Feedback loops - bringing measured energy performance of commercial buildings to the designers, operators and tenants - can help current and future buildings meet design intent.
This presentation by Cathy Higgins, Research Director at New Buildings Institute, was given to the Behavior Energy and Climate Change Conference in Sacramento November 2010.
2. new buildings institute
•
•
•
Non-profit, think tank on commercial
building energy efficiency
Formed in December 1997
Funding
– Sponsors: includes SCE, PG&E, NGrid,
NYSERDA, CEC, SMUD, NEEA
– Major Grants: EPA, EF, Doris Duke,
Kresge
– Contracts: USGBC, CEC PIER, DOE,
EPA
– Staff in Vancouver, Seattle, and White
Salmon, Washington
Evidence-based Design and Operations
is a California Energy Commission
Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) project
3. Common Interests
Do design firms want to create buildings of
beauty that meet the clients program AND are
energy and environmentally responsible?
Yes
No
4. CAMP
California Advisors on Measured Performance (CAMP)
A & E firm advisors to PIER and related measured performance projects
5. Design team as Advocates for
Energy Efficiency
Design Tools
Design Team
Performance
Feedback
Policies &
regulations
Client / Owner
Recognition, Image, Incentives
7. Rating & Disclosure Mandates
Enacted
Building types Disclosure
California
2007
Nonresidential
Point of Transaction: Buyers, lessees
and lenders
Utility assistance
Austin, TX
2008
Nonresidential
+ multifamily
Point of Transaction: Buyers + public
display for multifamily
Energy audits + some
retrofits for multifamily
Nonresidential
Annual to public web site
Disclosure of energy use
estimations for new
buildings
Utility assistance;
minimum ratings for state
leases
District of
Columbia
2008
Also required
Washington
State
2009
Nonresidential
Point of Transaction: Buyers, lessees
and lenders
New York City
2009
Nonresidential
+ multifamily
Annual to public web site
Energy audits & retro
commissioning
Seattle
2010
Nonresidential
+ multifamily
Annual to city + Point of Transaction:
Buyers, lessees , lenders + current
tenants
Utility assistance
Others
Pending
Source: Institute for Market Transformation
9. Levels of Metering
• Whole building metering
• Tenant space sub-metering
• Load-type isolation (Design for Meterability)
– HVAC
– Lighting
– Building Operations
(elevators, automatic
doors, etc.)
– Miscellaneous
(plug and process loads)
• Metering of
on-site renewables
• All connected to
a data acquisition system
Process diagram for data collection from
meters to software tools
Proposal for the International Green Code Council (IgCC)
10. An outcome-based energy code
• Would be based on achieving actual post-retrofit
performance outcomes rather than applying
prescriptive codes
• Would leverage current efforts toward annual
disclosure and benchmarking of performance
of all buildings
Probable Pilots: Seattle, Vancouver B.C.
11. an outcome-based code is worth
exploring
• Can include typical “unregulated” loads
• Puts appropriate pressure on operations
and Cx to assure that equipment works
and is properly controlled
• Credits good daylighting design and
natural ventilation – difficult now
• Breaks policy silos by becoming a
reference point for multiple entities
• Narrows the gap between design and
actual performance – puts pressure on
design teams (or design build) to
optimize the solution set.
13. Glazing performance – building orientation – cooling efficiency – infiltration –
operating hours – climate – weather – occupant density – heating efficiency –
duct design – fan size – window area – HVAC control sophistication – building
mass – interior shading – occupant habits – data centers – kitchen equipment –
lighting power density – filter condition – wall color – lighting controls - furniture
configuration – exterior vegetation - operable window use – insolation- glazing
orientation – wall insulation – ventilation rate - exposed interior surface
characteristics - domestic hot water use – number of computers – copiers and
printers – elevators – exterior lighting - occupant gender ratio – elevation –
photovoltaics - development density – register location – cooling distribution
system – roof insulation – building manager training – cool roof – building
surface to volume ratio – building use type – janitorial services – metering
strategies – commissioning – structural system – acoustic treatment – slab
edge detailing – night setback temperature – ground water temperature –
humidity – occupant dress code – lamp replacement strategy – roof slope –
daylight controls – sensor calibration – corporate culture – lease terms – utility
meter characteristics – parking garage ventilation – HVAC system capacity –
number of separate tenants – retail space – age of equipment – ceiling height –
heating fuel – transformer capacity – window mullion pattern – terms of
maintenance contract – wall thickness – building height – lighting fixture layout
– overhangs – thermostat location – exit lighting – private offices – refrigerators
– solar hot water – utility meter – load diversity
14. Glazing performance – building orientation – cooling efficiency – infiltration –
operating hours – climate – weather – occupant density – heating efficiency –
duct design – fan size – window area – HVAC control sophistication – building
mass – interior shading – occupant habits – data centers – kitchen equipment –
lighting power density – filter condition – wall color – lighting controls - furniture
configuration – exterior vegetation - operable window use – insolation- glazing
orientation – wall insulation – ventilation rate - exposed interior surface
characteristics - domestic hot water use – number of computers – copiers and
printers – elevators – exterior lighting - occupant gender ratio – elevation –
photovoltaics - development density – register location – cooling distribution
system – roof insulation – building manager training – cool roof – building
surface to volume ratio – building use type – janitorial services – metering
strategies – commissioning – structural system – acoustic treatment – slab
edge detailing – night setback temperature – ground water temperature –
humidity – occupant dress code – lamp replacement strategy – roof slope –
daylight controls – sensor calibration – corporate culture – lease terms – utility
meter characteristics – parking garage ventilation – HVAC system capacity –
number of separate tenants – retail space – age of equipment – ceiling height –
heating fuel – transformer capacity – window mullion pattern – terms of
maintenance contract – wall thickness – building height – lighting fixture layout
– overhangs – thermostat location – exit lighting – private offices – refrigerators
– solar hot water – utility meter – load diversity
15. Glazing performance – building orientation – cooling efficiency – infiltration –
operating hours – climate – weather – occupant density – heating efficiency –
duct design – fan size – window area – HVAC control sophistication – building
mass – interior shading – occupant habits – data centers – kitchen equipment –
lighting power density – filter condition – wall color – lighting controls - furniture
configuration – exterior vegetation - operable window use – insolation- glazing
orientation – wall insulation – ventilation rate - exposed interior surface
characteristics - domestic hot water use – number of computers – copiers and
printers – elevators – exterior lighting - occupant gender ratio – elevation –
photovoltaics - development density – register location – cooling distribution
system – roof insulation – building manager training – cool roof – building
surface to volume ratio – building use type – janitorial services – metering
strategies – commissioning – structural system – acoustic treatment – slab
edge detailing – night setback temperature – ground water temperature –
humidity – occupant dress code – lamp replacement strategy – roof slope –
daylight controls – sensor calibration – corporate culture – lease terms – utility
meter characteristics – parking garage ventilation – HVAC system capacity –
number of separate tenants – retail space – age of equipment – ceiling height –
heating fuel – transformer capacity – window mullion pattern – terms of
maintenance contract – wall thickness – building height – lighting fixture layout
– overhangs – thermostat location – exit lighting – private offices – refrigerators
– solar hot water – utility meter – load diversity
16. What do we measure?
CONNECTED
LOAD
LIGHTING
POWER DENSITY
Old System
1,564 W
1.04 W/SF
New System
2,076 W
1.32 W/SF
CA T24 code (2005) with controls allowance = 1.37
Office of the Future
Pilot Project
17. Landmark System Performance
1.2
T24 max ‘Power’
T24 assumed energy
Lighting Power Density (W/SF)
1
0.8
Savings
0.6
0.4
T‐24 ‐2008 Installed LPD ‐
Standard Controls
Meter 15‐min Maximum
(W/SF)
Meter Average (W/SF)
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Weekday Hour (HH)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
21. Comparing Models to Actual
Easier with Energy Signature
• Compare
EUIs
82.4
0
20
40
60
80
kbtu/sq ft/yr [Actual for year ending 12/2009]
Design-
• Compare
Signatures
Actual-
100
Baseline-
Measured year 2008 & design model
Design Model
4.0
4.0
Average Power Density, W/ft2
Average Power Density, W/ft2
95.0 98.1
3.5
3.5
Design total
signature
3.0
3.0
Design electric
Total measured
signature
signature
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
Electric design
points
Design total
signature uel
Design f
signature
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
Fuel design
points
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
40
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
Monthly Average Degrees F
Monthly Average Degrees F
120
22. Primary Performance Areas as
seen by First View tool
–Signature slopes
↔ Shell, HVAC
Tenants / Occupants:
Schedule & plug loads
↔ Internal gains
4.0
Average Hourly Usage, W/sf
Design &
construction:
Operations:
Controls‐related issues
↔ Model interactions
and relationships
Heat‐G
3.5
3.0
Heat‐E
2.5
Cool‐E
2.0
1.5
DHW (E
or G)
1.0
0.5
Int+Ext
Gain
0.0
35
Ref: 4
45
55
65
Mean Monthly Temperature, deg F
First View
23. Relative vs. Absolute energy
180
160
Measured EUI (kbtu/sf)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
"The Barn"
Certified
Silver
Gold
NBI Study of the measured performance of 100 LEED buildings.
Platinum
24. Design team as Advocates for
Energy Efficiency
Design Tools
Design Team
Performance
Feedback
Policies &
regulations
Client / Owner
Recognition, Image, Incentives
25. Snapshot Summary:
Designers need
• Receptive owners / clients
– Policies
• Disclosure, Labeling, Codes, Metering
– Incentives & Promotion
• Evidence on performance
– Feedback on their buildings
– Comparative data
