Mazda Zero Emissions Ab1493 Waiver
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Mazda Zero Emissions Ab1493 Waiver
- 1. California’s Regulations to Control Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Motor Vehicles: Hearing on Request for Waiver of Preemption Under Clean Air Act Section 209(b) Dr. Robert Sawyer, Chair California Air Resources Board Washington, D.C. May 22, 2007
- 25. Disappearing Ice Shelf The Antarctic Peninsula has lost large chunks of its ice shelves in recent years. Temperatures in the Peninsula region have warmed roughly 2.5˚C in the last 50 years. J. Kaiser, Science, 297; 2002
- 32. California Climate Impacts (over the past 100 years) Cal/EPA-OEHHA, “Environmental Protection Indicators for California” (2002), www.oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/Epicreport.html 0 2 8 7 1 9 10 11 12 13 °F 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 4 3 2 5 1 ºF 11°F 1.3 ºF higher temperatures ~7 inch sea level rise 12% decrease in fraction of runoff between April and July Snowmelt and spring blooms advanced 2 days/decade since 1955
- 35. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions CEC, “Inventory of California Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2004” (2006), www.climatechange.ca.gov/policies/greenhouse_gas_inventory/index.html GHG EMISSION SOURCES [~500 MMT CO 2 eq] GHG EMISSIONS BY TYPE CO 2 , N 2 O HFCs CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O CO 2 CO 2
- 38. Vehicular GHG Sources A/C compressor Engine Transmission Methane Nitrous Oxide CO 2 CO 2 HFCs
- 43. ~22% reduction in 2012 ~30% reduction in 2016 AB 1493 Regulations: Fleet-Average Emission Standards California’s Motor Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Regulations: Overview
- 50. San Diego (2009 - 2014) Initial Classifications for Federal 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Areas in California Sacramento Metro Area (2013) San Francisco Bay Area (2007) San Joaquin Valley (2013) Antelope Valley and Western Mojave Desert (2010) Imperial (2007) South Coast Air Basin (2021) Ventura (2010) Coachella Valley (2013) Eastern Kern (2009 - 2014) Western Nevada (2009 - 2014) Central Mountain Counties (2009 - 2014) Southern Mountain Counties (2009 - 2014) Sutter Buttes (2009 - 2014) Butte County (2009 - 2014) Extraordinary & Compelling Conditions
- 52. South Coast Air Basin Ozone Levels (1996-1999) Our Changing Climate: Assessing the Risks to California (2006), www.climatechange.ca.gov . Source: Air Resources Board, 2000 Hotter Days Lead to More Smog Extraordinary & Compelling Conditions
- 53. Data from GFDL B1 and A2 runs. SOURCE: Kleeman et al. 2006 More Smog Likely: Section 209(b) clearly covers this extraordinary and compelling condition Our Changing Climate: Assessing the Risks to California (2006), www.climatechange.ca.gov Extraordinary & Compelling Conditions
- 54. Increase in Wildfires Source of data : Westerling and Bryant, “Climate change and wildfire in and around California: Fire modeling and loss modeling” (2006), www.climatechange.ca.gov LOWER WARMING RANGE MEDIUM WARMING RANGE 2035-2064 2070-2099 0 30 60 % CHANGE IN EXPECTED MINIMUM NUMBER OF LARGE FIRES PER YEAR
- 56. Decrease in Sierra Nevada Snowpack Extraordinary & Compelling Conditions % of remaining snowpack relative to 1961 – 1990 Increasing GHG Emissions Lower Warming Range (3 – 5.5 ºF) Medium Warming Range (5.5 – 8 ºF) Higher Warming Range (8 – 10.5 ºF) 60 40 20 0 April 1 snow water equivalent (inches) ~0 45 30 15 Our Changing Climate: Assessing the Risks to California (2006), www.climatechange.ca.gov
- 69. Technological Feasibility: AVL “Cruise” Model
- 71. Technological Feasibility (near-term) Honda Variable Flow Turbocharger Nissan G37 VW Jetta 2007 Acura RDX Nissan continuously variable valve timing & Lift (VVEL) VW Gasoline Direct Injection w/dual cam phasers
- 72. Technological Feasibility (near-term) Chrysler 300C Hemi VW Jetta Cylinder Deactivation Automated Manual Transmission
- 73. Technological Feasibility: Components and Systems GM, DC, Honda Cylinder Deactivation GM, Honda, Toyota Electric Power Steering, Electrohydraulic Power Steering GM, Ford, DC, VW, Toyota, Nissan, Mazda 6-speed automatic & automated manual, CVT All Valve Control GM, Ford, VW, BMW, Mazda, Nissan GDI & Turbocharging GM, Ford, DC, Toyota, BMW, Nissan Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Manufacturers using or have announced plans to use technology Technology
- 74. Technological Feasibility (Near-Term) 22.6 DeAct, DVVL, CCP, AMT, EHPS, ImpAlt 18.4 DeAct, DVVL, CCP, AMT, EHPS, ImpAlt Large Truck 28.4 GDI-S, DCP, Turbo, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt 26.2 DeAct, DVVL, CCP, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Small Truck LDT2 27.2 GDI-S, DCP, Turbo, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt 23.2 GDI-S, DeAct, DCP, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Large Car 26.4 GDI-S, DCP, Turbo, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt 19.9 DVVL, DCP, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Small Car PC/LDT1 % GHG Reduction Technology Package Vehicle Class Category
- 75. Technological Feasibility (Mid-term) Integrated Starter/Generator 2006 Chevrolet Silverado AVL Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition California certified 2007 MB Bluetec Sturman camless valve actuation
- 78. Technological Feasibility (Mid-Term) 29.0 DeAct, DVVL, CCP, A6, ISG, EPS, eACC 32.9 gHCCI, DVVL, ICP, ISG, AMT, EPS, eACC 26.2 DeAct, DVVL, CCP, A6, ISG, EHPS, eACC 25.5 ehCVA, GDI-S, AMT, EHPS, ImpAlt Large Truck 31.0 HSDI, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt 30.5 ehCVA, GDI-S, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Small Truck LDT2 35.1 GDI-S, Turbo, DCP, A6, ISG, EPS, eACC 29.9 ehCVA, GDI-S, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Large Car 29.9 gHCCI, DVVL, AMT, ISG, EPS, eACC 25.7 CVVL, DCP, AMT, ISG-SS, EPS, ImpAlt Small Car PC/LDT1 % GHG Reduction Technology Package Vehicle Class Category
- 82. Cost of Compliance (Near-Term) $551 DeAct, DVVL, CCP, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt $663 DeAct, DVVL, CCP,A6, EPS, ImpAlt Large Truck -$77 GDI-S, DCP, Turbo, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt $245 DeAct, DVVL, CCP, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Small Truck LDT2 -$57 GDI-S, DCP, Turbo, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt $504 GDI-S, DeAct, DCP, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Large Car $812 GDI-S, DCP, Turbo, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt $38 DVVL, DCP, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Small Car PC/LDT1 Retail Price Equivalent (2009) Technology Package Vehicle Class Category
- 83. Cost of Compliance (Mid-Term) $1471 DeAct, DVVL, CCP, A6, ISG, EPS, eACC $1575 gHCCI, DVVL, ICP, ISG, AMT, EPS, eACC $1760 DeAct, DVVL, CCP, A6, ISG, EHPS, eACC $1583 ehCVA, GDI-S, AMT, EHPS, ImpAlt Large Truck $1141 HSDI, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt $742 ehCVA, GDI-S, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Small Truck LDT2 $1149 GDI-S, Turbo, DCP, A6, ISG, EPS, eACC $762 ehCVA, GDI-S, AMT, EPS, ImpAlt Large Car $1459 gHCCI, DVVL, AMT, ISG, EPS, eACC $714 CVVL, DCP, AMT, ISG-SS, EPS, ImpAlt Small Car PC/LDT1 Retail Price Equivalent (2009) Technology Package Vehicle Class Category