research
•   Conclusions
WISERD

                             WISERD
• Major investment in research infrastructure in Economic and Social
  Sciences across Wales
• Major innovations in qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods
• Establish flexible and integrated sets of data relating to Wales
• Strategy for generating research grant bids and sustainability
• Links with WAG, ONS and Local Authorities across Wales
• Links with Other Centres and Programmes in Cardiff
Mapping interview transcript records: theoretical, technical and cartographic challenges - Dr Scott Orford
Emerging research
• Collaborative Qualitative GIS research project involving both
  GI professionals and qualitative researchers from backgrounds
  with little association with spatial literacy or mapping
• Attempt to understand the different geographies that policy
  makers make use of in their day-to-day work
• Context of Welsh devolution where some policy areas
  devolved to WG some still remit of Westminster
• Provide empirical support to theoretical concepts of relational
  space (Jones, 2009)
• GIS augmented traditional qualitative analytical methods
Locating the research


     Conventional                Qual-GIS
        GIS




                     Spatial
                                       “Visual GISting”
                    Humanities
                                       (Gregory & Hardie,
                                       2011)
WISERD Localities

   A55 Corridor (Bangor)




Central and West
Coast Region               Heads of Valleys
(Aberystwyth)              (Cardiff)
Interviews
• In-depth interview 120 stakeholders across 3
  localities who have links to 8 policy areas

Crime, public space & policing   Education and young people
                                  Environment, tourism and
Language, citizenship & identity
                                  leisure
                                  Economic development and
Health, wellbeing and social care
                                  regeneration
Housing and transport            Employment and training
Transcipts
• Interviews recorded and transcribed by
  professional company
              Min    Max    Ave   Std
     Pages     11     235    34   25
     Words    4828   48301 12306 5942

• Analysed in CAQDAS package (Atlas.ti)
• Parsed through qualitative meta-data
  generator using Web Services to geo-tag
  places and semantically tag words
WISERD Qualitative meta-
    data generator
Linked to ESDA Qual-GIS
  (WISERD GeoPortal)
Part of WISERD GeoPortal

                           Text     User account
                                                   Full metadata
                           search   management
          GIS tools &                              Reporting for surveys
          Spatial search

          Map layers

                                                    Innovative metadata
Qualitative                                         visualisation for
data mapping                                        qualitative data (here
(place names                                        showing word clouds
Status bar
in interview                                        and place name
transcripts)                                        charting)
• Place names geo-tagged with page, line
  number and word number in transcript
• Also, all transcripts manually geo-tagged to
  allow success of automated geo-tagging to be
  evaluated
Geo-tagging
• Place names in the transcripts identified and
  extracted with page and line number
• geo-tagged to a single point using the OS
  1:50,000 scale gazetteer
    Place names      Min      Max     Ave         Std
    Counts             8      269      73          48
    % words          0.60     0.27    0.60        0.27
    Ave per page     0.42     8.00    2.43        1.46
Problems of geo-tagging
 place names (Southall, et al. 2011)
• Identifying place names in transcripts
• Place name spelling mistakes in transcripts
  (esp Welsh place names)
• Vernacular names with no official geography
• Confounding place names with different
  geographical features
• Multiple places with the same name (geotag)
GeoVisualization
• Geo-visualization is an important aspect of
  Qualitative GIS and a function that has been
  used to justify and promote its use (Knigge &
  Cope, 2009)
Conventional dot
mapping using
proportional sized
circles for each place
mentioned in the
transcripts
A kernel density
surface of the
places mentioned
in the transcripts of
all the stakeholders
from the local
authority of
Ceredigion
Centrographic Maps
where
point locations are
replaced by statistical
summaries of the
locations such as
standard deviational
ellipses and mean
centres
Mapping interview transcript records: theoretical, technical and cartographic challenges - Dr Scott Orford
Mapping interview transcript records: theoretical, technical and cartographic challenges - Dr Scott Orford
Mapping interview transcript records: theoretical, technical and cartographic challenges - Dr Scott Orford
Mapping interview transcript records: theoretical, technical and cartographic challenges - Dr Scott Orford
Mapping interview transcript records: theoretical, technical and cartographic challenges - Dr Scott Orford
Mapping interview transcript records: theoretical, technical and cartographic challenges - Dr Scott Orford
Spatial Metrics
• GIS allows the construction of basic spatial
  metrics
• Can augment quantitative measures generated
  through analysis of coding of interview
  transcripts
• Provide support for discursive narratives of
  geographical themes in transcripts
Percentage of places mentioned in each Local
Authority according to the local authority of the
            stakeholder interviewee

Welsh Local      Blaenau                          Merthyr                   Cynon
Authorities      Gwent     Ceredigion   Gwynedd   Tydfil    Pembrokeshire   Taff    Wrexham

Blaenau Gwent    62.6                          3.9                           1.6
Ceredigion        0.5       66.3          1.2  1.5              8.7          3.2
Gwynedd                      2.4         63.8 0.3               0.2          0.3     4.0
Merthyr Tydfil    2.7        0.6              71.2                           7.9
Pembrokeshire     2.4       12.6          0.5  0.5             75.4          0.8
Rhondda Cynon
Taff              3.7                               7.5                      60.2
Wrexham           0.5                    4.3        1.0                              73.8
Average Euclidean distances from centre of Local
  Authority to places mentioned in transcript


                                 Mean Standard    Count
    Local Authority   Locality   (km) Deviation   (places)
                         C
    Merthyr Tydfill               11      24          584
    Rhondda Cynon        C
    Taff                          15      23         1044
                         B
    Wrexham                       16      35          321
                         C
    Blaenau Gwent                 17      36          751
                         A
    Ceredigion                    30      33          704
                         A
    Pembrokeshire                 34      39          423
                         B
    Gwynedd                       37      37         1002
Average Euclidean distances from centre of Local
  Authority to places mentioned in transcript


                                   Mean   Standard
    Policy Area                    (km)   Deviation   Count
    Crime, public space and
    policing                        15       23        69
    Language, citizenship and
    identity                        21       32       121
    Health, wellbeing and social
    care                            23       27       68
    Housing and transport           27       29       116
    Employment and training         28       29       83
    Education and young people      42       37       247
    All Policy Areas                30       33       704
Discussions
• QGIS negotiate issues such as data sharing, confidentiality,
  disclosure and what can and cannot be presented to people
  outside of the team.
• Added value to conventional qualitative analysis
• Value of the spatial metrics that could not be created in the
  CAQDAS
• Some spatial patterns uncovered in CAQDAS analysis but only
  treated discursively
• Cannot analyse or interpret maps / spatial metrics in
  isolation of transcripts or context of interview -
  complimenting qualitative research (mixed methods)
• What is relevant in the geo-tagged data
Research Process

               Interviewees


                              Geo-visualisation /
Transcripts      GIS          spatial metrics

              Geo-tagging
Future Research
• Analysis of automated geo-tagging software
• Development of non-disclosive cartographic
  techniques
• Further analysis of maps and spatial metrics
  and how they can be interpreted meaningfully
  in the context of interviews
• EQUALISA - transcript mapping and
  exploratory tool
Acknowledgements
• This paper is based on research supported by the Wales
  Institute of Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods
  (WISERD), funded by the Economic and Social Research
  Council (ESRC) (Grant Reference: RES-576-25-0021) and the
  Higher Education Funding Council for Wales (HEFCW)

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Mapping interview transcript records: theoretical, technical and cartographic challenges - Dr Scott Orford

  • 1. Mapping interview transcript records: theoretical, technical and cartographic challenges CCRI Gloucester University 14.02.2013 Dr Scott Orford WISERD, Cardiff University
  • 2. Overview • Background to research • Geo-tagging interview transcripts • Geo-visualization and mapping • Spatial metrics • Some emerging issues • Use of QGIS in localities research • Conclusions
  • 3. WISERD WISERD • Major investment in research infrastructure in Economic and Social Sciences across Wales • Major innovations in qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods • Establish flexible and integrated sets of data relating to Wales • Strategy for generating research grant bids and sustainability • Links with WAG, ONS and Local Authorities across Wales • Links with Other Centres and Programmes in Cardiff
  • 5. Emerging research • Collaborative Qualitative GIS research project involving both GI professionals and qualitative researchers from backgrounds with little association with spatial literacy or mapping • Attempt to understand the different geographies that policy makers make use of in their day-to-day work • Context of Welsh devolution where some policy areas devolved to WG some still remit of Westminster • Provide empirical support to theoretical concepts of relational space (Jones, 2009) • GIS augmented traditional qualitative analytical methods
  • 6. Locating the research Conventional Qual-GIS GIS Spatial “Visual GISting” Humanities (Gregory & Hardie, 2011)
  • 7. WISERD Localities A55 Corridor (Bangor) Central and West Coast Region Heads of Valleys (Aberystwyth) (Cardiff)
  • 8. Interviews • In-depth interview 120 stakeholders across 3 localities who have links to 8 policy areas Crime, public space & policing Education and young people Environment, tourism and Language, citizenship & identity leisure Economic development and Health, wellbeing and social care regeneration Housing and transport Employment and training
  • 9. Transcipts • Interviews recorded and transcribed by professional company Min Max Ave Std Pages 11 235 34 25 Words 4828 48301 12306 5942 • Analysed in CAQDAS package (Atlas.ti) • Parsed through qualitative meta-data generator using Web Services to geo-tag places and semantically tag words
  • 10. WISERD Qualitative meta- data generator
  • 11. Linked to ESDA Qual-GIS (WISERD GeoPortal)
  • 12. Part of WISERD GeoPortal Text User account Full metadata search management GIS tools & Reporting for surveys Spatial search Map layers Innovative metadata Qualitative visualisation for data mapping qualitative data (here (place names showing word clouds Status bar in interview and place name transcripts) charting)
  • 13. • Place names geo-tagged with page, line number and word number in transcript • Also, all transcripts manually geo-tagged to allow success of automated geo-tagging to be evaluated
  • 14. Geo-tagging • Place names in the transcripts identified and extracted with page and line number • geo-tagged to a single point using the OS 1:50,000 scale gazetteer Place names Min Max Ave Std Counts 8 269 73 48 % words 0.60 0.27 0.60 0.27 Ave per page 0.42 8.00 2.43 1.46
  • 15. Problems of geo-tagging place names (Southall, et al. 2011) • Identifying place names in transcripts • Place name spelling mistakes in transcripts (esp Welsh place names) • Vernacular names with no official geography • Confounding place names with different geographical features • Multiple places with the same name (geotag)
  • 16. GeoVisualization • Geo-visualization is an important aspect of Qualitative GIS and a function that has been used to justify and promote its use (Knigge & Cope, 2009)
  • 17. Conventional dot mapping using proportional sized circles for each place mentioned in the transcripts
  • 18. A kernel density surface of the places mentioned in the transcripts of all the stakeholders from the local authority of Ceredigion
  • 19. Centrographic Maps where point locations are replaced by statistical summaries of the locations such as standard deviational ellipses and mean centres
  • 26. Spatial Metrics • GIS allows the construction of basic spatial metrics • Can augment quantitative measures generated through analysis of coding of interview transcripts • Provide support for discursive narratives of geographical themes in transcripts
  • 27. Percentage of places mentioned in each Local Authority according to the local authority of the stakeholder interviewee Welsh Local Blaenau Merthyr Cynon Authorities Gwent Ceredigion Gwynedd Tydfil Pembrokeshire Taff Wrexham Blaenau Gwent 62.6 3.9 1.6 Ceredigion 0.5 66.3 1.2 1.5 8.7 3.2 Gwynedd 2.4 63.8 0.3 0.2 0.3 4.0 Merthyr Tydfil 2.7 0.6 71.2 7.9 Pembrokeshire 2.4 12.6 0.5 0.5 75.4 0.8 Rhondda Cynon Taff 3.7 7.5 60.2 Wrexham 0.5 4.3 1.0 73.8
  • 28. Average Euclidean distances from centre of Local Authority to places mentioned in transcript Mean Standard Count Local Authority Locality (km) Deviation (places) C Merthyr Tydfill 11 24 584 Rhondda Cynon C Taff 15 23 1044 B Wrexham 16 35 321 C Blaenau Gwent 17 36 751 A Ceredigion 30 33 704 A Pembrokeshire 34 39 423 B Gwynedd 37 37 1002
  • 29. Average Euclidean distances from centre of Local Authority to places mentioned in transcript Mean Standard Policy Area (km) Deviation Count Crime, public space and policing 15 23 69 Language, citizenship and identity 21 32 121 Health, wellbeing and social care 23 27 68 Housing and transport 27 29 116 Employment and training 28 29 83 Education and young people 42 37 247 All Policy Areas 30 33 704
  • 30. Discussions • QGIS negotiate issues such as data sharing, confidentiality, disclosure and what can and cannot be presented to people outside of the team. • Added value to conventional qualitative analysis • Value of the spatial metrics that could not be created in the CAQDAS • Some spatial patterns uncovered in CAQDAS analysis but only treated discursively • Cannot analyse or interpret maps / spatial metrics in isolation of transcripts or context of interview - complimenting qualitative research (mixed methods) • What is relevant in the geo-tagged data
  • 31. Research Process Interviewees Geo-visualisation / Transcripts GIS spatial metrics Geo-tagging
  • 32. Future Research • Analysis of automated geo-tagging software • Development of non-disclosive cartographic techniques • Further analysis of maps and spatial metrics and how they can be interpreted meaningfully in the context of interviews • EQUALISA - transcript mapping and exploratory tool
  • 33. Acknowledgements • This paper is based on research supported by the Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods (WISERD), funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (Grant Reference: RES-576-25-0021) and the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales (HEFCW)