CIFOR scientist Daniel Murdiyarso gave this presentation on 29 November 2012 at the World Resources Institute UNFCCC COP18 side-event ‘Facts, Figures and Findings: A Dialogue on the Indonesia Moratorium’ in Doha, Qatar.

1. The fate of Indonesia’s forest moratorium:
Will the existing regulatory framework help?
Daniel Murdiyarso (CIFOR) and Sonya Dewi (ICRAF)

2. Lawmakers: “discontinue Moratorium”
• Depriving local livelihoods
• Job opportunities declined
• OP applicants 300, approved 70-80
• To freeze reforestation budget
The Jakarta Globe
November 24, 2012
Forest Ministry Pushes to Continue Deforestation Moratorium, House Pushes Back
Indonesian lawmakers threatened on Friday to freeze the budget for reforestation
projects if President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono continues the nation’s deforestation
moratorium until 2014……………………………

3. Outline
• Introduction
– Problems with definitions
– Ever decreasing protected areas
– Regaining C-rich forests
• Thinking out-of-the-box
– From primary to secondary forests
– From peatland to wetlands
– From area to C-density
– From REDD to NAMAs
• Existing regulatory framework help?
– Swapping and revoking
– Scrutinize conflicting regulations
– Engaging lawmakers
• Recommendations

4. A two-year moratorium
• With some controversies
• Ill-defined: primary vs natural
• Includes some red carpets
• Excludes (natural) secondary
forests
• Most of the forest land
categories are already
protected by law
• The area to be addressed is
much less but highly
problematic in terms of
governance

5. Indicative Moratorium Map (PIPIB)

6. Peatlands distribution in Indonesia
Shallow to deep
(5.8 Mha = 11 GtC)
Deep to very deep
(7.2 Mha = 19 GtC)
Shallow to moderate
(8.0 Mha = 3 GtC)
1990 2002
Global 400 Mha (528 Pg)
Tropics 40 Mha (191 Pg)
SE Asia 35-40 Mha 25-30 Mha
Indonesia 21 Mha 17 Mha (?)
(33 Pg)

7. The MRV challenges
• Measuring GHG fluxes from drained peat swamp
and fire emissions
• Quantifying C-stocks change from forests
conversions
• LUCC (100,000 ha/y in 2000-2005)
THINKING beyond the canopy
1991

8. If extended: secondary forests
Primary
Natural
Forest
Secondary
Plantation
Mineral
Soil
Peat/organic
Legally defined and identifiable
Secondary
Legally NOT defined but identifiable forests
47 Mha

9. If extended: mangroves to be included
• Indonesia has ca. 3 million ha or 23%
world’s mangrove area
• Deforestation rate 50,000-80,000 ha/yr
• There are more mangroves in Indonesia
than any continents

10. Not recommended for a picnic

11. Mangrove
Mangroves Area Islands Primary Secondary Total
(ha) % (ha) % (ha) %
and distribution Papua 1,166,406 45.6 78,682 3.1 1,245,088 48.6
Kalimantan 57,532 2.2 442,119 17.3 499,651 19.5
Papua, Kalimantan, and Sumatera Sumatera 138,431 5.4 314,826 12.3 453,257 17.7
islands harbor 85.8 % of Indonesian Maluku 66,759 2.6 90,685 3.5 157,444 6.1
mangroves with primary mangrove Sulawesi 32,929 1.3 112,166 4.4 145,094 5.7
(91.6 %), secondary mangrove (77.8 Jawa 8,865 0.3 23,339 0.9 32,205 1.3
%) Nusa Tenggara 16,196 0.6 11,753 0.5 27,950 1.1
Indonesia 1,487,118 58.1 1,073,571 41.9 2,560,688 100.0
source: MoF-GoI, 2009

12. Mangrove Forest Cover Changes
Primary mangroves Change Secondary mangroves Change All Mangroves Change
Islands -1 -1 -1
2000 (ha) 2009 (ha) ha.yr 2000 (ha) 2009 (ha) ha.yr 2000 (ha) 2009 (ha) ha.yr
Papua 1,186,161 1,166,406 2,195 72,751 78,682 (659) 1,258,912 1,245,088 1,536
Kalimantan 74,767 57,532 1,915 581,420 442,119 15,478 656,186 499,650 17,393
Sumatera 176,042 138,431 4,179 294,462 314,826 (2,263) 470,505 453,257 1,916
Maluku 66,970 66,759 23 90,495 90,685 (21) 157,464 157,444 2
Sulawesi 40,167 32,929 804 113,243 112,166 120 153,410 145,094 924
Jawa 17,583 8,865 969 15,534 23,339 (867) 33,117 32,205 101
Nusa Tenggara 16,227 16,196 3 11,758 11,753 0 27,985 27,950 4
Indonesia 1,577,917 1,487,118 10,089 1,179,662 1,073,571 11,788 2,757,579 2,560,688 21,877
source: MoF-GoI, 2009
Ecosystem C-pools of ecotypes and islands
riverine (18) estuarine (8)
Properties unit Note
X ± sd
Total C Pool
-1
Ecosystem (Mg C.ha ) 1025.2 ±68.6 b 1172.7 ±66.2 a *
Sumatera (6) Kalimantan (7) Papua (13)
Properties unit Note
X ± sd
Total C Pool
-1
Ecosystem (Mg C.ha ) 1230.0 ±67.1 a 944.7 ±37.6 b 1104.6 ±24.7 c **

13. Ecosystem C-pools

14. Large belowground pools
1,600
Ecosystem C storage (Mg ha )
Aboveground live + dead
-1
1,400
Soils 0-30 cm depth + roots
1,200 Soils below 30 cm depth
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
Boreal Temperate Tropical Mangrove Tropical
upland peat swamp
(Donato et al., 2011)

15. If extended: include NAMAs
Controlling water level in Acacia plantation,
Riau Province

16. If extended: include NAMAs
• Intensifying plantation
• On degraded mineral soils
• Avoid peatlands
• Re-assess land banking
• Use moratorium clauses
• Revenue from palm oil:
$16 B/yr

17. Brand new initiatives:
Accelerating economic development

18. Indonesia is divided into six corridors
Corridor means connectivity (i.e. infrastructure)

19. Papua Economic Corridor
Theme Economic Center Main Economic Activity
• Center for food • Sofifi, Ambon • Food estate, MIFEE
production, fisheries, • Sorong • Oil and gas
energy and mining • Manokwari, Timika • Copper, Nickel
• Jayapura, Merauke • Fisheries

20. Moratorium and OP industry
Before (2007-2010) After (2011)
Company involved 169 124
Province involved 12 22
Expansion (ha) 2,490,404 1,371,216
Plant processing capacity 9,115 4,466
(ton FB/hr)
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and ANTARA News Agency (22 Nov 2012)

21. Lawmakers: “discontinue Moratorium”
• Depriving local livelihoods
• Job opportunities declined
• OP applicants 300, approved 70-80
• To freeze reforestation budget
The Jakarta Globe
November 24, 2012
Forest Ministry Pushes to Continue Deforestation Moratorium, House Pushes Back
Indonesian lawmakers threatened on Friday to freeze the budget for reforestation
projects if President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono continues the nation’s deforestation
moratorium until 2014……………………………

22. Scrutinizing existing regulations
• On “Procedures to change the
function of forest lands”
• Potentials for swapping
• Re-align with the Law on
spatial panning
• On “Utilization of forest lands”
• Is revoking unimplemented
permits or unsustainable
implementation possible?

23. Recommendations
• Although the Moratorium was
not specifically and uniquely
meant to reduce emissions it
can further serve as enabling
conditions
• If it is going to be extended, it
should be targeted for C-rich
forests, including secondary
forests, mangrove ecosystems
• Engaging lawmakers is crucial
to synergize the existing
regulations towards regaining
C-rich forest ecosystems