1. AnOverviewofSuddenDeathSyndromeinSoybean(Glycinemax)
andMolecularResistanceMechanisms
toitsCausalAgent,Fusariumvirguliforme
By Chloe SiegelJasmonic acid
Ethylene
Salicylic acid
Oxygen

2. Introduction
• Symptoms: discoloration, shriveling, and pod abortion in soybeans (Kazi et al.
2008; Westphal et al. 2008; Wrather et al. 1995)
• Translocation of phytotoxins from fungus throughout plant
• 61,766,881 bushels of lost yield in 2014 (Bradly et al. 2014)
• Yield loss between 20%-46% (Hartman et al. 1995; Scherm & Yang 1996)
• Hundreds of millions of dollars in lost revenues (Gongora-canul 2010)
Pioneer Pioneer NC State University University of Illinois

3. Pathogen Contraction Process
• Funguses like: Cool, moist, densely planted soils.
• Tools for prevention: Late planting (Shaner et al. 2004; Westphal et al. 2008;
Wrather et al. 1995; X. B. Yang 2007), as well as crop rotation, tillage, weed
removal and increased drainage (Roy et al. 1997; Rupe et al. 1997; Shaner et al.
2004; United Soybean Board 2015; Wrather et al. 1995; Westphal et al. 2008).
• Contraction=during seedling stage (roots), noticeable symptoms=repro. stage
Southeast Farm Press University of Illinois Gothrasher.com

4. Proteins Responsible for Damage
• FvTox1, works by interfering with the photosynthetic process, inducing leaf
chlorosis and other foliar symptoms (Brar et al. 2011, Pudake et al. 2013).
• FvNIS1, causes interveinal chlorosis and necrosis along with scattered leaf
spots and defoliation (Chang et al. 2015).
• 17-kDa proteinous polypeptide, linked with leaf and cotyledon necrosis and
leaf drop (Jin et al. 1996).
Current Genetics (2013).

5. Chemical Hormones Pathways & Other
Defense Mechanisms
• Response to semibiotrophic pathogen
• Defense hormones: salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic
acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, cytokinin, and brassinosteroids (Bari &
Jones 2009).
• Salicylic acid=plentiful in more resistant plants (Kunkle & Brooks
2002), more active in biotrophs than necrotrophs (Glazebrook 2005).
• Mutants unable to produce jasmonic acid=more susceptible (Kunkle
& Brooks 2002).
• Once infected, “oxidative bursts” (Levine et al. 1994), followed by
programmed cell death (Greenberg et al. 1994).
Salicylic acid-
Wikimedia.org
Oxygen-
Wordpress.com
Jasmonic acid-
Wikipedia.org

6. Resistant Cultivars?
• Currently no highly-resistant cultivars
• Spectrum of resistance
• Future research focus on genetic basis for resistance with goal of
creating more highly-resistant cultivars.

7. References
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Plant-Microbe Interactions 22.12 (2009): 1555-1564.
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• Bhattacharyya, Madan, Hargeet Brar, and Sivakumar Swaminathan. “Identification of a Phytotoxin from Fusarium Virguliforme That Causes
Sudden Death Syndrome in Soybean.” Iowa State University.
• Bradley, C., Tom Allen, Paul Esker. “Estimates of Soybean Yield Reductions Caused by Diseases in the United States.”
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leaves." Plant Physiology 153.2 (2010): 785-798.
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8. Questions?