Day 1_Session3_TRIPS_WASDS_Bioversity - This presentation sets out the planned research activities of Bioversity in action sites of the West African Sahel and Dry Savannas target region.

1. Assessment of Agricultural Biodiversity
in the Dryland System CRP in West Africa
Mauricio R. Bellon and Raymond Vodouhe

2. • Dryland ecosystems harbor rich
biodiversity, both wild and
domesticated, contributing a range of
ecosystem services that are central for the
well-being of farmers and pastoralists
throughout the drylands.
• Both types of biodiversity are threatened by
land degradation, while their loss may
accelerate land degradation itself creating an
undesirable positive feedback loop.

3. • There is a little understanding of the links
between agrobiodiversity loss and land
degradation, and of how agrobiodiversity can
be used to restore degraded dryland
ecosystems.

4. Conceptual framework for the assessment
(2) Dietary diversity
(1) On-farm diversity (3) Market diversity
Self-consumption
Sale
Purchase
Income
Food security & dietary quality
Ecosystem & Evolutionary
Services
determinants
determinants
determinants
Information flow

5. Intermediate development outcomes
(IDOs)
1. More resilient livelihoods for vulnerable households in marginal areas.
2. More stable and higher per capita income for intensifiable households.
3. Women and children in vulnerable households have year round access to
greater quantity and diversity of food sources.
4. More sustainable and equitable management of land and water
resources in pastoral and agropastoral.
5. Better functioning markets underpinning intensification of rural
livelihoods.
6. More integrated, effective and connected service delivery institutions
underpinning resilience and system intensification.
7. Policy reform removing constraints and creating incentives for rural
households to engage in more sustainable practices that improve
resilience and intensify production

6. Conceptual framework for the assessment
(2) Dietary diversity
(1) On-farm diversity (3) Market diversity
Self-consumption
Sale
Purchase
Income
Food security & dietary quality
Ecosystem & Evolutionary
Services
determinants
determinants
determinants
Information flow

7. Conceptual framework for the assessment
(2) Dietary diversity
(1) On-farm diversity (3) Market diversity
Self-consumption
Sale
Purchase
Income
Food security & dietary quality
Ecosystem & Evolutionary
Services
determinants
determinants
determinants
Information flow
More stable and higher per capita
income for intensifiable households

8. Conceptual framework for the assessment
(2) Dietary diversity
(1) On-farm diversity (3) Market diversity
Self-consumption
Sale
Purchase
Income
Food security & dietary quality
Ecosystem & Evolutionary
Services
determinants
determinants
determinants
Information flow
Women and children in vulnerable
households have year round access to
greater quantity and diversity of food
sources

9. Conceptual framework for the assessment
(2) Dietary diversity
(1) On-farm diversity (3) Market diversity
Self-consumption
Sale
Purchase
Income
Food security & dietary quality
Ecosystem & Evolutionary
Services
determinants
determinants
determinants
Information flow
More sustainable and equitable management of
land and water resources in pastoral and
agropastoral.

10. Conceptual framework for the assessment
(2) Dietary diversity
(1) On-farm diversity (3) Market diversity
Self-consumption
Sale
Purchase
Income
Food security & dietary quality
Ecosystem & Evolutionary
Services
determinants
determinants
determinants
Information flow
Better functioning markets
underpinning intensification of rural
livelihoods.

11. General objective
• to characterize these three dimensions of ABD
– the elements and relationships involved
– the exogenous factors that influence them
– as the basis for analyzing the roles of ABD in the
lives and livelihoods of rural populations
– to identify entry points for designing and
implementing interventions that contribute to
improve their well-being

12. Specific objectives
• To identify and quantify the number of all useful
plant and animal species at the household-level
that are:
a) grown on farm and home garden, or collected from
the wild
b) consumed as part of the diet by mothers and
children
c) purchased and sold in the study sites
Including both domesticated and wild species
For each species the number of varieties/breeds

13. Parameters
• Sampling: A statistically-representative
sample of households of the study sites based
on sampling framework used by CRP
• Unit of analysis: The household, defined as all
members of a family that eat from the same
pot

14. Methodology
• Focus group discussion using the four-cell
methodology
– Elicit as much diversity as possible, particularly at
the tail of the distribution
• Questionnaire to a random sample of
households in villages targeted by the CRP and
additional ones

15. An example:
Plant species diversity by number of households
(grown and collected) in rural Benin
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
ZeamaysL.
ManihotesculentaCrantz
Vignaunguiculata(L.)Walp.
ElaeisguineensisJacq.
SolanummacrocarponL.
Musaspp
ArachishypogaeaL.
CorchorusolitoriusL.
SolanumlycopersicumL.
Musaspp
Ananascomosus(L.)Merr.
Capsicumspp
MangiferaindicaL.
VernoniaamygdalinaDelile
Ipomoeabatatas(L.)Lam.
AmaranthuscruentusL.
CelosiaargenteaL.
Abelmoschusesculentus
CitrussinensisOsbeck
Glycinemax(L.)Merr.
VitexdonianaSweet
MoringaoleiferaLam.
CaricapapayaL.
PsidiumguajavaL.
AnacardiumoccidentaleL.
Colocasiaesculenta(L.)Schott
Dioscoreaspp
Irvingiagabonensisvar.…
Sorghumbicolor(L.)Moench
Vignasubterranea(L.)Verdc.
OcimumgratissimumL.
Citruslemon(L.)Burm.f.
Cajanuscajan(L.)Millsp.
Chrysophyllumalbidum
Launaeataraxacifolia
Parkiabiglobosa(Jacq.)G.Don
Crassocephalumspp
AnnonamuricataL.
PerseaamericanaP.Mill.
Solanumaethiopicum
Stachytarphetaindica
Citrusmaxima(Burm.)Merrill
SaccharumofficinarumL.
Source: Bellon and Ntandou-Bouzitou , unpublished data.
Total number of species= 43
Grown/collected > 50% of hh= 2
Grown/collected > 10% of hh= 18
Grown/collected< 10% of hh= 25

16. Example of the species produced and
consumed in rural Benin
Source: Ntandou-Bouzitou

17. Modified four cell methodology
Many households
Few households
Largearea/farm
Smallarea/farm

18. Modified four cell methodology:
Preliminary results
Many households
Few households
Largearea/farm
Smallarea/farm
Pearlmillet (bajra)
Mothbean
Cumin
Mustard (sarson/Raida)
Cluster bean
Cumis (Katcher)
Water melon (matira)
Sesame (til)
Isabghol (ghoda jeera)
Tarameera (Black mustard)
Moongbean
Castor (Arandi)
Cotton (Kapas)
Onion
Wheat
Lasoda (gonda) cordia
Ber
Lemon
Pomegranate
Ker (capparis decidua)
cotton

19. Data to be collected:
On-farm diversity
• Species
• Place of production/collection:
– farm, home garden, collected in the wild
• Objective of production
– Self-consumption, sale in the market, both
• Parts used (grains, flowers, stems, leaves, roots, etc.)
• Different uses
– For food, medicine, animal feed, building material, processing, etc.
• Number of varieties/breeds recognized and used
• Seed system
– sources of seed, transactions and social relationships
• Water regime
– Rainfed, irrigated, water harvest, etc.
• Seasonality
• Gender aspects

20. Data to be collected:
Dietary diversity
• Assessment of the diet of a mother and child
in the household
• alternatively the person customarily preparing the
food
• Food frequency questionnaire
• Period: last seven days
• Includes information on the source of the food
– Self-produced, purchased, bartered, payment in
kind, collected

21. Data to be collected:
Diversity in markets
• Information on the markets commonly visited
• Objective of the visit: for selling, purchasing or both
by type of product
– Agricultural products
– Inputs
– Foods
– Other consumer goods
• Diversity of species derived from information on
diversity on-farm (species produced for sale) and
dietary diversity (species purchased)

22. Livelihood outcome indicators
• Food security: Household Food Insecurity
Access Scale
• Income: ratings of key species as sources of
income
• Risk: attitudes vis-à-vis risk
• Vulnerability

23. Influencing factors
• Age
• Formal education
• Ethnicity
• Family size
• Type of household
• Assets (house building material, transportation, consumer items)
• Landholdings
• Animal holdings
• Water management
• Sources of income
• Knowledge and participation in formal and informal organizations
• Participation in government programs
• Gendered decision-making (identify key decisions to query about)

24. Achievement in 2013
• Agricultural ecological intensification options
in the West African Sahel and Dry Savannas:
current knowledge and possible scenarios
(Desk study).

25. • Intensification options used by farmers in the
West African Sahel and dry savanna zones can
be grouped into five main categories:
– crop-based systems,
– crop-livestock systems,
– tree-based systems,
– livestock based systems and
– soil and water conservation options

26. Some weaknesses
• Analysis of these systems revealed a number of
weaknesses related to lack of scientific
knowledge on :
• The genetic resources used by farmers to
optimize their production systems;
• The linkage between intensification options and
phytogeographical resources;
• The importance of farmers traditional knowledge
in optimizing their production systems.

27. • Based on these lessons learnt, a model for
sustainable intensification systems is
proposed. In this model, plant and animal
genetic resources (crop diversity – tree
diversity – livestock) are the basis.

28. Theoretical model of sustainable ecological
intensification in West African Sahel and Dry savannas