1. official crime measures

OFFICAL CRIME MEASURE
• UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS

• NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEYS

• JUVENILE COURT STATISTICS
(http://ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/jcsdb/)

40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org
San Francisco, CA 94103
© Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice 2013

Primary Measures of the UCR

• Reported crime

• Arrests

• Clearances


Uniform Crime Reports are comprised of index
crimes and part II crimes:
Index Crimes
1. Homicide
2. Forcible rape
3. Robbery
4. Aggravated assault
5. Burglary
6. Larceny
7. Motor vehicle theft
8. Arson


Uniform Crime Reports are comprised of
index crimes and Part II crimes:

Part II Crimes: all crimes not listed as index
crimes


Part II Offenses Include:
• simple assault • gambling
• curfew offenses • liquor offenses,
• loitering • Prostitution
• embezzlement • public drunkenness
• forgery and • stolen property
counterfeiting, • vandalism
• disorderly conduct • weapons offenses
• driving under the
influence
• drug offenses
• fraud

Criticism of the UCR
• Easily manipulated for political reasons
• Skewed towards street crimes
• Only counts the most series crime
• Does not count the overcharge
• Different jurisdiction arrest practices


National Crime Victimization Survey
NCVS

Published by the Census bureau and Bureau
of Justice Statistics


The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
designed to achieve three primary objectives:

• to develop detailed information about the victims and
consequences of crime

• to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported
to police

• and to provide uniform measures of selected types of
crime


NCVS methodology

Survey of households members


NCVS Crimes
• assault
• burglary
• larceny
• motor vehicle theft
• rape
• robbery.


Compiled by the National juvenile justice center & the office of
juvenile justice and delinquency prevention

JUVENILE COURT STATISTICS


Juvenile Court Statistics
• National Estimates of Delinquency Cases

• National Estimates of Delinquency Case Processing

• National Estimates of Petitioned Status Offense Cases

http://ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/njcda/pdf/jcs2005.pdf


By 2003, the juvenile Violent Crime Index arrest rate had
fallen to the levels of the late 1980s (OJJDP)


Blumstein’s Hypothesis on rising teenage
homicides in early 1990’s

• Recruitment
• Guns as means of self protection
• Diffusion of guns
• Escalation of violence


The juvenile arrest rate trend for Property Crime Index offenses is used as
a general barometer of all property crime arrests of juveniles (OJJDP)


Violent Crime Index (OJJDP)


Murder (OJJDP)


Forcible Rape (OJJDP)


Between 1980 and 2003, the annual juvenile arrest rate for robbery
declined substantially (OJJDP)


Robbery (OJJDP)


Aggravated Assault (OJJDP)


Burglary (OJJDP)


Simple assault (OJJDP)


Property Crime Index (OJJDP)


The surge in the juvenile arrest rate for drug abuse violations between 1993 and
1997 occurred during a period when the juvenile violent crime arrest rate was
declining (OJJDP)


Drug Abuse arrests (OJJDP)


Drug Abuse Arrests (OJJDP)


After increasing in the mid-1980s to mid-1990s, the juvenile proportion of violent
crimes cleared by arrest or exceptional means did not return to its earlier levels
(OJJDP)


The juvenile share of property crime has fallen substantially
since 1980 (OJJDP)


Murders by juveniles in 2002 were less likely to be committed by
a juvenile acting alone than in any year since at least 1980
(OJJDP)


Although use levels for cocaine increased between 1992
and 1999, levels have stabilized recently (OJJDP)


For all three grades, past-month alcohol use in 2004 was at
or near its lowest levels since the mid-1970s (OJJDP)


Violent crime by juvenile offenders peaks in the afternoon;
violent crime by adults peaks in the late evening (OJJDP)


Unlike violent crime by adult offenders, violent crime by juvenile
offenders peaks in the afterschool hours on school days
(OJJDP)


The daily patterns of juvenile violent crimes are similar for
males and females (OJJDP)


Aggravated assaults by juvenile offenders peak at 3 p.m. on
school days, coinciding with the end of the school day (OJJDP)


Violent crime that results in injury to the victim is most likely in the
afterschool hours on school days for juvenile offenders, between 9 p.m.
and midnight for adult offenders (OJJDP)


The time and day patterns of juvenile weapons law violations by males and
especially by females reflect the major role schools play in bringing these
matters to the attention of law enforcement (OJJDP)


Among states with at least minimally adequate reporting, those with high juvenile
violent crime arrest rates in 2003 were
Delaware, Florida, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey (OJJDP)


Juvenile violent crime arrest rates varied considerably among counties
within a state in 2002 (OJJDP)


The states of Wisconsin, Utah, Alaska, Montana, Idaho, Florida, Washington, and
Colorado reported the highest juvenile Property Crime Index arrest rates in 2003
(OJJDP)


In 2002, counties within a state varied considerably in their juvenile
Property Crime Index arrest rates (OJJDP)


Although the proportion of juveniles living below the poverty level has declined
substantially from its 1993 peak, it is still considerably larger than that of older
Americans (OJJDP)


In 2002, black juveniles and Hispanic juveniles were more than 3 times as
likely to live in poverty as non-Hispanic white juveniles (OJJDP)


California Youth Crime and
Incarceration Trends

What the official statistics say


California Youth Incarceration and Crime
Rate
Part I Crime DJF Population

160,000 12,000

140,000
10,000
120,000
8,000
100,000

80,000 6,000

60,000
4,000
40,000
2,000
20,000

0 0


California Youth Crime

California youth arrested for murder
per 100,000 pop. age 10-17, 1960-2006

22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010


California youth arrested for rape
per 100,000 pop. age 10-17, 1960-2006

25

20

15

10

5

0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010



California youth arrested for assault
per 100,000 pop. age 10-17, 1960-2006

400

300

200

100

0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010



CA youth arrested for property crime
per 100,000 pop. age 10-17, 1960-2006

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010



Crime, CA youth vs. rest of US

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0
1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2005-
64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 04 06
Part I arrests per 100,000 age 10-17

California US-CA

California’s changing demographics

Percent of color 1970 2008
Under age 25 28% 70%
Over age 45 15% 40%
Source: California Department of Finance, Demographic Research Unit


California Youth Crime Rates
Change, 1985-2003, in rates of youth:
Imprisonment Part I crime
California - 19% - 56%
Rest of US + 62% - 45%
Sources: US Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; CJSC.


Reports to Read

•http://www.cjcj.org/files/Crime_Rates_and_Youth_Incarceration_in
_Texas_and_California_Compared.pdf

•http://www.cjcj.org/files/testing_incapacitation.pdf


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