The CPU controls all tasks inside the computer from basic to complex. RAM is temporary storage for active programs and data, flash memory can be deleted and reprogrammed in blocks, and ROM permanently stores data that can only be read. Adapter cards allow communication between computers and peripheral devices. The network topology determines available functions and resilience to failures. Storage devices like hard drives store and read information for the operating system, apps, and user files. Partitioning divides hard disks to create groups for multiple operating systems.