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10/10/2012


Carlos Navarro, Julian Ramirez,
Andy Jarvis, Peter Laderach
Contents
• Brief about climate
  & agricultre
• Climate
  data, availability,
  difficulties, options
• Our databases
We know…
• Any agroecosystem respond to changes of
  anthropogenic factors, biotics, abiotics.
• Weather and climate predictability is fairly limited.
• The climate will change.
• Each system is an specific case.
• Crops are very sensitive to climatic conditions
Climate & Agriculture
  – Multiple variables
  – Very high spatial
                              –T°
                                 • Max,
    resolution                   • Min,




                                            Less importance


                                                              More certainty
                                 • Mean
  – Mid-high temporal (i.e.
    monthly, daily)
    resolution                –Prec
  – Accurate weather
    forecasts and climate     – HR
    projections               – Radiation
  – High certainty            – Wind
• Both for present and        – …….
  future
We don’t know… What are the conditions in 30, 50,
                100 years?
                                 • How our system
                                   respond to these
                                   conditions?
                                 • When, where and
                                   what type of change
                                   requiere to adapt?
                                 • Who should plan?
              >> UNCERTAINTIES
                                   Who should leads
                                   the process ? Who
                                   should run?
Needs   Limitations
Emission Scenarios
                                                   Pessimistic
                Intermediate
                                               “Bussiness as usual”
 P
                                Economic                   P

     E
                                                               E


 Global                                                               Regional

     P                                                         P

          E                                                           E



              Perfect World    Environmental                          Optimistic
In agriculture, the
 different emission
  scenarios are not
   important ... by
2030 the difference
    between the
     scenarios is
       minimal
GCM “Global Climate Model”




 GCMs are the only way
                            Using the past to learn
we can predict the future
                                for the future
        climate
What are saying the models?
                                        Atmospheric concentrations
    Variations of the Earth’s surface
      temperature: 1000 to 2100




  Anthropogenic changes lead to changes in weather
Resolutions
 • Horizontal
 resolution 100 to
 300 km
 • 18 and 56 vertical
 levels

              Global scale 
            Regional or local scale 
Model                 Country         Atmosphere             Ocean
BCCR-BCM2.0           Norway          T63, L31               1.5x0.5, L35
CCCMA-CGCM3.1 (T47)   Canada          T47 (3.75x3.75), L31   1.85x1.85, L29
CCCMA-CGCM3.1 (T63)   Canada          T63 (2.8x2.8), L31     1.4x0.94, L29
CNRM-CM3              France          T63 (2.8x2.8), L45     1.875x(0.5-2), L31
CSIRO-Mk3.0           Australia       T63, L18               1.875x0.84, L31
CSIRO-Mk3.5           Australia       T63, L18               1.875x0.84, L31
GFDL-CM2.0            USA             2.5x2.0, L24           1.0x(1/3-1), L50
GFDL-CM2.1            USA             2.5x2.0, L24           1.0x(1/3-1), L50
GISS-AOM              USA             4x3, L12               4x3, L16
GISS-MODEL-EH         USA             5x4, L20               5x4, L13
GISS-MODEL-ER         USA             5x4, L20               5x4, L13
IAP-FGOALS1.0-G       China           2.8x2.8, L26           1x1, L16
INGV-ECHAM4           Italy           T42, L19               2x(0.5-2), L31
INM-CM3.0             Russia          5x4, L21               2.5x2, L33
IPSL-CM4              France          2.5x3.75, L19          2x(1-2), L30
MIROC3.2-HIRES        Japan           T106, L56              0.28x0.19, L47
MIROC3.2-MEDRES       Japan           T42, L20               1.4x(0.5-1.4), L43
MIUB-ECHO-G           Germany/Korea   T30, L19               T42, L20
MPI-ECHAM5            Germany         T63, L32               1x1, L41
MRI-CGCM2.3.2A        Japan           T42, L30               2.5x(0.5-2.0)
NCAR-CCSM3.0          USA             T85L26, 1.4x1.4        1x(0.27-1), L40
NCAR-PCM1             USA             T42 (2.8x2.8), L18     1x(0.27-1), L40
UKMO-HADCM3           UK              3.75x2.5, L19          1.25x1.25, L20
UKMO-HADGEM1          UK              1.875x1.25, L38        1.25x1.25, L20


                            Uncertainties!
Difficulty 1. They differ on resolution
• Difficulty 2. They differ in availability (via IPCC)
     WCRP CMIP3     A1B-P   A1B-T   A1B-Tx   A1B-Tn   A2-P   A2-T   A2-Tx   A2-Tn   B1-P   B1-T   B1-Tx   B1-Tn
BCCR-BCM2.0         OK      OK      OK       OK       OK     OK     OK      OK      OK     OK     OK      OK
CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T63   OK      OK      NO       NO       NO     NO     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T47   OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
CNRM-CM3            OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
CSIRO-MK3.0         OK      OK      OK       OK       OK     OK     OK      OK      OK     OK     OK      OK
CSIRO-MK3.5         OK      OK      OK       OK       OK     OK     OK      OK      OK     OK     OK      OK
GFDL-CM2.0          OK      OK      OK       OK       OK     OK     OK      OK      OK     OK     OK      OK
GFDL-CM2.1          OK      OK      OK       OK       OK     OK     OK      OK      OK     OK     OK      OK
GISS-AOM            OK      OK      OK       OK       NO     NO     NO      NO      OK     OK     OK      OK
GISS-MODEL-EH       OK      OK      NO       NO       NO     NO     NO      NO      NO     NO     NO      NO
GISS-MODEL-ER       OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
IAP-FGOALS1.0-G     OK      OK      NO       NO       NO     NO     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
INGV-ECHAM4         OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      NO     NO     NO      NO
INM-CM3.0           OK      OK      OK       OK       OK     OK     OK      OK      OK     OK     OK      OK
IPSL-CM4            OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
MIROC3.2.3-HIRES    OK      OK      OK       OK       NO     NO     NO      NO      OK     OK     OK      OK
MIROC3.2.3-MEDRES   OK      OK      OK       OK       OK     OK     OK      OK      OK     OK     OK      OK
MIUB-ECHO-G         OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
MPI-ECHAM5          OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
MRI-CGCM2.3.2A      OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
NCAR-CCSM3.0        OK      OK      OK       OK       OK     OK     OK      OK      OK     OK     OK      OK
NCAR-PCM1           OK      OK      OK       OK       OK     OK     OK      OK      OK     OK     OK      OK
UKMO-HADCM3         OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      OK     OK     NO      NO
UKMO-HADGEM1        OK      OK      NO       NO       OK     OK     NO      NO      NO     NO     NO      NO
Difficulty 3. limited ability to represent present
                       climates




   Depender de un solo GCM es peligroso!
How I can use this information?




                                                Options
                                                     Downscaling by
                              Needs                   statistical or
                                   To increase
                                                       dynamical
                             resolution, uniformise,
                                                       methods..
             Problem              provide high
            Even the most       resolution and
            precise GCM is    contextualised data
              too coarse
               (~100km)
The Delta Method
• Use anomalies and discard baselines
  in GCMs
  – Climate baseline: WorldClim
  – Used in the majority of studies
  – Takes original GCM timeseries
  – Calculates averages over a baseline and
    future periods (i.e. 2020s, 2050s)
  – Compute anomalies
  – Spline interpolation of anomalies
  – Sum anomalies to WorldClim
Stations by
                        variable:
                       • 47,554
                      precipitation
  Mean annual
temperature (ºC)        • 24,542
      -30.1
                          tmean
      30.5
                        • 14,835
                       tmax y tmin
                     Sources:
                     •GHCN
                     •FAOCLIM
     Annual          •WMO
precipitation (mm)
      0              •CIAT
                     •R-Hydronet
      12084
                     •Redes nacionales
RCM PRECIS                   Providing REgional Climates for
– They use outputs of                       Impacts Studies
  GCMs
– Area are limited .. Need
  boundary conditions.
– Performs calculations
  of atmospheric
  dynamics and solve
  equations for each grid.
– Daily data
– Resolution varies between 25-
  50km
– More than 170 output variables
Method                  +                                   -
               *Easy to implement       * Change variable only at big scale
 Statistical   *  resolutions          * Variables do not change their relations
downscaling    *Apply to all GCMs       with time
               *Uniforme baseline       *  variables

                                        *Few platforms (PRECIS, CORDEX)
               * Robust
                                        *Many processes and stockages
 Dynamic       *Apply to GCMs if data
                                        *Limited resolution (25-50km)
downscaling    available
                                        *Missing development
               * variables
                                        *Dificulty to quantify uncertainties
We need models to quantify the impacts and
                        adaptation options for effective design
                                                                               Based on process
   GCMs
                                  Statistical Downscaling

                                                                     MarkSim


                                    Dynamical downscaling:
                                    Regional Climate Model

Based on niches                                                                        DSSAT
  Probability




                                                               EcoCrop
                                      Statistical
                                      Downscaling
         Environmental gradient                                                      Effective
                                                            MaxEnt                   adaptation
                                                                                     options
Changes in climate affect the adaptability of crops…



                                                            There will be
                                                            winners…



           Number of crops with more than 5% gain


…But much
more losers in
developing
countries
                                      Number of crops with more than 5% loss
http://ccafs-climate.org
• Downscaling is inevitable.
• Continuous improvements are
  being done
• Strong focus on uncertainty
  analysis and improvement of
  baseline data
• We need multiple approaches to improve the
  information base on climate change scenarios
    Development of RCMs (multiple: PRECIS not enough)
    Downscaling empirical, methods Hybrids
    We tested different methodologies
Climate Data for Agriculture

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Climate Data for Agriculture

  • 1. 10/10/2012 Carlos Navarro, Julian Ramirez, Andy Jarvis, Peter Laderach
  • 2. Contents • Brief about climate & agricultre • Climate data, availability, difficulties, options • Our databases
  • 3. We know… • Any agroecosystem respond to changes of anthropogenic factors, biotics, abiotics. • Weather and climate predictability is fairly limited. • The climate will change. • Each system is an specific case. • Crops are very sensitive to climatic conditions
  • 4. Climate & Agriculture – Multiple variables – Very high spatial –T° • Max, resolution • Min, Less importance More certainty • Mean – Mid-high temporal (i.e. monthly, daily) resolution –Prec – Accurate weather forecasts and climate – HR projections – Radiation – High certainty – Wind • Both for present and – ……. future
  • 5. We don’t know… What are the conditions in 30, 50, 100 years? • How our system respond to these conditions? • When, where and what type of change requiere to adapt? • Who should plan? >> UNCERTAINTIES Who should leads the process ? Who should run?
  • 6. Needs Limitations
  • 7. Emission Scenarios Pessimistic Intermediate “Bussiness as usual” P Economic P E E Global Regional P P E E Perfect World Environmental Optimistic
  • 8. In agriculture, the different emission scenarios are not important ... by 2030 the difference between the scenarios is minimal
  • 9. GCM “Global Climate Model” GCMs are the only way Using the past to learn we can predict the future for the future climate
  • 10. What are saying the models? Atmospheric concentrations Variations of the Earth’s surface temperature: 1000 to 2100 Anthropogenic changes lead to changes in weather
  • 11. Resolutions • Horizontal resolution 100 to 300 km • 18 and 56 vertical levels Global scale  Regional or local scale 
  • 12. Model Country Atmosphere Ocean BCCR-BCM2.0 Norway T63, L31 1.5x0.5, L35 CCCMA-CGCM3.1 (T47) Canada T47 (3.75x3.75), L31 1.85x1.85, L29 CCCMA-CGCM3.1 (T63) Canada T63 (2.8x2.8), L31 1.4x0.94, L29 CNRM-CM3 France T63 (2.8x2.8), L45 1.875x(0.5-2), L31 CSIRO-Mk3.0 Australia T63, L18 1.875x0.84, L31 CSIRO-Mk3.5 Australia T63, L18 1.875x0.84, L31 GFDL-CM2.0 USA 2.5x2.0, L24 1.0x(1/3-1), L50 GFDL-CM2.1 USA 2.5x2.0, L24 1.0x(1/3-1), L50 GISS-AOM USA 4x3, L12 4x3, L16 GISS-MODEL-EH USA 5x4, L20 5x4, L13 GISS-MODEL-ER USA 5x4, L20 5x4, L13 IAP-FGOALS1.0-G China 2.8x2.8, L26 1x1, L16 INGV-ECHAM4 Italy T42, L19 2x(0.5-2), L31 INM-CM3.0 Russia 5x4, L21 2.5x2, L33 IPSL-CM4 France 2.5x3.75, L19 2x(1-2), L30 MIROC3.2-HIRES Japan T106, L56 0.28x0.19, L47 MIROC3.2-MEDRES Japan T42, L20 1.4x(0.5-1.4), L43 MIUB-ECHO-G Germany/Korea T30, L19 T42, L20 MPI-ECHAM5 Germany T63, L32 1x1, L41 MRI-CGCM2.3.2A Japan T42, L30 2.5x(0.5-2.0) NCAR-CCSM3.0 USA T85L26, 1.4x1.4 1x(0.27-1), L40 NCAR-PCM1 USA T42 (2.8x2.8), L18 1x(0.27-1), L40 UKMO-HADCM3 UK 3.75x2.5, L19 1.25x1.25, L20 UKMO-HADGEM1 UK 1.875x1.25, L38 1.25x1.25, L20 Uncertainties!
  • 13. Difficulty 1. They differ on resolution
  • 14. • Difficulty 2. They differ in availability (via IPCC) WCRP CMIP3 A1B-P A1B-T A1B-Tx A1B-Tn A2-P A2-T A2-Tx A2-Tn B1-P B1-T B1-Tx B1-Tn BCCR-BCM2.0 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T63 OK OK NO NO NO NO NO NO OK OK NO NO CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T47 OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO CNRM-CM3 OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO CSIRO-MK3.0 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK CSIRO-MK3.5 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK GFDL-CM2.0 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK GFDL-CM2.1 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK GISS-AOM OK OK OK OK NO NO NO NO OK OK OK OK GISS-MODEL-EH OK OK NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO GISS-MODEL-ER OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO IAP-FGOALS1.0-G OK OK NO NO NO NO NO NO OK OK NO NO INGV-ECHAM4 OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO NO NO NO NO INM-CM3.0 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK IPSL-CM4 OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO MIROC3.2.3-HIRES OK OK OK OK NO NO NO NO OK OK OK OK MIROC3.2.3-MEDRES OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK MIUB-ECHO-G OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO MPI-ECHAM5 OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO MRI-CGCM2.3.2A OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO NCAR-CCSM3.0 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK NCAR-PCM1 OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK UKMO-HADCM3 OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO UKMO-HADGEM1 OK OK NO NO OK OK NO NO NO NO NO NO
  • 15. Difficulty 3. limited ability to represent present climates Depender de un solo GCM es peligroso!
  • 16. How I can use this information? Options Downscaling by Needs statistical or To increase dynamical resolution, uniformise, methods.. Problem provide high Even the most resolution and precise GCM is contextualised data too coarse (~100km)
  • 17. The Delta Method • Use anomalies and discard baselines in GCMs – Climate baseline: WorldClim – Used in the majority of studies – Takes original GCM timeseries – Calculates averages over a baseline and future periods (i.e. 2020s, 2050s) – Compute anomalies – Spline interpolation of anomalies – Sum anomalies to WorldClim
  • 18.
  • 19. Stations by variable: • 47,554 precipitation Mean annual temperature (ºC) • 24,542 -30.1 tmean 30.5 • 14,835 tmax y tmin Sources: •GHCN •FAOCLIM Annual •WMO precipitation (mm) 0 •CIAT •R-Hydronet 12084 •Redes nacionales
  • 20. RCM PRECIS Providing REgional Climates for – They use outputs of Impacts Studies GCMs – Area are limited .. Need boundary conditions. – Performs calculations of atmospheric dynamics and solve equations for each grid. – Daily data – Resolution varies between 25- 50km – More than 170 output variables
  • 21. Method + - *Easy to implement * Change variable only at big scale Statistical *  resolutions * Variables do not change their relations downscaling *Apply to all GCMs with time *Uniforme baseline *  variables *Few platforms (PRECIS, CORDEX) * Robust *Many processes and stockages Dynamic *Apply to GCMs if data *Limited resolution (25-50km) downscaling available *Missing development * variables *Dificulty to quantify uncertainties
  • 22. We need models to quantify the impacts and adaptation options for effective design Based on process GCMs Statistical Downscaling MarkSim Dynamical downscaling: Regional Climate Model Based on niches DSSAT Probability EcoCrop Statistical Downscaling Environmental gradient Effective MaxEnt adaptation options
  • 23. Changes in climate affect the adaptability of crops… There will be winners… Number of crops with more than 5% gain …But much more losers in developing countries Number of crops with more than 5% loss
  • 25.
  • 26. • Downscaling is inevitable. • Continuous improvements are being done • Strong focus on uncertainty analysis and improvement of baseline data • We need multiple approaches to improve the information base on climate change scenarios  Development of RCMs (multiple: PRECIS not enough)  Downscaling empirical, methods Hybrids  We tested different methodologies

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Para hacer estos cálculos de vulnerabilidad (incapacidad de un sistema para afrontar los efectos adversos del CC), necesitamos datos climáticos. Saber que va a pasar, cuando, para proyectar Planes de adaptación. La evaluación de los impactos de cambio climáticoincluye: Desarrollar modelos -> Conocer incertidumbres -> Planes de acción -> Generación de políticas LimitacionesSistema climático complejo: Modelos todavía no pueden representar cientos de procesos de forma adecuadaResoluciones de modelos inadecuadas: Se requieren modelos con escalas finas.Incertidumbres: Incertidumbres en cuanto a futuras emisiones f(suposiciones concentraciones, población, desarrollo económico, tecnológico)
  2. Analizan de qué manera influirán las fuerzas determinantes en las emisiones futuras, y para evaluar el margen de incertidumbre de dicho análisis. Representannuestracapacidad de respuesta (mitigación)… desarrollotecnológico, sostenibilidadambientalIPCC hadesarrollado 4 familias de escenarios A1B : Rápidocrecimientoeconómico y demográfico con pico a ½ siglo A2 : Crecimientoeconómico regional y lento, población en contínuocrecimiento B1 : Población A1 pero con introducción de tecnologíaslimpias B2 : Desarrolloeconómicointermedio y regional, crecimientopoblacionalmenor. Son escenariosprobablespero no se sabensusprobabilidadesrelativas.
  3. Los escenarios de emisiones imponen condiciones para los modelos climáticos globales (basados en ciencias atmosféricas, química, física, biología, etc).Dividen el mundo el grillas y miran las relaciones entre factores que ocurren entre la atmósfera, los oceános, la superficie de la tierra. Por supuesto, hay cientos de procesos que salen de la comprensión de los modelos matemáticos así que estos modelos utilizan parametrizaciones para representar fenomenos incomprensibles. Son tan elaborados estos modelos que tienen que correrse en supercomputadoras. Entre más complejo sea el modelo, más factores tiene en cuenta y menos suposiciones usa. Se corre desde el pasado hasta el futuro
  4. CC es la mismahistoria … Cambiosantropogénicosllevan a cambiosatmosféricosCrecimientopoblacionalExpansion agricola e industrialTecnologiasambientalmente no amigables Resultan en Aumento de gases de efectoinvernaderoLas temperaturaspodrianincrementarsehasta en 6 oC en 2100Lo queestáocurriendo no tieneprecedentes, poresodebemosmirar lo quemuestran los modeloscomonunca antes.
  5. Estosmodelospuedenllegar a ser tan complejosquepuedenexpandirseverticalmente a muchosniveles, sin embargo lasresolucionesespaciales de sussalidas no son lasmásadecuadas. Fenómenosescala local : Especialmente en regiones con orografíacompleja, suelohetereogéneo, líneacostas.
  6. GCMs y ResolucionesDifieren en Formulación (ecuaciones)ResoluciónEntradasPrecisiónDisponibilidadProyectandiferentespatrones y magnitudes para un mismoperiodo. Todoestoaumenta la incertidumbre. Recomendación : Usarmuchos GCMs comodatos de entrada (estudios de impacto)
  7. Grado de cobertura diff segun modelo. Y resultados tambien yield o suitability. Tambien difieren en escala espacio-temporal a la que se usan.
  8. Those change are happening and are affecting crop around the world. We need to know how and how much climate change is going to have an impact on crops to be able to build adaptation strategy and decrease the potential impact of CC on crops and agricultural systems.