UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
G3 Water governance and community based management
1. WATER GOVERNANCE AND COMMUNITY
BASED MANAGEMENT – G3
GBDC Science and Communication Workshop
12th November 2013 - Dhaka
2. PRESENTATION
1. G3 objectives
2. G3 research activities
3. Highlights from the household survey on
Food, Land and Water
4. Highlights from the survey on community water
management
5. G3 findings, messages and recommendations
6. Way forward
5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• Is community management the best way of
managing coastal polders? If so, under what
circumstances does it work?
• If community management is indeed the way
forward, what are the constraints that communities
face in polder management?
• What kind of policies and institution are needed so
that communities can participate in management of
polders?
6. OUTCOME LOGIC MODEL
OUTCOMES
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what
constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems
faced in achieving good
governance from the
perspectives of various
stakeholders
Based on stakeholder
consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best
practises" and what works and
what does not work in the
context of polder management
in Bangladesh
Create awareness among local
communities, academics,
students, governments and
donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving
better polder governance in
Bangladesh
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)
Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Various stakeholder groups fully
appreciate the complexities involved in
polder governance and internalize the
fact that various stakeholder groups
may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen
only when all interests are discussed
openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal
institutions
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions
(LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the
role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead
to improved capacity for governance
of polders
IMPACTS
Change in Practice / Behaviour
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Senior level
officials from
BWDB, LGED and
Government of
Bangladesh in
charge of coastal
zone management
and livelihoods in
these areas
- Scaling up
are made aware of
challenges
involved in polder
governance and
possible solutions
emanating from
our research
studies. This will
be done through a
series of
diseemintation
workshops.
Improved polder
governance
which allows
farmers and
fishermen to
maximise crop,
fish and animal
production within
sustainable
limits thereby
increasing
incomes and
alleviating
poverty.
7. OUTCOME LOGIC MODEL
Outputs
OUTCOMES
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what
constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems
faced in achieving good
governance from the
perspectives of various
stakeholders
Based on stakeholder
consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best
practises" and what works and
what does not work in the
context of polder management
in Bangladesh
Create awareness among local
communities, academics,
students, governments and
donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving
better polder governance in
Bangladesh
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)
Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Various stakeholder groups fully
appreciate the complexities involved in
polder governance and internalize the
fact that various stakeholder groups
may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen
only when all interests are discussed
openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal
institutions
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions
(LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the
role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead
to improved capacity for governance
of polders
IMPACTS
Change in Practice / Behaviour
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Senior level
officials from
BWDB, LGED and
Government of
Bangladesh in
charge of coastal
zone management
and livelihoods in
these areas
- Scaling up
are made aware of
challenges
involved in polder
governance and
possible solutions
emanating from
our research
studies. This will
be done through a
series of
diseemintation
workshops.
Improved polder
governance
which allows
farmers and
fishermen to
maximise crop,
fish and animal
production within
sustainable
limits thereby
increasing
incomes and
alleviating
poverty.
8. OUTCOME LOGIC MODEL
Stakeholders
OUTCOMES
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what
constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems
faced in achieving good
governance from the
perspectives of various
stakeholders
Based on stakeholder
consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best
practises" and what works and
what does not work in the
context of polder management
in Bangladesh
Create awareness among local
communities, academics,
students, governments and
donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving
better polder governance in
Bangladesh
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)
Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Various stakeholder groups fully
appreciate the complexities involved in
polder governance and internalize the
fact that various stakeholder groups
may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen
only when all interests are discussed
openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal
institutions
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions
(LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the
role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead
to improved capacity for governance
of polders
IMPACTS
Change in Practice / Behaviour
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Senior level
officials from
BWDB, LGED and
Government of
Bangladesh in
charge of coastal
zone management
and livelihoods in
these areas
- Scaling up
are made aware of
challenges
involved in polder
governance and
possible solutions
emanating from
our research
studies. This will
be done through a
series of
diseemintation
workshops.
Improved polder
governance
which allows
farmers and
fishermen to
maximise crop,
fish and animal
production within
sustainable
limits thereby
increasing
incomes and
alleviating
poverty.
9. OUTCOME LOGIC MODEL
Outcomes
OUTCOMES
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what
constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems
faced in achieving good
governance from the
perspectives of various
stakeholders
Based on stakeholder
consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best
practises" and what works and
what does not work in the
context of polder management
in Bangladesh
Create awareness among local
communities, academics,
students, governments and
donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving
better polder governance in
Bangladesh
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)
Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Various stakeholder groups fully
appreciate the complexities involved in
polder governance and internalize the
fact that various stakeholder groups
may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen
only when all interests are discussed
openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal
institutions
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions
(LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the
role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead
to improved capacity for governance
of polders
IMPACTS
Change in Practice / Behaviour
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Senior level
officials from
BWDB, LGED and
Government of
Bangladesh in
charge of coastal
zone management
and livelihoods in
these areas
- Scaling up
are made aware of
challenges
involved in polder
governance and
possible solutions
emanating from
our research
studies. This will
be done through a
series of
diseemintation
workshops.
Improved polder
governance
which allows
farmers and
fishermen to
maximise crop,
fish and animal
production within
sustainable
limits thereby
increasing
incomes and
alleviating
poverty.
10. OUTCOME LOGIC MODEL
Impacts
OUTCOMES
Change in Knowledge, Attitude, Skills
OUTPUTS
Nuanced understanding of what
constitutes "good" polder
governance and the problems
faced in achieving good
governance from the
perspectives of various
stakeholders
Based on stakeholder
consultations and research,
create a tool kit of "best
practises" and what works and
what does not work in the
context of polder management
in Bangladesh
Create awareness among local
communities, academics,
students, governments and
donors about the challenges
involved and ways of achieving
better polder governance in
Bangladesh
Polder communities (farmers, fishermen, landless labourers...)
Government officials (BWDB, LGED, Planning Commission) and
elected representatives
Various stakeholder groups fully
appreciate the complexities involved in
polder governance and internalize the
fact that various stakeholder groups
may have different needs and that
"good" polder governance will happen
only when all interests are discussed
openly and taken into consideration
while devising formal or informal
institutions
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
WMOs; BWDB; LGED (local offices), Local government institutions
(LGIs) such as Upazila Parishad
Better understand and appreciate the
role of communities in polder
governance which may then lead
to improved capacity for governance
of polders
IMPACTS
Change in Practice / Behaviour
Higher level government officials
and elected representatives will be
made aware of the project findings
and given concrete suggestions
on how to change practice and
behaviour in the future through
dissemination workshops.
Senior level
officials from
BWDB, LGED and
Government of
Bangladesh in
charge of coastal
zone management
and livelihoods in
these areas
- Scaling up
are made aware of
challenges
involved in polder
governance and
possible solutions
emanating from
our research
studies. This will
be done through a
series of
diseemintation
workshops.
Improved polder
governance
which allows
farmers and
fishermen to
maximise crop,
fish and animal
production within
sustainable
limits thereby
increasing
incomes and
alleviating
poverty.
20. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Conflict case study
Official
consultations
Desk reviews
Infrastructures
mapping
Experimental games
Participatory
Qualitative
maps
survey
Community
consultations
21. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Conflict case study
Official
consultations
Desk reviews
Gender
case study
Infrastructures
mapping
Experimental games
Participatory
Qualitative
maps
survey
Community
consultations
22. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Conflict case study
Official
consultations
Desk reviews
Gender
case study
Infrastructures
mapping
Community
consultations
West Bengal case study
Experimental games
Participatory
Qualitative
maps
survey
23. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Conflict case study
Students thesis
Official
consultations
Desk reviews
Gender
case study
Infrastructures
mapping
Community
consultations
West Bengal case study
Experimental games
Participatory
Qualitative
maps
survey
24. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Conflict case study
Students thesis
Official
consultations
Desk reviews
Gender
case study
Infrastructures
mapping
Household
WMO survey
Community
consultations
West Bengal case study
Experimental games
Participatory
Qualitative
maps
survey
25. ACTIVITIES AND OUTPUTS
Conflict case study
Students thesis
Official
consultations
Desk reviews
Gender
case study
Infrastructures
mapping
Household
WMO survey
Community
consultations
West Bengal case study
Experimental games
Participatory
Qualitative
maps
survey
27. THE PROBLEMS
Conflicts low/high land
Inactive WMO
Conflicts shrimp/paddy
Lack of coordination
Elite capture
Decision making not open to all the stakeholders
No formal role of UP
Silted canals
Embankments at risk
Disrepair of the gates
Intrusion of saline water
Lack of funding for maintenance
Misuse of the funds, corruption
Water logging, lack of drainage
Costly and unsustainable alternatives for irrigation
28. THE PROBLEMS
Conflicts low/high land
Inactive WMO
Elite capture
Conflicts shrimp/paddy
Lack of coordination
Decision making not open to all the stakeholders
Adoption of improved
technologies is locked.
No formal role of UP
Silted canals
Embankments at risk
Disrepair of the gates
Water management
is the essential key to
unlock the adoption of
improved technologies in
agriculture and
aquaculture.
Intrusion of saline water
Lack of funding for maintenance
Misuse of the funds, corruption
Water logging, lack of drainage
Costly and unsustainable alternatives for irrigation
30. SAMPLE OF THE SURVEY
Number of Number
households of villages
Latabunia
Jabusa
Jainkati
Polder 30
Polder 3
Poler 43-2F
TOTAL
104
2,267
71
8462
35356
6457
52,542
1
2
1
44
117
12
177
Number of
sampled
households
40
80
36
280
280
284
1000
Number of
sampled
villages
1
2
1
14
14
12
44
31. INSTRUMENTS
Household questionnaire
Section 1 – Identification
Section 2 – Demography
Section 3 – Housing and assets
Section 4 – Lands
Section 5 – Agriculture
Section 6 – Aquaculture
Section 7 – IGA
Section 8 – Saving and credit
Section 9 – Social capital
Section 10 – WMO
Water Management Organization questionnaire
Section 1 – Identification
Section 2 – Institutional features
Section 3 – Financial features, income
Section 4 – Financial features, expenses
Section 5 – operation and maintenance
32. SIZE OF OPERATED AREAS
Most of the farmers (64%) operate very small
areas of land (less than 4 bighas)
100%
90%
80%
Land holding, size of
operated area
70%
60%
50%
Large farmer (more than 2.5 acres)
Medium farmer (1.5 - 2.49 acres)
40%
30%
Small farmer (0.5 - 1.49 acres)
20%
Marginal farmer (less than 0.5 acres)
10%
0%
33. FOOD SECURITY
70
60
Paddy stock and paddy buying
50
Percentage of households
relying on their stock all
the year long
40
30
Percentage of households
buying paddy all the year
long
20
10
0
Jabusha
Jainkati Latabunia Polder 3 Polder 30 Polder 432F
100
Some location are
highly dependant
on agriculture
(paddy) for their
own-consumption.
- Security
- Vulnerability:
Climatic
hazards, lean season
90
TOTAL
Percentage of household using
their own production of paddy for
cooking
80
70
60
50
Jabusha
Jainkati
40
Latabunia
30
Polder 3
20
Polder 30
10
Polder 43-2F
0
34. FOOD SECURITY AND ADAPTATION
Dependency on agriculture for food security has clear consequences
on the adaptation of improved technologies.
90
80
First reason to explain the
choice between HYV and LV
70
60
Characteristics of the
technology
50
40
Prices
30
Taste and food security
20
10
0
Polder 3
Polder 30 Polder 43-2F
Jabusha
Jainkati
Latabunia
Total
• Taste and food security is the 1st reason to explain the choice
between HYV and LV in for 20.8% of the households.
35. LANDLESS
30.3% of the surveyed households are landless.
By landless we mean number of households who do not have any
land ownership
But from them significant amount are involved in agriculture or in
aquaculture practices. ie: have leased in land
How do we consider them in terms of decision making for water
management?
36. CROPPING INTENSIFICATION
Plots for agriculture
Including: 1 crop
2 crop
3 crops
Plots for aquaculture
Including: 1 fish
Mixed fish
Plots for agriculture
and aquaculture
Including: 1 crop
2 crops
TOTAL
70.3
26.1
48.8
25.1
22.3
27.0
73.0
Jabusha
83.0
75.0
25.0
0.0
17.0
7.4
92.5
7.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
Jainkati
97.4
24.3
59.5
16.2
2.6
Latabunia
15.9
92.3
7.7
0.0
9.8
Polder 3
50.5
42.3
34.9
22.8
42.4
40.8
59.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
74.4
100.0
0.0
7.1
81.0
19.1
100.0
Polder 30 Polder 43-2F
71.9
87.0
18.8
19.4
74.7
34.2
6.5
46.4
23.4
12.8
21.6
8.3
78.4
91.7
4.7
82.6
17.4
Cropping patterns, by location, activity and number of crop/fish
Intensification strategy should differ in each location based on the
natural condition, and current patterns.
0.2
100.0
0.0
37. CROPPING PATTERNS
Percentage of cropping system in each
sub-category.
Jabusha
Jainkati
Aman
55.5
+++++++
+++++
Boro
11.8
+
Betel leaves
8.8
8.4
Aman + Sesame
18.0
Aman + Pulses
10.6
Aman + Oil seed
48.0
Aman + Pulses + Boro
3.6
+++++
++++
+
13.5
Aman + Oilseeds + Boro
+++++
3.6
Aus + Aman + Pulses
Polder 432F
44.3
Aman + Boro
Polder 30
+
Vegetables
Latabunia
Polder 3
+++
TOTAL
AGRICULTURE PLOTS
1 crop
2 crops
3 crops
++
+++
+
++
++++++++
++++++
+++
+++++++
Main cropping systems, agriculture
++
+
+++++
+++++
++
+
38. CROPPING PATTERNS
Percentage of cropping system in each
sub-category.
TOTAL
Jabusha
Jainkati
Latabunia
Polder 3
Polder 30
++++++++
Polder 432F
+++
AQUACULTURE PLOTS
1 fish
Bagda
Golda
18.6
Pangas
Mixed fishes
62.79
5.81
Bagda + Mixed fishes
21.9
++++++
+++
+++++
Bagda + Crabs
Golda + Mixed fishes
Other mixed fishes
7.7
67.0
++
++
+++++++
+++
+++++++
++
+
AGRI AND AQUA SYSTEM
Aman + Bagda
36.8
Boro + Golda
3.8
Aman + Mixed fishes
29.2
++++
++
Boro + Mixed fishes
9.4
+++
++++
Main cropping systems, aquaculture and agri/aqua
+++++
+
39. WATER USES IN AGRICULTURE
Source of irrigation
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
TOTAL
Jabusha
Groundwater
Jainkati
Latabunia
Canal
Polder 3
River
Polder 30
Polder 43-2F
Other
Clear differences
• Polder 43-2F and Jainkati, low saline area, canal is the main source of irrigation.
• When farmers don’t have access to canal irrigation, the have to rely on
groundwater as an alternative:
• Polder 3, canals are saline and dedicated to aquaculture
• Jabusha, canal lease in?
Question: how costly and how sustainable is the alternative?
40. WATER USES IN AGRICULTURE
System used for irrigation
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
TOTAL
Jabusha
Electric pump
Jainkati
Diesel pump
Polder 3
Gravitation
Polder 30
By hand
Polder 43-2F
Other
• When canal water or river water can be used, gravitation system
(Polder 43-2F, polder 30, Jainkati), low cost, only maintenance of the
ditch/dyke.
• Low development of electric pump (only Jabusha)
Cost
• Most of the farmers rely in diesel pump for irrigation of irrigation for boro (per
•
10% of the households have a diesel pump
bigha)
• 140 BDT if GW + diesel pump
• 70 BDT if canal + diesel pump
• Free if canal + gravitation
41. WATER USES IN AGRICULTURE
Drainage practices
Drainage is an important tool to consider the intensification of the
agriculture system (adoption of 3 crops system).
• Only 16% of the crop were drained last year
• More common in agri/aqua system (Latabunia)
• Aman + mixed fishes required drainage in 40% of the cases
TOTAL
TOTAL
12.5
Agriculture and aquatic system
21.9
Jainkati
8.8
Latabunia
12.2
Polder 3
Polder 30
Polder 43-2F
13.0
17.4
10.1
27.6
19.3
12.8
16.3
Agriculture system
Jabusha
48.8
Percentage of the crops drained by the location and plot use
42. WATER USES IN AQUACULTURE
Source of water
100%
90%
Others
80%
River
70%
60%
Canal
50%
40%
Rain water
30%
Groundwater
20%
10%
0%
Total
Polder 3
Polder 30
Polder 43-2F
Jabusha
Latabunia
Clear differences
• Polder 43-2F, Jabusha, polder 30, rainwater is the main source (fresh water fishes)
• For bagda cultivation (Latabunia, polder 3), access to canal or river water
• Use of groundwater for filling the ponds is introduced is several locations.
43. WATER USES IN AQUACULTURE
System used for flush in/out
100%
90%
80%
Other
70%
By hand
60%
Syphon
50%
40%
Gravitation
30%
Diesel pump
20%
Electric pump
10%
0%
Renewal of water required quite often in aquaculture (37 times per year
on average for bagda)
• Gravitation system is always preferred for flush in fresh water and
flushing out waste water in aquaculture.
• When gravitation is impossible, diesel pumps are the alternative.
44. DETERMINANTS OF THE CROPPING
CHOICES
At least three sequences of choices for the household:
1. To which activity will be dedicated the plot? Agriculture, aquaculture, mixed
cropping system
2. How many crop will be cultivated in the plot?
3. Which crops will be cultivated? (additionally to paddy)
Determinants of the cropping choices
Characteristics of the plot
•
•
•
•
•
Water quantity (irrigation/drainage)
Water quality (salinity)
Soil
Size
Situation of the neighbouring plots
Characteristics of the farm
•
•
•
Area operated (economies of scale?)
Number of plots cultivated
Technology access, productive assets
Characteristic of the household
•
•
•
Age, level of education
Number of household member
Additional income generating activities
Village/Institutional characteristics
•
•
•
•
Market access, procurement
Prices
Social structure, choices of the other farmers
Climatic suitability
46. Quick Review on Water Management Organizations in
Polders & Sub-Projects
• Literature Review of
Community
Management
• Highlights from the
quantitative survey
48. THE POSITIVES…
•
Inclusion of all stake holders
All the people in the community should be an integral part of the water management
organisations. The organisation should comprise of elite people, poor people, women, migrants
etc and after their inclusion they should be able to participate in all further decision making
process. Often it is noticed that poor participants have better income earning opportunities if
they migrate to towns as labourers or rickshaw pullers in the kharif season but they are required
to perform guard duty or they would lose access. Thompson, 2003
•
Income of Water Management Organisation:
After forming the Water management organisations there should be flow of income for the
organisation to survive. Sustainability is the key to maintaining the polders, dykes, and these
organisations. The payments for the fishing rights should be equally shared between
organisations. Thompson, 2003
•
Governance of WMO:
Every year the financial accounts and a report should be drafted about the work and
maintenance taken place in that organisation. The records should be updated every year and
shared with UP and shared amongst the community as well
•
Co-ordination with Local Governing Institutions
One of the most important reasons for the failure of the water management organisations is the
co-ordination with the local governing bodies. These organisations have externally defined
functions and organisational structures which are generally defined without consulting people at
the local level on whether they conform with their own organisational practices. Jennifer
Duyne, 1998
49. THE NEGATIVES…
•
•
•
Relation between Community Management and Politics
The relationship between Community management and Politics is not clearly defined on paper
but it does exist in reality. Sometimes the people who do not find an opportunity to ‘participate’
in water management through formal groups organised by external agencies, organise themselves
independently to pursue their own water management requirements. Jennifer Duyne, 1998.
Sometimes the politicization of NGO’s make the field level implementation worse as the local
elite’s/ lease holders take advantage of the politically weak position of the NGO’s. Local level
Administration becomes reluctant to take part proactively when something becomes too political.
Mohammed A. Rabi, 2009
Long Term cycle:
There has been a trend in the project cycles in Bangladesh. It is noticed that all the projects
have a period of 3 years or so and then after the completion of the project the activities start
withering away and slowly the project unwinds in a couple of years.
External and Endogenous Organisations:
One of the reasons why attempts to enhance participation in the water sector in Bangladesh
fails because exogenous organisations model were mechanically applied to different context.
They hardly make an attempt to understand and build upon indigenous water management and
organisational practices.. Jennifer Duyne, 1998.
51. Role of the Local Governing Institutions
• Currently, no formal role but:
• Implication in gate operation,
• Implication in conflicts resolution,
• Role in case of urgency, natural calamity.
Trust in elected representatives
Who should act to solve the water related problems?
Other
2%
LGED
9%
Community people
24%
WMO
2%
BWDB
28%
UP
35%
52. External and Endogenous Organisations:
Rating the Participatory
process of WMO at the
creation
Very Poor
Rather poor
Rather Good
Good
Total
Who took the initiative for creating these committees, by location
Freq.
3
6
10
21
40
Percent
7.5
15
25
52.5
100
5
1
4
7
12
5
2
Polder 3
BWDB
IPSWAM
Polder 30
Union Parishad
Polder 43-2F
Influencial people
Others
Relation between WMO and Politics
Only 3 villages are affiliated to political parties. Ie: Chaltabaria (Polder
3), Iliapur ( Jabusha) and Kharhat (Polder 3)
53. Income of Water Management Organisation
Percentage of household involved in gate operation and gate maintenance, by location
35
30
Physical participation for gate
operation
25
Participation in decision making for
gate operation
20
15
Financial contribution for gate
operation
10
Voluntary work for gate
maintenance
5
Financial contribution for gate
maintenance
0
Only 1 WMO receive incomes
apart from the members Ie:
Jabusa
Percentage of household involved in canal maintenance, by location
25
20
15
Voluntary work
for canal
maintenance
10
5
0
Financial
contribution for
canal
maintenance
54. Percentage of household involved in embankment
maintenance, by location
Average Number of days of
voluntary work for canal and
embankment
20
18
12.0
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Voluntary work
for embankment
maintenance
Financial
contribution for
embankment
maintenance
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
3
HH contributions is hardly seen across
polders. Out of the contributors most
of them contribute in the savings
funds.
30
43
JB
JK
LT
No of days worked voluntary last yr to maintian
the canal
No of days worked voluntary last yr to maintian
the embankment
55. Financial Accountability of WMO:
Estimating the actions and results of the WMO on
financial accountability
Very Poor
Poor, some problem
Rather poor
Rather Good
Good
Very Good
Freq.
200
229
273
180
91
14
None of the WMO’s are registered in Polder 3.
Most of the WMO’s are registered in Polder 30
and Polder 43/2F
Percent
20.26
23.2
27.66
18.24
9.22
1.42
56. Long term cycle
Year of Election Freq.
1998
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2012
Total
1
1
4
4
2
4
3
19
Percent
2.5
2.5
10
10
5
10
7.5
47.5
No of times the
WMO meet in the
last 1 year
0
1
3
4
7
12
14
52
The year In
which the last
Freq.
meeting was
held
2009
1
2010
1
2011
1
2012
21
Percent
4.17
4.17
4.17
87.5
Freq.
Percent
12
6
4
3
1
6
1
1
30
15
10
7.5
2.5
15
2.5
2.5
57. Inclusion of all stake holders
Land holding, by WMO membership
100%
90%
Sex composition of the EC Freq
Male
178
Female
44
Total
222
80%
Large farmer (more than 2.5
acres)
70%
Medium farmer (1.5 - 2.49
acres)
60%
50%
Small farmer (0.5 - 1.49 acres)
40%
Marginal farmer (less than 0.5
acres)
30%
20%
10%
0%
WMO members
Non WMO members
Percent
80.18
19.82
100
58. In terms of Decision Making
Ways the Decision are taken on the operations of
Percentage of
Freq. Percent
household with a the gate
WMO member
Polder 3
0.4
Polder 30
13.9
Polder 43-2F
10.9
Jabusha
10
Jainkati
47.2
Latabunia
42.5
TOTAL
11.3
Collective decision by all the stake holders
Collective decision by the land owners
Collective decision by people living near the gate
Decision by gher owners/ influencial people
WMCA, WMG
Gate & Beel Committee
UP
Others
Total
158
128
62
302
150
107
31
62
1,000
15.8
12.8
6.2
30.2
15
10.7
3.1
6.2
100
59. In Conclusion…
Guidelines and Policies of WMO
+
Institutions are already in place
•
•
•
•
•
BWDB
LGED
WMCA
WMG
WMO
_
Implementation Problems
• Lack of Co-ordination
between local governing
institutions
• Financial Accountability
• Elite Capture
61. 1st Finding
Poor quality of maintenance induces vulnerability…
…but poor quality of maintenance can be
solved through a three tier strategy.
62. Poor quality of maintenance induces
vulnerability…
• Poor quality of the infrastructures is a commonality across
70.0
the polders and subprojects. 60.0
50.0
Bad or very bad
• Gates
condition of the
40.0
embankment
• Canals
30.0
20.0
Bad or very bad
• Embankments
condition of the gates
10.0
0.0
Bad or very bad
condition of the canals
Reasons
• Deferred maintenance
• Conflicts
• Design of the infrastructures
or of the projects
• Weak institutions
Consequences
• Communities are at at risk in
case of natural calamity
• Infrastructures don’t play
their roles
• Costly alternatives for the
farmers (use of groundwater)
63. …but poor quality of maintenance can
be solved through a three tier strategy.
Community level
UP level
GoB and donors
level
Improving the contributions of the community members
• Homogeneous WMOs with shared interests in water
management (conditions for membership)
• Relating contributions to benefits (microcredit, fishing rights…)
• Income generating activities for the WMOs
• Creating strong institutions with ownership of the
infrastructures
Involving the local representative, Union Parishad
Using social safety nets for water infrastructure maintenance
Donor-Government Trust Fund for Maintenance of Water related
infrastructure in Bangladesh
• Allocation per polder and per year of maintenance funds
65. Institutional Coordination has to be improved
through a clear water governance framework
Top
• Myriad of actors in the sector of water management in the
Coastal Zone of Bangladesh
Actors involved in water management in polders
(more than 1000 ha), BWDB
Actors involved in water management in subprojects (less than 1000 ha), LGED
Other actors
BWDB
Top – Down scale
LGED
Union
Parishad
WMA
WMG
WMCA
Down
Gate committees
Gher/beel committees
Formal
Formal – Informal scale
Informal
66. Institutional Coordination has to be improved
through a clear water governance framework
• Consequences
Fragmentations of the roles and responsibilities
- Overlaps Conflicts, power dynamics, some stakeholders not taken into
consideration
- Gaps Defaulting behaviours and responsibilities, disrepair of the
infrastructures
Fragmentation of the different scales
• From gate committee (few hectares) to Water Management Association
(thousand of hectares).
• Where is the institutional coordination, the integration of each level?
• Recommendations
• Revising the water policy to bring more clarity on the
institutional governance framework.
• Clear role and responsibility of each actor
• Integrated water management
• Institutional Coordination have to happen between the
actors
67. 3rd Finding
The role of local representatives
(Union Parishad) in water governance
needs to be formally recognized.
68. The role of local representatives in water
governance needs to be formally recognized.
Who should act to solve the water related problems?
• Currently, no formal role but:
• Implication in gate operation,
• Implication in conflicts resolution,
• Role in case of urgency, natural calamity.
Trust in elected representatives.
• Advantages
• Conflict resolution
• Coordination of all the stakeholders
• Social safety nets for maintenance of water
infrastructures (gate, canal reexcavation, embankments).
• Not a new institutional layer added
• Strengthen capacities of local governments
Other
2%
LGED
9%
Community people
24%
BWDB
28%
UP
35%
• Example
Union Parishad
Coordination
Committee
WMO
2%
70. Creating Smaller Hydrologic Units can
improve the water governance.
• What are SMU?
• Dykes, sub division in the polders
• Based on coherent hydro ecological sub-basins
• Why is it useful?
• Because scale matters, experience from LGED sub-projects
• Many conflicts are in fact high/low land conflicts:
shrimp/paddy, water logging, opening/closing the
gates, crop calendars…
• Advantages
• Creating units with commonality of interest
• Reducing conflicts
• Drainage, irrigation for introducing more intensive
cropping patterns(G2)
• Challenge
• Rethinking the polders and their infrastructures
71. Summary: Four finding to be discussed
1. Poor quality of maintenance induces vulnerability… but
quality of maintenance can be solved through a three tier
strategy.
•
•
•
Improving the contributions of the community members
Involving the local representative, Union Parishad
Donor-Government Trust Fund for Maintenance
2. Institutional Coordination has to be improved through a
clear water governance framework.
3. The role of local representatives (Union Parishad) in water
governance needs to be formally recognized.
4. Creating Smaller Hydrologic Units can improve the water
governance.
Incorporated in the 6 key
messages from the GBDC
73. Validation and consultation workshops at
community level
Participants:
• Community members
• WMOs members,
• LGI,
• Local officials
Khulna, 10th November
Patuakhali, 8th November
Additional workshops
may be organized
Purposes:
• Discussion of the findings, reformulation
• Appropriation of the message at the field level
• Collective reflection on the way to implement
the changes
74. Consultation with officials
Participants:
• All the stakeholders met
at the starting point of
the project
January/February 2014
Dhaka
Individual meetings
Policy brief as a support
Purpose:
• Sharing with policy makers our main finding/messages
• Discussing the implementation and scaling-up
75. Finalization and publication of the on-going
research outputs
G3
library
OBJECTIVE: At the closure
all the outputs produce
through the G3 project
should be made available.
76. Finalization and publication of the on-going
research outputs
POLICY PAPER
?
Bring answers to our research questions
Point out the policy recommendations with their
justification
OBJECTIVE: At the closure
Targeted to policy makers
all the outputs produce
through the G3 project
should be made available.
77. Additional research areas to support our
current findings
Comparison analysis of policies and community water management in
West Bengal and in Coastal Bangladesh
Based on Situation analysis reports from 9 polders in Bangladesh and case study in
West Bengal
Case study: The role of social safety nets in water management, the
NREGA experience, which opportunities for Bangladesh?
Determinants and Impacts of participation in WMOs
Based on the household and WMO data collected
Case study: Groundwater uses in Coastal zone of Bangladesh
Experimental games from a sociological perspective, understanding the
external validity
Based on the recording of post-games discussions
Women and water management in Coastal zone of Bangladesh
Synthesis from case study, qualitative data and quantitative survey